Culture of Sarawak

Sarawak exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The Sarawakian culture has been influenced by Bruneian Malays of the coastal areas. Substantial cultural influences also came from the Chinese and British cultures.

Interracial marriages, formerly rare or between closely related tribes, are increasingly common.[1]

Indigenous cultures

Iban's are considered proto-Malays, however their culture has been unaffected by Islamic culture.[2] While many communities have converted to Christianity, some continue to follow indigenous beliefs.[3] Customary practices, including jural rules, rituals, and social customs, are collectively known as adat and remain important for Ibans. It differs from the Malay adat in that it is entwined with traditional religious beliefs, and in that some of it can be carried out through law.[4]

The Iban longhouse functions as a community, each holding several families (over 50 in some cases) related through blood and marriage. A communal corridor (the ruai) runs through the building, and is the location of communal activities, such as work, socialising, celebrating, and discussing community matters. Each Iban longhouse has a head (tuai rumah), determined by community vote upon the death of their predecessor, who acts as a leader and an arbitrator. The tuai rumah reports to the penghulu, who leads several longhouses. In the modern era, the tuai rumah is also responsible for implementing government policies in these communities.[5] Headhunting was once an important tradition for the Ibans, with Sarawak once nicknamed the "Land of the Headhunters". It was part of a heroic warrior code where tribal prestige was determined by its capacity for warfare. The custom is no longer observed, after being made illegal shortly after the Second World War.[6]

The closely related Lun Bawang and Kelabit tribes have undergone significant cultural change due to conversion to Christianity, affecting their religious and ethnic identities. Each village now has a church, which has taken over the social and community functions previously associated with the longhouse.[7] The Penan people were one of the last remaining indigenous groups. While a minority retain traditional nomadic ways, most have settled down and adopted modern clothing, with less attention paid to traditional hairstyles, dangling earlobe modification, and traditional rattan bangles.[8][9]

Attractions and recreational spots

Sarawak Cultural Village is located at the foot of Mount Santubong, Kuching. Known as the "living museum", it showcases the various ethnic groups carrying out traditional activities in their respective traditional houses. Cultural performances are presented here.[10][11] The Sarawak State Museum houses a collection of artefacts such as pottery, textiles, and woodcarving tools from various ethnic tribes in Sarawak, as well as ethnographic materials of local cultures. The museum building preserves its French architecture.[12] Other museums include the Islamic Heritage Museum,[13] Petroleum Museum, Chinese History Museum,[14] Kuching Cat Museum,[15] Textile Museum Sarawak,[16] Art Museum,[17] Lau King Howe Hospital Memorial Museum,[18] and Baram Regional Museum.[19] There is a series of well-preserved forts in Sarawak built during the Brooke regime such as Fort Margherita,[20] Fort Emma,[21] Fort Sylvia,[22] and Fort Alice.[23]

The Batang Ai Resort and Bawang Assan Iban longhouses allow the visiting guests to have an overnight stay and to participate in traditional Iban daily activities.[24][25] Other longhouses include: Iban longhouses in Kapit,[26] Bidayuh longhouses in Kuching,[27] Kelabit longhouses in Bario,[28] Lun Bawang longhouses in Ba'kelalan,[29] and Melanau wooden houses in Sibu.[30] Main Bazaar and Carpenter Street are the two notable streets in Chinatown, Kuching.[31] India Street in Kuching is notable for its textile products. An IndianMuslim mosque can be found in the vicinity.[32][33]

Fine arts and crafts

A Kayan tribesman, playing the Sapeh

The Sarawak Craft Council popularises local ethnic crafts.[34] The Sarakraf Pavilion houses a workshop which demonstrates a wide range of craft-making skills.[35] Well-known handicrafts in Sarawak include Orang Ulu beadwork,[36] Iban Pua Kumbu,[37] Bidayuh Kesah mats and Tambok baskets, Malay Kain Songket,[10] ethnic headgear,[38] and Chinese pottery.[39] Sarawak Artists Society was established in 1985 to promote local cultures and arts in the form of paintings.[40][41] Most artists in the post-war Sarawak prefers scenery and nature, traditional dances, and traditional daily activities as their drawing themes.[42] Orang Ulu's Sapeh (a dug-out guitar) is the best known traditional musical instrument in Sarawak. It was played for Queen Elizabeth II during her official visit to Sarawak in 1972.[43] Other traditional musical instruments are various types of gongs and Kulintang, idiophones,[44] bamboo flutes and zithers.[45]

Ngajat, the Iban warrior dance gazetted as part of Sarawak culture.

The oral tradition has been part of the culture of the various indigenous groups in Sarawak for generations. It is used for passing on life lessons, traditions, and values to the younger generation. The stories are told repeatedly by the elders to the younger ones, such as in storytelling sessions on special occasions and through traditional performances.[46][note 1] Some of these traditional practices are the Iban's Ngajat dances,[47] Renong (Iban vocal repertory),[48] Ensera (Iban oral narratives),[49][note 2] and epic storytelling by the Kayan and Kenyah.[50][51] The Borneo Literature Bureau existed from 1958 until 1977; it encouraged the documentation of local cultures, local authors, and publications in English, Chinese, Malay, Iban and other native languages. The Bureau was replaced by the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) in 1977, which advocated publication only in the Malay language.[49][note 3] Documentation of oral traditions has also been done by the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) and the Sarawak Customs Council.[46][note 4] The Sarawak Gazette was first published by the Brooke government in 1870. It recorded a variety of news in Sarawak related to economics, agriculture, anthropology, and archaeology. The Gazette is still being published today.[52] Hikayat Panglima Nikosa (Story of Nikosa the Warrior), printed in 1876 at Kuching, is one of the earliest text publications in Borneo.[53] It is also the first novel from Malaysia.[54] Indigenous traditions have become a source of writing inspiration for Sarawak Chinese authors.[55]

Cuisine

A bowl of Sarawak laksa

Notable dishes in the state include Sarawak laksa,[56] kolo mee,[57] and ayam pansuh.[58][59] The state is also known for its Sarawak layer cake dessert.[60] Each ethnic group has its own delicacies with different styles of preparing, cooking, and eating food. However, modern technology has altered the way of cooking for native dishes. Examples of ethnic foods are the Iban tuak (rice wine), Melanau tebaloi (sago palm crackers) and umai (raw fish mixed with lime juice), and Orang Ulu urum giruq (pudding).[61] The traditional food of Sarawak has been marketed as a culinary tourism product.[62] Examples of locally grown franchise stores in Sarawak are Sugar Bun, Singapore Chicken Rice, and Bing Coffee.[63] Other international foods such as Western food, Indonesian food, Indian food, and Middle Eastern food can also be found there.[64]

Media

The Sarawak government is popularly believed to exert its influence over the media.[49][note 5] Examples of newspapers based in Sarawak are Sin Chew Daily,[65] See Hua Daily News, Borneo Post, and Utusan Borneo.[66] In the 1990s, major newspapers negatively portrayed the timber blockades in Sarawak as detrimental to the state's growth and development.[49][note 6] The Sarawak Tribune was indefinitely suspended in 2006 for publishing a caricature of the Prophet Muhammad.[67] The daily was rebooted as the New Sarawak Tribune in 2010.[68] Radio Sarawak existed from 1954 to 1976. It was broadcast in Malay, Iban, Chinese, and English.[49][note 7] Some Sarawak-based radio stations are Sarawak FM,[69] cats FM[70] and TEA FM.[71] In 2010, Clare Rewcastle Brown, sister-in-law of former British prime minister Gordon Brown, set up a Sarawak Report website and a London-based short-wave radio station named Radio Free Sarawak to provide alternative news and views free from the influence of the Sarawak government.[72]

Sarawak become the first region in Malaysia to own its TV station, when it launched TV Sarawak on 10 October 2020, albeit not the first time as back in the April 1998, NTV7 was launched by Sarawakian businessman, Mohd Effendi Norwawi under the entity of Natseven TV Sdn Bhd, before acquired by Media Prima Berhad in 2005. It's currently available in Astro and NJOI (coming soon to myFreeview) and available in 3 languages: Malay, English and Iban. The launching of TV station aimed to overcome the low priority and coverage of Peninsular-based media and to solidify the representation of Sarawak, and generally of East Malaysia.

Holidays and festivals

Sarawakians celebrating festival with a fireworks display.

Sarawakians observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year.[73] Apart from national Hari Merdeka and Malaysia Day celebrations, the state also celebrates Sarawak Self-government Day on 22 July[74][75] and the State Governor's birthday.[76] Ethnic groups also celebrate their own festivals. The open house tradition allows other ethnic groups to join in the celebrations.[77][78][79] Sarawak is the only state in Malaysia to declare the Gawai Dayak celebration a public holiday.[80] It is also the only state in Malaysia that does not gazette the Deepavali celebration as a public holiday.[81] Religious groups are free to hold processions in major towns and cities during festivals.[82] Sarawak and Sabah are the only two states in Malaysia that declare Good Friday a public holiday.[83] The Kuching Festival is a month-long celebration that is held every August to commemorate its elevation to city status in 1988.[84] Miri City Day is held in conjunction with Miri May Fest every year.[85][86]

Sports

Sarawak sent its own teams to participate in the 1958 and 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games,[87] and 1962 Asian Games before its athletes started representing Malaysia after 1963.[88][89] The Sarawak State Sports Council was formed in 1985 to raise the standard of sports in Sarawak.[90] Sarawak was the host of the Malaysian SUKMA Games in 1990 and 2016.[91] The state was the overall champion in the 1990, 1992, and 1994 SUKMA games.[92] Sarawakians have represented Malaysia in the Southeast Asian Games.[93] The state also sent athletes to participate in the Special Olympics World Games.[94] Sarawak emerged as the overall champion for 11 consecutive years at the Malaysia Para Games beginning in 1994.[95] There are several stadiums in Sarawak: Sarawak Stadium, Sarawak State Stadium, Stadium Perpaduan (Unity Stadium), and Sarawak State Hockey Stadium.[96] The Sarawak FA football association was founded in 1974.[97] It won the Malaysia FA Cup in 1992 and the Malaysia Premier League in 1997 and 2013.[98]

See also

Notes

  1. Pandian, 2014. it became the primary means of passing culture, history, and valued traditions. ... in the fact that oral literature is actualised only in performances; (page 95)
  2. Postill, 2006. ... four were oral narratives ... (page 51)
  3. Postill, 2006. ;... to encourage local authorship and meet local needs ... (page 51) ... The Bureau ceased to exist in 1977 when it was taken over by the federal body Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.(page 55) ... He concludes that DBP cannot publish books in regional languages (pages 59 and 60)
  4. Pandian, 2014. carried out by the Institute of East Asian Studies at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS),(page 96) ... Sarawak Customs Council has documented ... (page 97)
  5. Postill, 2006. ... the government controls virtually all newspapers in Sarawak (page 76)
  6. Postill, 2006. ... development had been hindered by 'two groups of people, (page 78)
  7. Postill, 2006. Radio Sarawak was officially inaugurated ... (page 46 and 47)

References

  1. Switow, Michael (9 February 2005). "Interracial marriage blossoms in Malaysia". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  2. Metom, Lily (31 January 2013). Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak. Patridge Singapore. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4828-9731-9. Retrieved 12 January 2017. Ibans are not influenced by Islam and Muslim culture
  3. Metom, Lily (31 January 2013). Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak. Patridge Singapore. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4828-9731-9. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  4. Metom, Lily (31 January 2013). Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak. Patridge Singapore. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4828-9731-9. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  5. Metom, Lily (31 January 2013). Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak. Patridge Singapore. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-1-4828-9731-9. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  6. Metom, Lily (31 January 2013). Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak. Patridge Singapore. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-4828-9731-9. Retrieved 12 January 2016. Nevertheless, all these ancient customs pertaining to headhunting are no longer observed in these modern days.
  7. Platzdasch, Bernhard; Saravanamuttu, Johan (6 August 2014). Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS). p. 383. ISBN 978-981-4519-64-9. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  8. Kaur, Jeswan (16 December 2007). "Penan slowly abandoning their nomadic way of life". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  9. "'Equal treatment for Penan community'". The Borneo Post. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  10. "Explore Sarawak in Half a Day". Sarawak Cultural Village. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  11. "Sarawak Cultural Village". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  12. "Malaysian Borneo's Muzium Sarawak: A Colonial Legacy in Postcolonial Context". Cultural Survival. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  13. "Islamic Heritage Museum". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  14. "Chinese History Museum". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  15. "Cat Museum, Kuching". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  16. "Textile Museum Sarawak". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  17. "Art Museum". Sarawak Museum Department. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  18. "Lau King Howe Medical Museum". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  19. "Baram Regional Museum". Sarawak Museum Department. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  20. "Fort Margherita". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  21. "Fort Emma, Rajang, Kanowit". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  22. "Fort Sylvia, Kapit". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  23. Irene, C. (1 February 2015). "Fort Alice given a new lease on life". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  24. "Aiman Batang Ai Resort & Retreat". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  25. "Bawang Assan Iban Longhouses". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  26. "Various Longhouses Kapit Town". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  27. "Annah Rais Bidayuh longhouses". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  28. "Bario". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  29. "Bakelalan". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  30. "Lamin Dana". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  31. "Main Bazaar and Carpenter Street". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  32. "India Street, Kuching". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  33. "Kuching's India Street withstands the test of time". The Borneo Post. 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  34. "About Us – Introduction". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  35. "Sarakraf Pavilion". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  36. "Beads". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  37. "Iban Pua Kumbu exhibit in London". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  38. "Sarawak ethnic headgears". Sarawak Cultural Village. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  39. "Sarawak Pottery (Kuching)". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  40. "Sarawak Artists Society (SAS) – established since 1985". Sarawak Artists Society. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  41. "Sarawak Artists Society". Sarawak Artists Society. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  42. Hassan, R.H; Durin, Anna. "Development of Paintings in Sarawak; 1946–1963 (Colonial and post colonial era) – 2nd last page". Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  43. Ringgit, Danielle Sendou (26 August 2015). "From dreams into the mainstream". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015. Perhaps the first time the sape took the world stage was when two Kenyah Lepo Tau sape players – Iran Lahang and Jalong Tanyit from Long Mengkaba – performed and demonstrated the art of sape-playing in Tokyo, Japan during Asian Traditional Performing Arts (ATPA) week in 1976. Aside from that, the late Tusau Padan performed for Queen Elizabeth during her official visit to Sarawak in 1972, ...
  44. "Alat-alat muzik tradisional (Traditional musical instruments" (in Malay). Yayasan Budaya Melayu Sarawak (Sarawak Malays' Culture Foundation). Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  45. "Jamming in the rainforest". New Straits Times. 8 July 2002. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015. Musicians from the heartland of Borneo travel downriver for the event, bringing their dugout sape guitars, bamboo zithers, treasured ancient brass gong sets and songs from the rainforest. Some play gourd organs with a battery of bamboo pipes, others tootle the flute – and in Borneo that means the jaw's harp, mouth flute, nose flute or a massed bamboo band of 30 or 40 piccolos, trebles, tenors and bassoons, all capable of astonishing sounds.
  46. Pandian, A; Ching Ling, L; Ai Lin, T (16 October 2014). "Chapter VII – Developing Literacy and Knowledge, Preservation skills among Remote Rural Children". New Literacies: Reconstructing Language and Education. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-1-4438-6956-0. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  47. "Tarian Ngajat Identiti Istimewa Masyarakat Iban (Ngajat dances a special identity for the Ibans)". Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Ministry of Information). Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  48. Nie, C.L.K; Durin, A. "Renong, An Iban Vocal Repertory (Conference paper)". Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  49. John, Postill (15 May 2006). Media and Nation Building: How the Iban became Malaysian. Berghahn Books. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-85745-687-8. Retrieved 13 November 2015. because of his strong defence of English as the language of instruction in Sarawak ... ,(page 58)
  50. MacDonald, M.R. (16 December 2013). "The tradition of storytelling in Malaysia". Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-135-91721-0. Retrieved 1 January 2016. The Kayan and the Kenyah, who dwell in the upper region of Sarawak, have a vibrant epic-telling tradition that is elaborate and specialised.
  51. Law, Daryll (14 October 2013). "Preserve traditional culture for prosperity, Iban's urged". New Sarawak Tribune. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  52. "Sarawak Gazette now available online". The Borneo Post. 31 July 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  53. Walker, J.H (13 April 2005). "Hikayat Panglima Nikosa and the Sarawak Gazette: Transforming Texts in Nineteenth Century Sarawak". Modern Asian Studies. 39 (2): 427. doi:10.1017/S0026749X04001507. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  54. Syed Omar, S.O (1 December 2001). "Novel Malaysia – Catatan sejarah awal (Malaysian novel – Early historical records)". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  55. Pik Shy, F (December 2013). "Malaysian Chinese Literary Works in a Multicultural Environment" (PDF). 3 (2). Universiti Malaya: 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  56. "Best Sarawak Laksa in Kuching". The Malaysian Insider. 29 April 2015. Archived from the original on 8 August 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  57. "Kolo mee, a Sarawak favourite, any time of day". The Malaysian Insider. 14 September 2013. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  58. "'Ayam pansuh' — A Sarawak exotic delicacy loved by many (VIDEO)". The Malay Mail. 28 June 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  59. "Sarawak Top 10 Iconic Food". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  60. "Singer Deja Moss' real passion is Sarawak layered cakes". The Star (Malaysia). 24 March 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  61. Langgat, J; Mohd Zahari, M.S.; Yasin, M.S.; Mansur, N.A (2011). "The Alteration Of Sarawak Ethnic Natives' Food: It'S [sic] Impact To Sarawak State Tourism". 2nd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (2nd ICBER 2011) Proceeding: 685, 694. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  62. Wong, Jonathan (8 September 2013). "Monetising Sarawak's cultural food". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2016. With Sarawak being a tourist destination, this opened up opportunities for small businesses to monetise the cultural aspect of the Dayaks for not only foreigners but locals as well.
  63. "Eyes on Sarawak's franchises". The Borneo Post. 21 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  64. "International cuisine in Kuching". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  65. "Tycoon's four dailies poised to undergo revamp". Malaysiakini. 17 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  66. "See Hua Group saga: Court rules in favour of KTS". The Borneo Post. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  67. "Tribune suspended". The Star (Malaysia). 10 February 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  68. "New lease of life for Sarawak Tribune". The Malaysian Insider. 19 May 2010. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  69. "Sarawak FM – Radio Malaysia Sarawak". Sarawak FM. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  70. "Nang Atap – CATS FM Radio station". cats FM. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  71. "Tea FM – Sarawak Chinese and English Radio station". TEA FM. Archived from the original on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  72. Kaldor, Mary (18 April 2012). Global Civil Society 2012: Ten Years of Critical Reflection. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-230-36943-6. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  73. "Public Holidays 2015". The Sarawak Government. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  74. "TYT, CM attend state's 52nd anniversary of independence". The Borneo Post. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  75. Hunter, M. "Sarawak's "Independence Day"". New Mandala (Australian National University). Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  76. "Pomp celebrations for Sarawak Governor's birthday". The Star (Malaysia). 12 September 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  77. "CM and wife to have Hari Raya open house at BCCK". 15 July 2015. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  78. Aubrey, S (9 June 2015). "1,000 throng Manyin's Gawai Dayak open house". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  79. "KTS holds Chinese New Year Open House in Bintulu". The Borneo Post. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  80. "Public Holiday in Sarawak in conjunctions with the Gawai Dayak Celebration". Co-operative College in Malaysia. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  81. Way, W (2 November 2013). "Deepavali is not dull in Sarawak". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  82. "Lessons from Sarawak". Aliran. 26 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016. The note that follows is a glimpse of the ethno-religious relations in Sibu town. The scenes in Sibu are common to other urban centres of Sarawak, but unique within the context of the national scene. ... Besides Christianity, other religions like Taoism, Buddhism and Islam also organise their respective processions during their big festivals.
  83. Thomas, V (21 March 2013). "Declare Good Friday a public holiday". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  84. "Kuching Festival 2014". Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  85. "20,000 people rock Miri City Day's 10th anniversary concert". The Borneo Post. 18 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  86. "57 exciting Miri May Fest events". New Sarawak Tribune. 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  87. "Commonwealth Games Federation – Countries – Sarawak". Commonwealth Games Federation. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  88. "Japan top the list with 73 'golds'". The Straits Times. 5 September 1962. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  89. "Jakarta 1962". Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  90. "Sarawak State Sports Council". Sarawak State Sports Council. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  91. "S'wak to host Sukma in 2016 — Khairy". The Borneo Post. 4 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  92. Pail, Salena (22 October 2015). "CM revs up momentum for 2016 S'wak Sukma". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  93. Tieng Hee, Ting (12 April 2015). "Five Sarawak swimmers for SEA Games". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  94. Veno, Jeremy (22 July 2015). "Special Olympians off to Los Angeles". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  95. Bong, Karen (14 December 2014). "Major boost for paralympic athletes". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  96. "Mengenai PSNS (Regarding PSNS [Sarawak Stadium Corporation])". Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  97. "History". Football Association of Sarawak. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  98. "Honours". Football Association of Sarawak. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.