Comparison of commercial battery types

Common characteristics
Cell chemistry Also known as Electrode Re­charge­able Com­mercial­ized Voltage Energy density Specific power Cost† Discharge efficiency Self-discharge rate Shelf life
Anode Cathode Cutoff Nominal 100% SOC by mass by volume
year V V V MJ/kg
(Wh/kg)		 MJ/L
(Wh/L)		 W/kg Wh/$
($/kWh)		 % %/month years
Lead-acid SLA
VRLA		 Lead Lead dioxide Yes 1881[1] 1.75[2] 2.1[2] 2.23–2.32[2] 0.11–0.14
(30–40)[2]		 0.22–0.27
(60–75)[2]		 180[2] 6.48–16.67
(60–154)[2]		 50–92[2] 3–20[2]
Zinc-carbon Carbon-zinc Zinc Manganese (IV) oxide No 1898[3] 0.75–0.9[3] 1.5[3] 0.13
(36)[3]		 0.33
(92)[3]		 10–27[3] 2.96
(337)[3]		 50–60[3] 0.32[3] 3–5[4]
Zinc-air PR Oxygen No 1932[5] 0.9[5] 1.45–1.65[5] 1.59
(442)[5]		 6.02
(1,673)[5]		 100[5] 2.59
(386)[5]		 60–70[5] 0.17[5] 3[5]
Mercury oxide-zinc Mercuric oxide
Mercury cell		 Mercuric oxide No 1942–[6] 1996[7] 0.9[8] 1.35[8] 0.36–0.44
(99–123)[8]		 1.1–1.8
(300–500)[8]		 2[6]
Alkaline Zn/MnO
2
LR		 Manganese (IV) oxide No 1949[9] 0.9[10] 1.5[11] 1.6[10] 0.31–0.68
(85–190)[12]		 0.90–1.56
(250–434)[12]		 50[12] 0.46
(2160)[12]		 45–85[12] 0.17[12] 5–10[4]
Rechargeable alkaline RAM Yes 1992[13] 0.9[14] 1.57[14] 1.6[14] <1[13]
Silver-oxide SR Silver oxide No 1960[15] 1.2[16] 1.55[16] 1.6[17] 0.47
(130)[17]		 1.8
(500)[17]
Nickel-zinc NiZn Nickel oxide hydroxide Yes 2009[13] 0.9[13] 1.65[13] 1.85[13] 13[13]
Nickel-iron NiFe Iron Yes 1901[18] 0.75[19] 1.2[19] 1.65[19] 0.07–0.09
(19–25)[20]		 0.45
(125)[21]		 100 3.94–5.26
(190–254)[1]		 20–30 30–[22] 50[23][24]
Nickel-cadmium NiCd
NiCad		 Cadmium Yes c. 1960[25] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2[27] 1.3[26] 0.11
(30)[27]		 0.36
(100)[27]		 150–200[28] 10[13]
Nickel-hydrogen NiH
2
Ni-H
2		 Hydrogen Yes 1975[29] 1.0[30] 1.55[28] 0.16–0.23
(45–65)[28]		 0.22
(60)[31]		 150–200[28] 5[31]
Nickel-metal hydride NiMH
Ni-MH		 Metal hydride Yes 1990[1] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2[11] 1.3[26] 0.36
(100)[11]		 1.44
(401)[32]		 250–1000 3.15
(317)[1]		 30[33]
Low self-discharge nickel-metal hydride LSD NiMH Yes 2005[34] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2 1.3[26] 0.34
(95)[35]		 1.27
(353)[36]		 250–1000 0.42[33]
Lithium-manganese dioxide Lithium
Li-MnO
2
CR
Li-Mn		 Lithium Manganese dioxide No 1976[37] 2[38] 3[11] 0.54–1.19
(150–330)[39]		 1.1–2.6
(300–710)[39]		 250–400[39] 1 5-10[39]
Lithium-carbon monofluoride Li-(CF)
x
BR		 Carbon monofluoride No 1976[37] 2[40] 3[40] 0.94–2.81
(260–780)[39]		 1.58–5.32
(440–1,478)[39]		 50–80[39] 0.2–0.3[41] 15[39]
Lithium-iron disulfide Li-FeS
2
FR		 Iron disulfide No 1989[42] 0.9[42] 1.5[42] 1.8[42] 1.07
(297)[42]		 2.1
(580)[43]
Lithium–titanate Li
4Ti
5O
12
LTO
 Lithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Yes 2008[44] 1.6-1.8[45] 2.3-2.4[45] 2.8[45] 0.22–0.40
(60–110)		 0.64
(177)		 3,000-5,100[46] 0.47
(2131)[46]		 85[46] 2-5[46] 10–20[46]
Lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO
2
ICR
LCO
Li‑cobalt[47]		 Graphite‡ Lithium cobalt oxide Yes 1991[48] 2.5[49] 3.7[50] 4.2[49] 0.70
(195)[50]		 2.0
(560)[50]		 2.63
(380)[1]
Lithium iron phosphate LiFePO
4
IFR
LFP
Li‑phosphate[47]		 Lithium iron phosphate Yes 1996[51] 2[49] 3.2[50] 3.65[49] 0.32–0.58
(90–160)[50][52][53]		 1.20
(333)[50][52]		 200 [54]-1'200 [55] 4.5
Lithium manganese oxide LiMn
2O
4
IMR
LMO
Li‑manganese[47]		 Lithium manganese oxide Yes 1999[1] 2.5[56] 3.9[50] 4.2[56] 0.54
(150)[50]		 1.5
(420)[50]		 2.63
(380)[1]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides LiNiCoAlO
2
NCA
NCR
Li‑aluminium[47]		 Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide Yes 1999 3.0[57] 3.6[50] 4.3[57] 0.79
(220)[50]		 2.2
(600)[50]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide LiNi
xMn
yCo
1-x-yO
2
INR
NMC[47]
NCM[50]		 Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Yes 2008[58] 2.5[49] 3.6[50] 4.2[49] 0.74
(205)[50]		 2.1
(580)[50]

^† Cost in USD, adjusted for inflation.

^‡ Typical. See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics
Cell chemistry Charge efficiency Cycle durability
% # 100% depth of discharge (DoD) cycles
Lead-acid 50–92[2] 50 – 100[59] (500@40%DoD[2][59])
Rechargeable alkaline 5–100[13]
Nickel-zinc 100 to 50% capacity[13]
Nickel-iron 65–80 5000
Nickel-cadmium 500[25]
Nickel-hydrogen 20000[31]
Nickel-metal hydride 66 300–800[13]
Low self-discharge nickel-metal hydride battery 500–1500[13]
Lithium cobalt oxide 90 500–1000
Lithium–titanate 85-90 6000–10000 to 90% capacity[46]
Lithium iron phosphate 90 2500[54]–12000 to 80% capacity[60]
Lithium manganese oxide 90 300–700

Thermal runaway

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here.[61]

Cell chemistry Overcharge Overheat
Onset Onset Runaway Peak
SOC% °C °C °C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide 150[61] 165[61] 190[61] 440[61]
Lithium iron phosphate 100[61] 220[61] 240[61] 21[61]
Lithium manganese oxide 110[61] 210[61] 240[61] 100+[61]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide 125[61] 140[61] 195[61] 260[61]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide 170[61] 160[61] 230[61] 100+[61]

NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li-polymer vs. LTO
TypesCell VoltageSelf-dischargeMemoryCycles TimesTemperatureWeight
NiCd1.2V20%/monthYesUp to 800-20℃ To 60℃Heavy
NiMH1.2V30%/monthMildUp to 500-20℃ To 70℃Middle
Low Self Discharge NiMH1.2V1%/month - 3%/year [62]No500 - 2000-20℃ To 70℃Middle
Li-ion (LCO)3.6V5-10%/monthNo500-1000-40℃ To 70℃Light
Li-ion (LFP)3.2V2-5%/monthNo2500-12000[60]-40℃ To 80℃Light
LiPo (LCO)3.7V5-10%/monthNo500-1000-40℃ To 80℃Lightest
Li-Ti (LTO)2.4V2-5%/month[46]No6k-20k-40℃ To 55℃Light

[63]

See also

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