Energy medicine

Energy medicine is a branch of alternative medicine based on a pseudo-scientific belief that healers can channel healing energy into a patient and effect positive results. Practitioners use a number of names including various synonyms for medicine (e.,g., energy healing) and sometimes use the word vibrational instead of or in concert with energy. In no case is any empirically measurable energy involved: the term refers instead to so-called subtle energy.

"Spiritual Healing" redirects here. For the album by Death, see Spiritual Healing (album).

This article is part of a series on
Alternative medicine
General information
Fringe medicine and science
Conspiracy theories (list)
Classifications
  • Alternative medical systems
  • Mind–body intervention
  • Biologically-based therapy
  • Manipulative methods
  • Energy therapy
Traditional medicine
Diagnoses

Practitioners may classify practice as hands-on,[1] hands-off,[1] and distant[1] (or absent) where the patient and healer are in different locations.

Many schools of energy healing exist using many names: for example, biofield energy healing,[2][3] spiritual healing,[4] contact healing, distant healing, therapeutic touch,[5] Reiki[6] or Qigong.[2] Spiritual healing occurs largely among practitioners who do not see traditional religious faith as a prerequisite for effecting cures. Faith healing, by contrast, takes place within a traditional or non-denominational religious context such as with some televangelists.

While early reviews of the scientific literature on energy healing were equivocal and recommended further research,[7][4] more recent reviews have concluded that there is no evidence supporting clinical efficacy.[8][9][10][11][12][13] The theoretical basis of healing has been criticised as implausible,[14][15][16][17] research and reviews supportive of energy medicine have been faulted for containing methodological flaws[18][19][20] and selection bias,[18][19] and positive therapeutic results have been determined to result from known psychological mechanisms.[18][19]

Edzard Ernst, formerly Professor of Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the University of Exeter, has said that "healing continues to be promoted despite the absence of biological plausibility or convincing clinical evidence ... that these methods work therapeutically and plenty to demonstrate that they do not".[11] Some claims of those purveying "energy medicine" devices are known to be fraudulent[21] and their marketing practices have drawn law-enforcement action in the US.[21]

History

History records the repeated association or exploitation of scientific inventions by individuals claiming that newly discovered science could help people to heal. In the 19th century, electricity and magnetism were in the "borderlands" of science and electrical quackery became rife.[22] These concepts continue to inspire writers in the New Age movement.[23] In the early-20th century health claims for radio-active materials put lives at risk,[24] and recently quantum mechanics and grand unification theory have provided similar opportunities for commercial exploitation.[25] Thousands of devices claiming to heal via putative or veritable energy are used worldwide. Many of them are illegal or dangerous and are marketed with false or unproven claims.[21][26] Several of these devices have been banned.[27][28] Reliance on spiritual and energetic healings is associated with serious harm or death when patients delay or forego medical treatment.[29]

Classification

The term "energy medicine" has been in general use since the founding of the non-profit International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine in the 1980s. Guides are available for practitioners, and other books aim to provide a theoretical basis and evidence for the practice. Energy medicine often proposes that imbalances in the body's "energy field" result in illness, and that by re-balancing the body's energy-field health can be restored.[30] Some modalities describe treatments as ridding the body of negative energies or blockages in 'mind'; illness or episodes of ill health after a treatment are referred to as a 'release' or letting go of a 'contraction' in the body-mind. Usually, a practitioner will then recommend further treatments for complete healing.

The US-based National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) distinguishes between health care involving scientifically observable energy, which it calls "Veritable Energy Medicine", and health care methods that invoke physically undetectable or unverifiable "energies", which it calls "Putative Energy Medicine":[30]

Polarity therapy founded by Randolph Stone is a kind of energy medicine[34] based on the belief that a person's health is subject to positive and negative charges in their electromagnetic field.[35] It has been promoted as capable of curing a number of human ailments ranging from muscular tightness to cancer; however, according to the American Cancer Society "available scientific evidence does not support claims that polarity therapy is effective in treating cancer or any other disease".[35]

Beliefs
A Reiki practitioner

There are various schools of energy healing, including biofield energy healing,[2][3] spiritual healing,[4] contact healing, distant healing, Pranic Healing, therapeutic touch,[5] Reiki,[6] and Qigong among others.[2]

Spiritual healing occurs largely among practitioners do not see traditional religious faith as a prerequisite for effecting cures. Faith healing by contrast takes place within a traditional or non-denominational religious context such as with some televangelists. The Buddha is often quoted by practitioners of energy medicine, but he did not practise "hands on or off" healing.

Energy healing techniques such as Therapeutic touch have found recognition in the nursing profession. In 2005–2006, the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association approved the diagnosis of "energy field disturbance" in patients, reflective of what has been variously called a "postmodern" or "anti-scientific" approach to nursing care. This approach has been strongly criticised.[36][37][38]

Believers in these techniques have proposed quantum mystical invocations of non-locality to try to explain distant healing.[15] They have also proposed that healers act as a channel passing on a kind of bioelectromagnetism which shares similarities to vitalistic pseudosciences such as orgone or qi.[16][17] Drew Leder remarked in a paper in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine that such ideas were attempts to "make sense of, interpret, and explore 'psi' and distant healing." and that "such physics-based models are not presented as explanatory but rather as suggestive."[39] Beverly Rubik, in an article in the same journal,[40] justified her belief with references to biophysical systems theory, bioelectromagnetics, and chaos theory that provide her with a "...scientific foundation for the biofield..." Writing in the Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, James Oschman[41] introduced the concept of healer-sourced electromagnetic fields which change in frequency. Oschman believes that "healing energy" derives from electromagnetic frequencies generated by a medical device, projected from the hands of the healer, or by electrons acting as antioxidants.[42]

Physicists and sceptics criticise these explanations as pseudophysics – a branch of pseudoscience which explains magical thinking by using irrelevant jargon from modern physics to exploit scientific illiteracy and to impress the unsophisticated.[14] Indeed, even enthusiastic supporters of energy healing say that "there are only very tenuous theoretical foundations underlying [spiritual] healing".[33]

Scientific investigations

Distant healing

A systematic review of 23 trials of distant healing published in 2000 did not draw definitive conclusions because of the methodological limitations among the studies.[7] In 2001 the lead author of that study, Edzard Ernst, published a primer on complementary therapies in cancer care in which he explained that though "about half of these trials suggested that healing is effective" he said that the evidence was "highly conflicting" and that "methodological shortcomings prevented firm conclusions." He concluded that "as long as it is not used as an alternative to effective therapies, spiritual healing should be virtually devoid of risks."[4] A 2001 randomised clinical trial by the same group found no statistically significant difference on chronic pain between distance healers and "simulated healers".[9] A 2003 review by Ernst updating previous work concluded that the weight of evidence had shifted against the use of distant healing, and that it can be associated with adverse effects."[43]

Contact healing

A 2001 randomised clinical trial randomly assigned 120 patients with chronic pain to either healers or "simulated healers", but could not demonstrate efficacy for either distance or face-to-face healing.[9] A systematic review in 2008 concluded that the evidence for a specific effect of spiritual healing on relieving neuropathic or neuralgic pain was not convincing.[12] In their 2008 book Trick or Treatment, Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst concluded that "spiritual healing is biologically implausible and its effects rely on a placebo response. At best it may offer comfort; at worst it can result in charlatans taking money from patients with serious conditions who require urgent conventional medicine."[13]

Evidence base

Alternative medicine researcher Edzard Ernst has said that although an initial review of pre-1999 distant healing trials[7] had highlighted 57% of trials as showing positive results,[4] later reviews of non-randomised and randomised clinical trials conducted between 2000 and 2002[43] led to the conclusion that "the majority of the rigorous trials do not support the hypothesis that distant healing has specific therapeutic effects". Ernst described the evidence base for healing practices to be "increasingly negative".[11] Many of the reviews were also under suspicion for fabricated data, lack of transparency, and scientific misconduct. He concluded that "[s]piritual healing continues to be promoted despite the absence of biological plausibility or convincing clinical evidence ... that these methods work therapeutically and plenty to demonstrate that they do not."[11] A 2014 study of energy healing for colorectal cancer patients showed no improvement in quality of life, depressive symptoms, mood, or sleep quality.[44]

Explanations for positive reports

There are several, primarily psychological, explanations for positive reports after energy therapy, including placebo effects, spontaneous remission, and cognitive dissonance. A 2009 review found that the "small successes" reported for two therapies collectively marketed as "energy psychology" (Emotional Freedom Techniques and Tapas Acupressure Technique) "are potentially attributable to well-known cognitive and behavioral techniques that are included with the energy manipulation." The report concluded that "[p]sychologists and researchers should be wary of using such techniques, and make efforts to inform the public about the ill effects of therapies that advertise miraculous claims."[18]

There are primarily two explanations for anecdotes of cures or improvements, relieving any need to appeal to the supernatural.[45] The first is post hoc ergo propter hoc, meaning that a genuine improvement or spontaneous remission may have been experienced coincidental with but independent from anything the healer or patient did or said. These patients would have improved just as well even had they done nothing. The second is the placebo effect, through which a person may experience genuine pain relief and other symptomatic alleviation. In this case, the patient genuinely has been helped by the healer – not through any mysterious or numinous function, but by the power of their own belief that they would be healed.[46][47] In both cases the patient may experience a real reduction in symptoms, though in neither case has anything miraculous or inexplicable occurred. Both cases, are strictly limited to the body's natural abilities.

Positive findings from research studies can also result from such psychological mechanisms, or as a result of experimenter bias, methodological flaws such as lack of blinding,[18] or publication bias; positive reviews of the scientific literature may show selection bias, in that they omit key studies that do not agree with the author's position.[18][19] All of these factors must be considered when evaluating claims.

Bioresonance therapy

Bioresonance therapy (including MORA therapy) is a pseudoscientific medical practice in which it is proposed that electromagnetic waves can be used to diagnose and treat human illness.[48]

History and method

Bioresonance therapy was invented (in Germany) in 1977 by Franz Morell and his son-in-law, engineer Erich Rasche. Initially they marketed it as "MORA-Therapie", for MOrell and RAsche. Some of the machines contain an electronic circuit measuring skin-resistance, akin to the E-meter used by Scientology, which the bioresonance creators sought to improve; Franz Morell had links with Scientology.[49][50]

Practitioners claim to be able to detect a variety of diseases and addictions. Some practitioners also claim they can treat diseases using this therapy without drugs, by stimulating a change of "bioresonance" in the cells, and reversing the change caused by the disease. The devices would need to be able to isolate and pinpoint pathogens' responses from the mixture of responses the device receives via the electrodes.[51] Transmitting these transformed signals over the same electrodes is claimed by practitioners to generate healing signals that have the curative effect.[52]

Scientific evaluation

Lacking any scientific explanation of how bioresonance therapy might work, researchers have classified bioresonance therapy as pseudoscience.[53] Some studies did not show effects above that of the placebo effect.[54][55] WebMD states: "There is no reliable scientific evidence that bioresonance is an accurate indicator of medical conditions or disease or an effective treatment for any condition."[56]

Proven cases of online fraud have occurred,[57] with a practitioner making false claims that he had the ability to cure cancer, and that his clients did not need to follow the chemotherapy or surgery recommended by medical doctors, which can be life-saving. Ben Goldacre ridiculed the BBC when it reported as fact a clinic's claim that the treatment had the ability to stop 70% of clients smoking, a better result than any conventional therapy.[58]

In the United States of America the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies "devices that use resistance measurements to diagnose and treat various diseases" as Class III devices, which require FDA approval prior to marketing. The FDA has banned some of these devices from the US market,[59] and has prosecuted many sellers of electrical devices for making false claims of health benefits.[60]

According to Quackwatch, the therapy is completely nonsensical and the proposed mechanism of action impossible.[52]

See also

References
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  2. Network newsletter; MD Anderson Cancer Center (2007). "Energy Medicines: Will East Meet West?". Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
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  7. Hall, Harriet (January 26, 2010). "Faith Healing". sciencebasedmedicine.org. Retrieved February 29, 2020. ...When faith healings have been diligently investigated by qualified doctors, they have found no evidence that the patients were actually helped in any objective sense. Even at Lourdes, the Catholic Church has only recognized 4 cures since 1978, out of 5 million people who seek healing there every year. There simply is no evidence that faith healing heals. Not what science considers evidence. And the true believers don't value evidence or the scientific method: for them, belief is enough.
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Further reading
Bioresonance therapy
  • "Your Friday Dose of Woo: MORA the same ol' same ol' woo". ScienceBlogs. May 16, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
  • Wandtke F, Biorensonanz-Allergietest versus pricktest und RAST, Allergologie 1993, 16, p. 144
  • Wille A, Bioresonance therapy (biophysical information therapy) in stuttering children, Forsch Komplementärmed, 1999 Feb; 6 Suppl 1:50-2
  • Hörner M, Bioresonanz: Anspruch einer Methode und Ergebnis einer technischen Überprüfung, Allergologie, 1995, 18 S. 302
  • Kofler H, Bioresonanz bei Pollinose. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung zur diagnostischen und therapeutischen Wertigkeit, Allergologie 1996, 19, p. 114
  • Niggemann B, Unkonventionelle Verfahren in der Allergologie. Kontroverse oder Alternative? Allergologie 2002, 25, p. 34
  • Schultze-Werninghaus, paramedizinische Verfahren: Bioresonanzdiagnostik und -Therapie, Allergo J, 1993, 2, pp. 40–2
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