Cobalt(II) sulfate

Cobalt(II) sulfate
Names
	IUPAC name Cobalt(II) sulfate
	Other names Cobaltous sulfate
Identifiers
CAS Number	10124-43-3 ; 13455-64-0 (monohydrate) ; 10026-24-1 (heptahydrate) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:53470 ;
ChemSpider	23338 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.030.291
EC Number	233-334-2;
KEGG	C17383; C19215 (heptahydrate);
PubChem CID	24965;
RTECS number	GG3100000 (anhydrous) ; GG3200000 (heptahydrate);
UNII	H7965X29HX ; Y8N698ZE0T (heptahydrate) ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1031042 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Co.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/Co.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-NUQVWONBAJ;
	SMILES [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	CoSO4·(H2O)7
Molar mass	154.996 g/mol (anhydrous) ; 173.01 g/mol (monohydrate) ; 263.08 g/mol (hexahydrate) ; 281.103 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearance	reddish crystalline (anhydrous, monohydrate) ; pink salt (hexahydrate)
Odor	odorless (heptahydrate)
Density	3.71 g/cm3 (anhydrous) ; 3.075 g/cm3 (monohydrate) ; 2.019 g/cm3 (hexahydrate) ; 1.948 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
Melting point	735 °C (1,355 °F; 1,008 K)
Solubility in water	anhydrous: ; 36.2 g/100 mL (20 °C) ; 38.3 g/100 mL (25 °C) ; 84 g/100 mL (100 °C) heptahydrate: ; 60.4 g/100 mL (3 °C) ; 67 g/100 mL (70 °C)
Solubility	anhydrous: ; 1.04 g/100 mL (methanol, 18 °C) ; insoluble in ammonia heptahydrate: ; 54.5 g/100 mL (methanol, 18 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	+10,000·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.639 (monohydrate) ; 1.540 (hexahydrate) ; 1.483 (heptahydrate)
Structure
Crystal structure	orthorhombic (anhydrous) ; monoclinic (monohydrate, heptahydrate)
Hazards
Safety data sheet	JT Baker MSDS
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word	Danger
GHS hazard statements	H302, H317, H334, H341, H350, H360, H400, H410
GHS precautionary statements	P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P281, P285, P301+312, P302+352, P304+341, P308+313, P321, P330, P333+313, P342+311, P363, P391, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	0 2 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	424 mg/kg (oral, rat)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

Cobalt(II) sulfate is any of the inorganic compounds with the formula CoSO₄(H₂O)_x. Usually cobalt sulfate refers to the hydrate CoSO₄^.7H₂O, which is one of the most commonly available salts of cobalt.

Properties, preparation, and structure

Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate under a microscope.

Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate appears as red monoclinic crystals that liquefy around 100 °C and become anhydrous at 250 °C. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and especially soluble in methanol. The salts are paramagnetic.

It forms by the reaction of metallic cobalt, its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with aqueous sulfuric acid.[1]

The hexahydrate is a metal aquo complex consisting of octahedral [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ ions associated with sulfate anions.[2]

Natural occurrence

The heptahydrate is known among mineral species as bieberite,[3][4] the hexahydrate - as moorhouseite,[5][4] and the monohydrate - as cobaltkieserite.[6][4]

Uses

Cobalt is obtained from ores via the sulfate in many cases.[1][7]

Hydrated cobalt(II) sulfate is used in the preparation of pigments, as well as in the manufacture of other cobalt salts. Cobalt pigment is used in porcelains and glass. Cobalt(II) sulfate is used in storage batteries and electroplating baths, sympathetic inks, and as an additive to soils and animal feeds. For these purposes, the cobalt sulfate is produced by treating cobalt oxide with sulfuric acid.[1]

Health issues

Cobalt is an essential mineral for mammals, but more than a few milligrams each day is harmful. Although poisonings have rarely resulted from cobalt compounds, their chronic ingestion has caused serious health problems at doses far less than the lethal dose. In 1966, the addition a cobalt compound to stabilize beer foam in Canada led to a peculiar form of toxin-induced cardiomyopathy, which came to be known as beer drinker's cardiomyopathy.[8][9][10]

Furthermore, cobalt(II) sulfate is suspected of causing cancer (i.e., possibly carcinogenic, IARC Group 2B) as per the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs.[11]

References

John D. Donaldson, Detmar Beyersmann "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2
Elerman, Y. "Refinement of the crystal structure of CoSO₄*6H₂O" Acta Crystallographica Section C 1988, volume 44, p599-p601. doi:10.1107/S0108270187012447
https://www.mindat.org/min-664.html
https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm
https://www.mindat.org/min-2776.html
https://www.mindat.org/min-26414.html
Rarely, cobalt(II) sulfate is found in form of few crystallohydrate minerals, occurring among oxidation zones containing primary Co minerals (like skutterudite or cobaltite). These minerals are: biebierite (heptahydrate), moorhouseite (Co,Ni,Mn)SO₄^.6H₂O, aplowite (Co,Mn,Ni)SO₄^.4H₂O and cobaltkieserite (monohydrate).
Morin Y; Tětu A; Mercier G (1969). "Quebec beer-drinkers' cardiomyopathy: Clinical and hemodynamic aspects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 156 (1): 566–576. Bibcode:1969NYASA.156..566M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb16751.x. PMID 5291148.
Barceloux, Donald G. & Barceloux, Donald (1999). "Cobalt". Clinical Toxicology. 37 (2): 201–216. doi:10.1081/CLT-100102420. PMID 10382556.
11.1.5 The unusual type of myocardiopathy recognized in 1965 and 1966 in Quebec (Canada), Minneapolis (Minnesota), Leuven (Belgium), and Omaha (Nebraska) was associated with episodes of acute heart failure (e/g/, 50 deaths among 112 beer drinkers).
"Cobalt in Hard Metals and Cobalt Sulfate, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide and Vanadium Pentoxide" (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[Ullmann-1] John D. Donaldson, Detmar Beyersmann "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2

[2] Elerman, Y. "Refinement of the crystal structure of CoSO₄*6H₂O" Acta Crystallographica Section C 1988, volume 44, p599-p601. doi:10.1107/S0108270187012447

[3] ttps://www.mindat.org/min-664.html

[ima-mineralogy.org-4] ttps://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm

[5] ttps://www.mindat.org/min-2776.html

[6] ttps://www.mindat.org/min-26414.html

[7] Rarely, cobalt(II) sulfate is found in form of few crystallohydrate minerals, occurring among oxidation zones containing primary Co minerals (like skutterudite or cobaltite). These minerals are: biebierite (heptahydrate), moorhouseite (Co,Ni,Mn)SO₄^.6H₂O, aplowite (Co,Mn,Ni)SO₄^.4H₂O and cobaltkieserite (monohydrate).

[8] Morin Y; Tětu A; Mercier G (1969). "Quebec beer-drinkers' cardiomyopathy: Clinical and hemodynamic aspects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 156 (1): 566–576. Bibcode:1969NYASA.156..566M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb16751.x. PMID 5291148.

[9] Barceloux, Donald G. & Barceloux, Donald (1999). "Cobalt". Clinical Toxicology. 37 (2): 201–216. doi:10.1081/CLT-100102420. PMID 10382556.

[10] 11.1.5 The unusual type of myocardiopathy recognized in 1965 and 1966 in Quebec (Canada), Minneapolis (Minnesota), Leuven (Belgium), and Omaha (Nebraska) was associated with episodes of acute heart failure (e/g/, 50 deaths among 112 beer drinkers).

[11] "Cobalt in Hard Metals and Cobalt Sulfate, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide and Vanadium Pentoxide" (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.

Cobalt compounds
Cobalt(I)	HCo(CO)₄
Cobalt(II)	CoBr₂ Co(CN)₂ CoCO₃ CoC₂O₄ CoCl₂ Co(ClO₃)₂ CoF₂ CoI₂ Co(NO₃)₂ Co₃(PO₄)₂ Co(OAc)₂ CoO Co(OH)₂ CoS CoSO₄ CoSe Co₃P₂ CoH₂
Cobalt(0, III)	CoSi CoGe
Cobalt(II, III)	Co₃O₄
Cobalt(III)	CoCl₃ Co(NO₃)₃ Co₂O₃ CoF₃ Co(OH)₃