Education in Iran

Education in Iran is centralized and divided into K-12 education plus higher education. Elementary and secondary education is supervised by the Ministry of Education and higher education is under supervision of Ministry of Science, research and Technology and Ministry of Health and Medical Education (medical fields). As of September 2015, 93% of the Iranian adult population are literate.[1] In 2008, 85% of the Iranian adult population were literate, well ahead of the regional average of 62%. This rate increases to 97% among young adults (aged between 15 and 24) without any gender discrepancy.[2] By 2007, Iran had a student to workforce population ratio of 10.2%, standing among the countries with highest ratio in the world.[3]

Primary school (Dabestân دبستان) starts at the age of 6 for a duration of 6 years. Junior high school (Dabirestân دوره اول دبیرستان), also known as middle school First includes 3 years of Dabirestân from the seventh to the ninth grade. Senior High school (Dabirestân دوره دوم دبیرستان), including the last three years, is not mandatory. The student at this level can choose to study is theoretical, vocational/technical or manual fields, each program with its own specialties and in the end of it, students are given High school diploma.[4] The requirement to enter into higher education is to have a High school diploma, and passing the national university entrance examination, Iranian University Entrance Exam (Konkur کنکور), which is similar to the French baccalauréat exam (for most of universities and fields of study).

Universities, institutes of technology, medical schools and community colleges, provide the higher education. Higher education is sanctioned by different levels of diplomas: Fogh-e-Diplom or Kārdāni after 2 years of higher education, Kārshenāsi (also known under the name “licence”) is delivered after 4 years of higher education (Bachelor's degree). Kārshenāsi-ye Arshad is delivered after 2 more years of study (Master's degree). After which, another exam allows the candidate to pursue a doctoral program (PhD).[4]

History of education in Iran
See also: Madrasah

Achaemenid Dynasty

Scholars have discovered documents from around 550 BC relating to an emphasis on education in ancient Persia (modern day Iran).[5] The documents urged people to gain knowledge in order to better understand God and to live a life of prosperity.[5] Religious schools were set up in limited areas to serve the government. Although the majority of the problems focused on religious studies, there were also lessons regarding administration, politics, technical skills, military, sports, and arts. The first higher education organization, Gundeshapur or Jondishapoor (which still exists) was formed during the Achaemenids period, around the 3rd century.[5]

Safavid Dynasty

This dynasty marks the first of modern education in Iran.[5] There was a mixed emphasis on Islamic values and scientific advancements.[5]

Muzaffari-Era

Formed in 1898, the Educational Committee (Anjuman-i Ma'arf) was the first organized program to promote educational reform not funded by the state.[6] The committee was composed of members of foreign services, ulama, wealthy merchants, physicians, and other prominent people. The conflicting interests of people involved led to difficulties enacting, however they did succeed in the opening of many new primary and secondary educational schools. It also created a public library, offered adult classes, published an official newspaper (Ruznamah-i Ma'arif), and established a printing company called The Book Printing Company (Shirkat-i Tab'-i Kitab).[6]

The Literacy Corps (1969-1979)

The literacy corps took place over the White Revolution, which occurred under Muhammad Reza Pahlavi.[7] It was believed by the government that the majority of the population was illiterate and the Literacy Corps was an attempt to change the statistics. The program included hiring young men who had a degree in secondary education to serve in the Literacy Corps, and involved teaching children between the ages of 6 and 12, and of which had not attended 2nd grade education, to read. The goal being to improve literacy in Iran in a cheap and efficient manner, which they also believed would improve workmanship. 200,000 young men and woman participated in the Literacy Corps, teaching 2.2 million boys and girls and over a million adults.[7] In many cases, the volunteers would continue to work as educators after their conscription ended.[7]

Post-Islamic Revolution

At first, post 1979 Islamic Revolution placed heavily emphasis on educational reforms.[5] Politicians wanted Islamic values to be present within the schooling system as quickly as possible. However, pressures due to the Iran-Iraq War and economic disparities forced plans for education back as other issues took priority.[5] However, there were some significant changes made. First, came Islamization of textbooks. The schools were then segregated regarding to the sex of the student. Observation of Islamic Law in the schools became mandated and religious ceremonies maintained.[5]

By the 1990s, more significant changes arose.[5] The annual academic system switched to a system based on credits. So, for example, if a student were to fail a class, rather than repeating the whole year they simply would retake the credits. The mandatory duration of high school was shortened from four years to three, however the fourth year was still available as an option to bridge the gap between high school and university.[5] Also, many technical and vocational programs were added to help train students for the workforce, which proved to be popular with students.

Modern education
See also: Ministry of Education (Iran)
Literacy Rate of Iran population plus 15 1975-2015 by UNESCO Institute of Statistics

The first Western-style public schools were established by Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh. Amir Kabir (the Grand Minister) helped the first modern Iranian college establish in the mid-nineteenth century, and the first Iranian University modeled after European Universities established during the first Pahlavi period.[8] There are both free public schools and private schools in Iran at all levels, from elementary school through university. Education in Iran is highly centralized. The Ministry of Education is in charge of educational planning, financing, administration, curriculum, and textbook development. Teacher training, grading, and examinations are also the responsibility of the Ministry. At the university level, however, every student attending public schools is required to commit to serve the government for a number of years typically equivalent to those spent at the university, or pay it off for a very low price (typically a few hundred dollars) or completely free if one can prove inability to pay to the Islamic government (Post secondary and university). During the early 1970s, efforts were made to improve the educational system by updating school curriculation, introducing modern textbooks, and training more efficient teachers.[9]

The 1979 revolution continued the country's emphasis on education with the new government putting its own stamp on the process. The most important change was the Islamization of the education system. All students were segregated by sex. In 1980, the Cultural Revolution Committee was formed to oversee the institution of Islamic values in education. An arm of the committee, the Center for Textbooks (composed mainly of clerics), produced 3,000 new college-level textbooks reflecting Islamic views by 1983.[10] Teaching materials based on Islam were introduced into the primary grades within six months of the revolution.

Grades
Age Level of education (in Persian) Duration US degree equivalent Remarks
6 Pre-primary/Kindergarten 1 year (K-12) Optional. 50% of children at that age are enrolled in pre-primary education.
7-12 Elementary education/Dabestan 6 years (K-12) Although elementary education is free and compulsory, full enrollment in elementary education has not yet been achieved (2004).
13-15 Lower-secondary/ Motovasseteh avval 3 years (K-12) Middle school Mandatory (6-9th grade). (Free) The aim of this level of education is to figure out the capabilities and skills of a child so that the education system could guide her or him to the most appropriate track after the end of compulsory education.
16-18 ( or older) Upper-secondary/ Motovasseteh dovom 3 years (K-12) High school diploma (Diplom-Motevaseth) In Iran, upper-secondary education is NOT compulsory. By 2010, 80% of children aged between 16 and 18 were enrolled. Approximately 6% of upper secondary institutions are private.[4] These schools must conform to the regulations of the Ministry of Education, though they are financed primarily through tuition fees received from students. There are three school types: the theoretical branch, the technical-vocational/professional branch, and the manual skills branch (Kar-Danesh). The latter two prepare students to directly enter the job market in the trading, agricultural, industrial professions. The Kar-Danesh track develops semi-skilled and skilled workers, foremen, and supervisors. Besides, each path has its own specialties (e.g. 'mathematics and physics'; 'experimental sciences' or 'literature and humanities' in the case of the theoretical path). Students with High school Diploma Certificate earn the right to take the Konkur, i.e. the competitive National Entrance Examination. In 2009: ~11% were admitted (1,278,433 entrants), 60% of which were female[11] Students passing the Konkur obtain the degree equivalent of a GCE A-levels and/or International Baccalaureate.
18-20 (or older) Technical/Vocational School OR (see below) 2 years Associate Degree (Fogh-e-Diplom or Kārdāni) Students are able to study two more years in tertiary education, which provides them with the skills to become a highly skilled technician and receive an “integrated associate degree”
18-22 (or older) University (undergraduate) 4 years Bachelor degree (Kārshenāsi or Licence) Based on "konkur" results and scores of diploma, each student in the theoretical fields can choose a field of study and a university to continue studying in university. Academic term in university is divided in 2 'semesters' and 'course credits'. Universities receive their budget money from the state, and students normally do not pay for tuition and boarding at these institutions (except for Islamic Azad University).
22-24 (or older) University (graduate) 2 years Master degree (Kārshenāsi-ye Arshad or Fogh Licence) Iran hosts some of the most prestigious universities in the Middle East such as Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran University, Sharif University, Amirkabir University of Technology, and Iran University of Science and Technology (all five rank among the top 1,000 universities of the world according to SCImago international rankings). Shiraz University, Isfahan University of Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad are other prominent higher education institutes in the country. See also: List of Universities in Iran
24-27/8 (or older) Doctoral program 3–4 years PhD. (Doctora) Students are admitted following an entrance exam. See also: Higher education in Iran. In 2012, Iran had 120,000 PhD students.[12] In 2013, only ~60,000 PhD students according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.[13]
Grading scale
Numeric Alfa Remarks
16-20 A
14-15.99 B
12-13.99 C
10-11.99 D Pass: GPA above 10
0-9.99 F or 'Fail'

Budget
See also: Iran's government budget

Each year, 20% of government spending and 5% of GDP goes to education, a higher rate than most other developing countries. 50% of education spending is devoted to secondary education and 21% of the annual state education budget is devoted to the provision of tertiary education.[14]

Education reform
See also: Education reform

The Fourth Five-Year Development Plan (2005-2010) has envisaged upgrading the quality of the educational system at all levels, as well as reforming education curricula, and developing appropriate programs of vocational training, a continuation of the trend towards labor market oriented education and training.[15]

With the new education reform plan in 2012, the Pre-university year will be replaced with an additional year in elementary school.[16] Students will have the same teacher for the first 3 years of primary school. Emphasis will be made on research, knowledge production and questioning instead of math and memorizing alone. In the new system the teacher will no longer be the only instructor but a facilitator and guide.[17]

Other more general goals of the education reform are:

  1. Making the education more global in terms of knowledge.
  2. Nurturing children who believe in the one God.
  3. Providing a socially just education system.
  4. Increasing the role of the family in the education system.
  5. Increasing the efficiency of the education system.
  6. Achieving the highest standard of education in the region.

Teacher education

Farhangian University is the university of teacher education and human resource development in Ministry of Education.[18] Teacher Training Centers in Iran are responsible for training teachers for primary, orientation cycle, and gifted children's schools. These centers offer four-year programs leading to a BA or BS degree in teaching the relevant subject. Students that enter Teacher Training Centers, have at minimum, completed a High school diploma. A national entrance examination is required for admission.

There are 98 teacher-training centers in Iran, all belonging to Farhangian University. Teacher education in Iran has been considered more centralized than other Western countries such as Great Britain.[5]

Foreign languages
See also: Iran Language Institute and Media in Iran

Persian is officially the national language of Iran. Arabic, as the language of Koran, is taught grades 7-12. In addition to Arabic, students are required to take one foreign language class in grades 7-12. Although other foreign languages such as German, French, Spanish and Chinese are offered in most urban schools, English continues to be the most desired language.[19]

Kanoun-e-Zabaan-e-Iran or Iran's Language Institute affiliated to Center for Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults was founded in 1979. Persian, English, French, Spanish, German, Russian and Arabic are taught to over 175,000 students during each term.[19]

English language is studied in first and second high school. However, the quality of English education in schools is not satisfactory and most of students in order to obtain a better English fluency and proficiency have to take English courses in private institutes.[20]

Before 2018, some primary schools also taught English. However, in January 2018, a senior educational official announced that teaching English is banned in primary schools, including non-government primary schools.[21]

Presently, there are over 5000 foreign language schools in the country, 200 of which are situated in Tehran. A few television channels air weekly English and Arabic language sessions, particularly for university candidates who are preparing for the annual entrance test.[19]

Internet and distance education
See also: Communications in Iran

Full Internet service is available in all major cities and it is very rapidly increasing. Many small towns and even some villages now have full Internet access. The government aims to provide 10% of government and commercial services via the Internet by end-2008 and to equip every school with computers and connections by the same date.[22]

Payame Noor University (established 1987) as a provider exclusively of distance education courses is a state university under the supervision of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.[23]

As of 2020, 70% of Iranian schools linked to the local intranet.[24]

Higher education
Main articles: Higher education in Iran and List of universities in Iran

As of 2013, 4.5 million students are enrolled in universities, out of a total population of 75 million.[25] Iranian universities graduate almost 750,000 annually.[26]

The tradition of university education in Iran goes back to the early centuries of Islam. By the 20th century, however, the system had become antiquated and was remodeled along French lines. The country's 16 universities were closed after the 1979 revolution and were then reopened gradually between 1982 and 1983 under Islamic supervision.

While the universities were closed, the Cultural Revolution Committee investigated professors and teachers and dismissed those who were believers in Marxism, liberalism, and other "imperialistic" ideologies. The universities reopened with Islamic curricula. In 1997, all higher-level institutions had 40,477 teachers and enrolled 579,070 students.

Admission to public universities, some are tuition-free, is based solely on performance on the nationwide Konkour exam. Some alternative to the public universities is the Islamic Azad University which charges high fees.[27]

The syllabus of all the universities in Iran is decided by a national council as a result the difference of the quality of education among the universities is only based on the location and the quality of the students and the faculty members. Among all top universities in the country there are three universities each notable for some reasons:

The University of Tehran (founded in 1934) has 10 faculties, including a department of Islamic theology. It is the oldest (in the modern system) and biggest university in Iran. It has been the birthplace of several social and political movements.

Tarbiat Modares University (means: professor training university) also located in Tehran is the only exclusively post-graduate institute in Iran. It only offers Master's, PhD, and Postdoc programs. It is also the most comprehensive Iranian university in the sense that it is the only university under the Iranian Ministry of Science System that has a Medical School. All other Medical Schools in Iran are a separate university and governed under the Ministry of Health; for example Tehran University of Medical Sciences (commonly known as Medical School of Tehran University) is in fact separate from Tehran University.

Sharif University of Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, and Iran University of Science and Technology also located in Tehran are nationally well known for taking in the top undergraduate Engineering and Science students; and internationally recognized for training competent under graduate students. It has probably the highest percentage of graduates who seek higher education abroad.

K.N.Toosi University of Technology is among most prestigious universities in Tehran. Other major universities are at Shiraz, Tabriz, Isfahan, Mashhad, Ahvaz, Kerman, Kermanshah, Babolsar, Rasht, and Orumiyeh. There are about 50 colleges and 40 technological institutes.[10]

In 2009, 33.7% of all those in the 18–25 age group were enrolled in one of the 92 universities, 512 Payame Noor University branches, and 56 research and technology institutes around the country. There are currently some 3.0 million university students in Iran and 1.0 million study at the 500 branches of Islamic Azad University.[2] Iran had 1 million medical students in 2011.[28]

Students in higher education[2]
Field of study2010Remarks
Engineering and construction31%Highly developed with one of the highest graduation rates in the world.
Social science, business and law23%Limited because of ideology issues but is developing rapidly.
Humanities and the arts14%
Science10%Highly developed with one of the highest graduation rates in the world..

Entrepreneurship
See also: Economy of Iran, Venture capital in Iran, Technology start-ups in Iran, Science and technology in Iran, and Iranian Business School

In recent decades Iran has shown an increasing interest in various entrepreneurship fields, in higher educational settings, policy making and business. Although primary and secondary school textbooks do not address entrepreneurship, several universities including Tehran University and Sharif University, offer courses on entrepreneurship to undergraduate and graduate students.[29][30][31][32][33]

In accordance with the third five-year development plan, the “entrepreneurship development plan in Iranian universities”, (known as KARAD Plan) was developed, and launched in twelve universities across the country, under the supervision of Management and Planning Organization and the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.[34]

Women in education
See also: Women in Iran

In September 2012, women made up more than 60% of all universities' student body in Iran.[35] This high level of achievement and involvement in high education is a recent development of the past decades. The right to a respectable education has been a major demand of the Iranian women's movement starting in the early twentieth century.

Before the 1979 revolution a limited number of women went to male-dominated schools and most traditional families did not send their girls to school because the teachers were men or the school was not Islamic.[36] During the 1990s, women's enrollment in educational institutions began to increase. The establishment and the expansion of private universities Daneshgah-e-azad-e Islami also contributed to the increasing enrollment for both women and men. Under the presidency of Rafsanjani and the High council of cultural Revolution, the Women's social and cultural council was set up and charged with studying the legal, social, and economic problems of women. The council, with the support of Islamic feminists worked to lift all restrictions on women entering any fields of study in 1993.

After the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his new regime prioritized the Islamization of the Iranian education system for both women and men.[37] When Khomeini died in 1989, under president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, many but not all restrictions on women's education were lifted, albeit with controversy. The right to education for everyone without discrimination is explicitly guaranteed under Iran's constitution and international documents, which Iran has accepted or to which it is a party.[38] Some scholars believe that women have poor access to higher education because of certain policies and the oppression of women's right in Iran's strictly Islamic society.

However, Iranian women do have fair access to higher education as seen by a significant increase in female enrollment and graduation rates as women university students now outnumber males. Iranian women emerge to more prominent positions in the labor force, and demonstrate the presence and confidence of professional women in the public sphere. The opportunities for women's education and their involvement in higher education has grown exponentially after the Iranian Revolution.[39] According to UNESCO world survey, Iran has the highest female to male ratio at primary level of enrollment in the world among sovereign nations, with a girl to boy ratio of 1.22:1.[40]

Schools for Gifted Children

The National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents (NODET), also known as SAMPAD (سمپاد), maintains middle and high schools in Iran. These schools were shut down for a few years after the revolution, but later re-opened. Admittance is based on an entrance examination and is very competitive. Their tuition is similar to private schools but may be partially or fully waived depending on the students' financial condition. Some NODET alumni are world-leading scientists. Other schools are Selective Schools which are called "Nemoone Dolati". These schools are controlled by the government and have no fees. Students take this entrance exam alongside with NODET exams.

Organization for Educational Research and Planning (OERP)
See also: Government of Iran

OERP is a government affiliated, scientific, learning organization. It has qualitative and knowledge-based curricula consistent with the scientific and research findings, technological, national identity, Islamic and cultural values.

OERP's Responsibilities:

1. To research on the content of the educational,
2. To study and develop simple methods for examinations and educational assessments,
3. To write, edit and print text-books,
4. To identify and provide educational tools and the list of standards for educational tools and equipments,
5. To run pure research on improving the quality and quantity of education,
6. To perform other responsibilities issued by the OERP Council.

Prominent high schools in Iran: historical and current
Main article: List of schools in Iran
Tabriz Memorial High School Diploma. Dated: June 1, 1923

International Baccalaureate schools

Iran has three International Baccalaureate (IB) schools. They are Mehr-e-Taban International School,[41] Shahid Mahdavi International School,[42] and Tehran International School.[43]

Mehr-e-Taban International School is an authorized IB world school in Shiraz offering the Primary Years Programme, Middle Years Programme and Diploma Programme. Shahid Mahdavi School is an IB world school in Tehran offering the Primary Years Programme and Middle Years Programme. Tehran International School is an IB world school in Tehran offering the Diploma Programme.

Statistics
  • Iran produces the third highest number of engineers in the world. Around 70% of engineering graduates are women.[44]
  • As of 2016 Iran has the 5th highest number of STEM graduates worldwide with 335,000 annual graduates.[45]
  • In 2010, 64% of the country's population was under the age of 30.[2]
  • There are approximately 92,500 public educational institutions at all levels, with a total enrollment of approximately 17,488,000 students.[46]
  • According to 2008 estimates, 89.3% of males and 80.7% of females over the age of 15 are literate; thus 85% of the population is literate.[47] Virtually all children of the relevant age group enrolled into primary schools in 2008 while enrollment into secondary schools increased from 66% in 1995 to 80% in 2008. As a result, youth literacy rates increased from 86% to 94% over the same period, rising significantly for girls.[48]
  • A literacy corps was established in 1963 to send educated conscripts to villages. During its first 10 years, the corps helped 2.2 million urban children and 600,000 adults become literate.[10] This corps was replaced with the Literacy Movement Organization after the Islamic Revolution.
  • In 1997, there were 9,238,393 pupils enrolled in 63,101 primary schools, with 298,755 teachers. The student-to-teacher ratio stood at 31 to 1. In that same year, secondary schools had 8,776,792 students and 280,309 teachers. The pupil-teacher ratio at the primary level was 26 to 1 in 1999. In the same year, 83% of primary-school-age children were enrolled in school. As of 1999, public expenditure on education was estimated at 4.6% of GDP (not budget).[10]
  • In 2007, the majority of students (60%) enrolled in Iranian universities were women.[39]
  • According to UNESCO world survey, Iran has the highest female to male ratio at primary level of enrollment in the world among sovereign nations, with a girl to boy ratio of 1.22 : 1.00.[40]
  • Each year, 20% of government spending and 5% of GDP goes to education, a higher rate than most other developing countries. 50% of education spending is devoted to secondary education and 21% of the annual state education budget is devoted to the provision of tertiary education.[2]

See also

Notes
  1. "خبرگزاری فارس - 93 درصد جمعیت ایران باسواد هستند". 20 September 2015.
  2. http://www.thebusinessyear.com/tby_demo/publications.php?art_id=113&type=sector&sector=healtheducation
  3. "L'espace mondial" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
  4. "WEP-Iran". Wes.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  5. Farhady, Hossein; Sajadi Hezaveh, Fattaneh; Hedayati, Hora (March 2010). "Reflections on Foreign Language Education in Iran". The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language. 13.
  6. Vejdani, Farzin (2015). Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  7. Sabahi, Farian (2001). "The literacy corps in Pahlavi Iran (1963-1979) : political, social and literary implications". Cahiers d'Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le monde Turco-Iranien. 31 (1): 191–220. doi:10.3406/cemot.2001.1578.
  8. Hassan Pour, Faramarz (5 June 2014). "Design of Higher Education Learning Spaces in Iran; From the Qajar Period to the Present Time". Snapshots International Symposium on Learning Spaces, the University of Melbourne. doi:10.13140/2.1.2169.5040. hdl:11343/42271.
  9. "Education - Iran - system". Nationsencyclopedia.com. 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  10. "Iran - Education". Powered by JRank Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  11. "Education in Iran - Part I". PressTV. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
  12. "PressTV". www.presstv.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  13. "Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Review – The Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. Nash, Jason John; Sasmaz, Aytng (January 2011). The Business Year 2011: Iran. London, U.K.: The Business Year. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-908180-00-1.
  15. "Iran: Country Brief", Development Progress, World Bank, June 2009, retrieved 2009-07-12
  16. "PressTV". www.presstv.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  17. "PressTV". presstv.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  18. "دانشگاه فرهنگیان". 18 June 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2018 – via Wikipedia.
  19. "With the verve of words: Learning foreign languages in Iran". Tehran Times. Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  20. "With the verve of words: Learning foreign languages in Iran". Tehran Times. Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  21. "Iran bans English in primary schools after leaders' warning". Reuters. 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  22. "Telecoms And Technology Forecast for Iran", Economist Intelligence Unit, August 18, 2008
  23. "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". 2007-06-14. Archived from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  24. "Over 70% of Iranian schools linked to local intranet: Minister". PressTV.
  25. Ayse, Valentine; Nash, Jason John; Leland, Rice (January 2013). The Business Year 2013: Iran. London, U.K.: The Business Year. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-908180-11-7.
  26. "Microsoft Word - ......doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  27. Farrokhi-Khajeh-Pasha, Y., Nedjat, S., Mohammadi, A., Rad, E. M., Majdzadeh, R., Monajemi, F., ... & Yazdani, S. (2012). The validity of Iran’s national university entrance examination (Konkoor) for predicting medical students’ academic performance. BMC medical education, 12(1), 60.
  28. "Press TV". Press TV. 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  29. "Our Method". Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
  30. "سازمان سنجش آموزش کشور". sanjesh.org. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  31. karimi, saeid. "Entrepreneurship Education in Iranian Higher Education: The Current State and Challenges". academia.edu. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  32. دانشگاه شیراز. www.shirazu.ac.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  33. "Launching The Venture Capital Industry in Iran" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
  34. (PDF). 15 September 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150915104200/http://www.cgiran.org/main/images/files/20140429102612_IranEntrepreneurshipEcosystemReport-IEA2013-v2.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  35. Sahraei, Fariba. "Iranian University Bans on Women Causes Consternation." BBC 21 Sept. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2013.
  36. Esfandiari, Golnaz. "Iran: Number Of Female University Students Rising Dramatically." Rferl.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 19 Nov. 2012. Web. 10 May 2013.
  37. Rezai-Rashti, Goli. "Women and Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Repressive Policies, Unexpected Outcomes"
  38. "Joint Statement on the Right to Education and Academic Freedom in Iran." iranhrdc.org. n.p., May 2012. Web. 3 May 2013.
  39. "Number Of Female University Students Rising Dramatically in Iran". Payvand.com. 2003-11-19. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  40. "Girls to boys ratio, primary level enrolment statistics - countries compared". NationMaster. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  41. "Mehr International School :: Redirecting..." www.mehrschool.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  42. مهدوی, پرتال. "مجتمع شهید مهدوی". www.mahdavischool.org. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  43. "Tehran International & Adaptive Schools - مجتمع تطبیقی و بین المللی تهران". www.tissch.ir. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  44. "Top 10 Countries That Produce The Most Engineers". May 15, 2020.
  45. McCarthy, Niall. "The Countries With The Most STEM Graduates [Infographic]". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  46. "WEP-Iran". Wes.org. 2004-05-06. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  47. "CIA World Factbook". 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  48. "Subsidy plan reduces poverty and income disparities in Iran: World Bank". Tehran Times. Archived from the original on 2011-12-30. Retrieved 2012-02-07.

Further reading
  • Passow, A. Harry et al. The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems. (1976) online
Specialized reports
  • Iran, the UNESCO EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports
Videos
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