Greek Americans

Greek Americans (Greek: Ελληνοαμερικανοί, Ellinoamerikanoí [e̞.liˌno̞.a.me̞.ɾi.kaˈni] or Ελληνοαμερικάνοι, Ellinoamerikánoi [e̞.liˌno̞.a.me̞.ɾiˈka.ni])[15] are Americans of full or partial Greek ancestry. Over 2.5 million Americans are of Greek descent.[3] 350,000 people older than five spoke Greek at home in 2010.[16]

Greek Americans
Ελληνοαμερικανοί
Total population
1,273,628[1] – 3,000,000[2] (approx.)
0.75% of the U.S. population (2010)[3]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Predominantly Greek Orthodox

Greek Americans have the highest concentrations in the New York City,[4][17][18] Boston,[5] and Chicago[6] regions, but have settled in major metropolitan areas across the United States. In 2000, Tarpon Springs, Florida, was home to the highest per capita representation of Greek Americans in the country (25%). The United States is home to the largest Greek community outside of Greece, ahead of Australia, Cyprus, Albania, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom.

History

Early history
A young Greek immigrant on Ellis Island, New York City, late 19th century

The first Greek known to have been to what is now the United States was Don Doroteo Teodoro, a sailor who landed in Boca Ciega Bay at the Jungle Prada site in present-day St. Petersburg, FL with the Narváez expedition in 1528. [19] [20][21] He was instrumental in building the rafts that the expedition survivors built and sailed from present-day St. Mark's River in Florida until they were shipwrecked near Galveston Island, Texas. Teodoro had been captured by natives as they sailed along the Gulf coast shoreline toward the west, and was never seen again. [22]

In 1592, Greek captain Juan de Fuca (Ioannis Fokas or Apostolos Valerianos) sailed up the Pacific coast under the Spanish flag, in search of the fabled Northwest Passage between the Pacific and the Atlantic. He reported discovering a body of water, a strait which today bears his name: the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which today forms part of the Canada–United States border.

About 500 Greeks from Smyrna, Crete, and Mani settled in New Smyrna Beach, Florida in 1768. The colony was unsuccessful, and the settlers moved to St. Augustine in 1776. The St Photios Greek Chapel exists as a remnant of their presence, having been built atop the site of the Avero House, itself believed to be the first site of Greek Orthodox worship in the US.[23][24]

19th century
Greek-American volunteers in the Balkan Wars

The first significant Greek community to develop was in New Orleans, Louisiana during the 1850s. By 1866, the community was numerous and prosperous enough to have a Greek consulate and the first official Greek Orthodox Church in the United States.[25] During that period, most Greek immigrants to the New World came from Asia Minor and those Aegean Islands still under Ottoman rule. By 1890, there were almost 15,000 Greeks living in the U.S.

Immigration picked up again in the 1890s and early 20th century, due largely to economic opportunity in the U.S., displacement caused by the hardships of Ottoman rule, the Balkan Wars, and World War I. Most of these immigrants had come from southern Greece, especially from the Peloponnesian provinces of Laconia and Arcadia.[26] 450,000 Greeks arrived to the States between 1890 and 1917, most working in the cities of the northeastern United States; others labored on railroad construction and in mines of the western United States; another 70,000 arrived between 1918 and 1924. Each wave of immigration contributed to the growth of Hellenism in the U.S.

Greek immigration at this time was over 90% male, contrasted with most other European immigration to the U.S., such as Italian and Irish immigration, which averaged 50% to 60% male. Many Greek immigrants expected to work and return to their homeland after earning capital and dowries for their families. However, the loss of their homeland due to the Greek Genocide and the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, which displaced 1,500,000 Greeks from Anatolia, Eastern Thrace, and Pontus caused the initial economic immigrants to reside permanently in America. The Greeks were de jure denaturalized from their homelands and lost the right to return, and their families were made refugees. Additionally, the first widely implemented U.S. immigration limits against non Western European immigrants were made in 1924, creating an impetus for immigrants to apply for citizenship, bring their families and permanently settle in the U.S. Fewer than 30,000 Greek immigrants arrived in the U.S. between 1925 and 1945, most of whom were "picture brides" for single Greek men and family members coming over to join relatives.[27][28]

20th century
Sponge auction in Tarpon Springs, Florida, in 1947. The community has the highest percentage of Greek Americans of any city in the US

The events of the early 1920s also provided the stimulus for the first permanent national Greek American religious and civic organizations. Greeks again began to arrive in large numbers after 1945, fleeing the economic devastation caused by World War II and the Greek Civil War. From 1945 until 1982, approximately 211,000 Greeks emigrated to the United States. These later immigrants were less influenced by the powerful assimilation pressures of the 1920s and 1930s and revitalized Greek American identity, especially in areas such as Greek-language media.

Greek immigrants founded more than 600 diners in the New York metropolitan area in the 1950s through the 1970s. Immigration to the United States from Greece peaked between the 1950s and 1970.[29][30] After the 1981 admission of Greece to the European Union, annual U.S. immigration numbers fell to less than 2,000. In recent years, Greek immigration to the United States has been minimal; in fact, net migration has been towards Greece. Over 72,000 U.S. citizens currently live in Greece (1999); most of them are Greek Americans.

The predominant religion among Greeks and Greek Americans is Greek Orthodox Christianity. There are also a number of Americans who descend from Greece's smaller Sephardic and Romaniote Jewish communities.

21st century

In the aftermath of the Greek financial crisis, there has been a resurgence of Greek emigration to New York City since 2010, accelerating in 2015, and centered upon the traditional Greek enclave of Astoria, Queens.[31] According to The New York Times, this new wave of Greek migration to New York is not being driven as much by opportunities in New York as it is by a lack of economic options in Greece itself.[31]

Demographics
Number of Greek Americans
Year Number
1980[32]
959,856
1990[33]
1,110,373
2000[34]
1,153,307
2010[35]
1,316,074
Distribution of Greek Americans according to the 2000 census
The New York City Metropolitan Area, including Long Island, New York, and Bergen County, New Jersey, is home to the largest Greek population in the United States.[4][17]
US President George W. Bush welcomes Archbishop Demetrios to the White House to celebrate Greek Independence Day and to recognize the contributions of Greek-Americans to American culture in March 2007

Population by state

Population by state according to the 2011-2015 American Community Survey.[36]

  1.  New York – 170,637
  2.  California – 134,680
  3.  Illinois – 99,509
  4.  Florida – 90,647
  5.  Massachusetts – 83,701
  6.  New Jersey – 63,940
  7.  Pennsylvania – 62,168
  8.  Ohio – 54,614
  9.  Texas – 47,622
  10.  Michigan – 42,711
  11.  Maryland – 33,733
  12.  Virginia – 33,062
  13.  Connecticut – 30,304
  14.  North Carolina – 26,877
  15.  Washington – 25,665
  16.  Indiana – 23,993
  17.  Arizona – 21,742
  18.  Colorado – 20,239
  19.  Georgia – 19,519
  20.  New Hampshire – 18,434
  21.  Wisconsin – 16,386
  22.  Missouri – 15,920
  23.  Utah – 14,088
  24.  Oregon – 13,847
  25.  South Carolina – 13,552
  26.  Nevada – 11,977
  27.  Minnesota – 11,782
  28.  Tennessee – 11,345
  29.  Alabama – 8,081
  30.  Rhode Island – 7,485
  31.  Maine – 7,164
  32.  Kentucky – 6,887
  33.  Louisiana – 6,636
  34.  Iowa – 6,415
  35.  Kansas – 5,315
  36.  Oklahoma – 5,261
  37.  West Virginia – 4,722
  38.  New Mexico – 4,110
  39.  Idaho – 3,869
  40.  Delaware – 3,851
  41.  Nebraska – 3,840
  42.  Arkansas – 3,082
  43.  Montana – 3,062
  44.  Mississippi – 3,023
  45.  Vermont – 2,987
  46.  Hawaii – 2,479
  47.  District of Columbia – 2,139
  48.  Alaska – 2,129
  49.  Wyoming – 1,701
  50.  South Dakota – 1,180
  51.  North Dakota – 690

Largest communities

Greek-American communities in the US according to the 5 Year Estimates of the (2016 American Community Survey):[37]

United States by Ancestry : 1,282,655
United States by Country of Birth : 135,743

Top CSA's by Ancestry:

  1. New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA: 196,229
  2. Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH CSA: 101,263
  3. Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA: 96,333
  4. Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA: 56,566
  5. Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA CSA: 51,105
  6. San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA: 39,372
  7. Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA: 37,518

Top CSA's by Country of Birth:

  1. New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA: 38,315
  2. Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA: 14,891
  3. Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH CSA: 12,370
  4. Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA: 6,308
  5. Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA: 5,971

Top MSA's by Ancestry:

  1. New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA: 169,341
  2. Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI: 94,796
  3. Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH CSA: 67,382
  4. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA: 42,552
  5. Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD: 31,612
  6. Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL: 24,173

Top MSA's by Country of Birth:

  1. New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA: 34,373
  2. Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI: 14,705
  3. Boston-Worcester-Manchester, MA-RI-NH CSA: 8,923
  4. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA: 5,404
  5. Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD: 4,920
  6. Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL: 4,297

Top States by Ancestry:

  1. New York: 146,526
  2. California: 135,321
  3. Illinois: 98,786
  4. Florida: 90,960
  5. Massachusetts: 82,363
  6. New Jersey: 64,347
  7. Pennsylvania: 61,361

Top States by Country of Birth:

  1. New York: 30,077
  2. Illinois: 14,644
  3. California: 12,148
  4. Massachusetts: 11,032
  5. Florida: 10,629
  6. New Jersey: 9,617
  7. Pennsylvania: 6,158
  8. Connecticut: 4,564

Communities by percentage of people of Greek ancestry

The US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Greek ancestry are:[38]

  1. Tarpon Springs, Florida 25.00%
  2. Campbell, Ohio 9.30%
  3. Lincolnwood, Illinois 7.60%
  4. Plandome Manor, New York 7.50%
  5. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 7.20%
  6. Allenwood, New Jersey 6.60%
  7. South Barrington, Illinois 6.00%
  8. Palos Hills, Illinois 5.40%
  9. Nahant, Massachusetts 5.30%
  10. Alpine, New Jersey; Holiday, Florida; and Munsey Park, New York 5.20%
  11. East Marion, New York 5.00%
  12. Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan and Grosse Pointe Township, Michigan; Palos Park, Illinois; and Upper Brookville, New York 4.90%
  13. Harbor Isle, New York 4.70%
  14. Lake Dalecarlia, Indiana 4.50%
  15. Barnum Island, New York 4.40%
  16. Peabody, Massachusetts 4.30%
  17. Livingston Manor, New York and University Gardens, New York 4.20%
  18. Oak Brook, Illinois 4.00%
  19. Dracut, Massachusetts 3.90%
  20. Harwood Heights, Illinois and Oyster Bay Cove, New York 3.80%
  21. Fort Lee, New Jersey; Hiller, Pennsylvania; Ipswich, Massachusetts; Long Grove, Illinois; Oakhurst, New Jersey; and Yorkville, Ohio 3.70%
  22. Broomall, Pennsylvania; Garden City South, New York; Norwood Park, Chicago, Illinois (neighborhood); and Plandome, New York 3.60%
  23. Flower Hill, New York; Manhasset, New York; Monte Sereno, California; Norridge, Illinois; Palisades Park, New Jersey; Palos Township, IL; and Windham, New York 3.50%
  24. Morton Grove, Illinois; Terryville, New York; and Wellington, Utah 3.40%
  25. Banks Township, PA (Carbon County, PA); Harmony, Pennsylvania (Beaver County, PA); Plandome Heights, New York; and Watertown, Massachusetts 3.30%
  26. Niles, Illinois and Niles Township, Illinois 3.20%
  27. Groveland, Massachusetts 3.10%
  28. Albertson, New York; Caroline, New York; Graeagle, California; Lynnfield, Massachusetts; Marple Township, Pennsylvania; and Stanhope, New Jersey 3.00%
  29. Foster Township, Pennsylvania; Manhasset Hills, New York; West Falmouth, Massachusetts; Winfield, Indiana; and Worth Township, Indiana (Boone County, IN) 2.90%

Communities by percentage of those born in Greece
Greektown, Detroit

The U.S. communities with the largest percentage of residents born in Greece are:[39]

Greek speakers in the US
Year
Speakers
1910a
118,379
1920a
174,658
1930a
189,066
1940a
165,220
1960a
180,781
1970a
193,745
1980[40]
401,443
1990[41]
388,260
2000[42]
365,436
2011[43]304,928
^a Foreign-born population only[44]
  1. Horse Heaven, Washington 3.8%
  2. Tarpon Springs, Florida 3.2%
  3. Palos Hills, Illinois 3.1%
  4. Harbor Isle, New York 3.1%
  5. Campbell, Ohio 3.1%
  6. Lincolnwood, Illinois 2.7%
  7. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 2.5%
  8. Bedford Park, Illinois 2.3%
  9. Twin Lakes, Florida 2.3%
  10. Holiday, Florida 2.1%
  11. Great Neck Gardens, New York 2.1%
  12. Norridge, Illinois 2.0%
  13. Palos Park, Illinois 1.9%
  14. Barnum Island, New York 1.9%
  15. Munsey Park, New York 1.8%
  16. Foxfield, Colorado 1.7%
  17. Cedar Glen West, New Jersey 1.7%
  18. Raynham Center, Massachusetts 1.6%
  19. Broomall, Pennsylvania 1.6%
  20. Flower Hill, New York 1.6%
  21. Alpine, New Jersey 1.6%
  22. Millbourne, Pennsylvania 1.6%
  23. Niles, Illinois 1.6%
  24. Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan 1.6%
  25. East Marion, New York 1.6%
  26. West Falmouth, Massachusetts 1.6%
  27. Golden Triangle, New Jersey 1.5%
  28. Palisades Park, New Jersey 1.5%
  29. Garden City South, New York 1.5%
  30. Harwood Heights, Illinois 1.5%
  31. Watertown, Massachusetts 1.5%
  32. Morton Grove, Illinois 1.5%
  33. East Ithaca, New York 1.4%
  34. Fort Lee, New Jersey 1.4%
  35. Saddle Rock, New York 1.4%
  36. Oakhurst, New Jersey 1.4%
  37. Plandome Manor, New York 1.3%
  38. White Lake, North Carolina 1.3%
  39. Old Brookville, New York 1.2%
  40. Plandome Heights, New York 1.2%
  41. South Barrington, Illinois 1.2%
  42. North Lakeville, Massachusetts 1.2%
  43. Terryville, New York 1.2%
  44. Jefferson, West Virginia 1.2%
  45. Ridgefield, New Jersey 1.2%
  46. East Norwich, New York 1.2%
  47. Skokie, Illinois 1.1%
  48. Arlington Heights, Pennsylvania 1.1%
  49. Pomona, New York 1.1%
  50. Spring House, Pennsylvania 1.1%
  51. Hickory Hills, Illinois 1.1%
  52. Cliffside Park, New Jersey 1.1%
  53. Friendship Village, Maryland 1.1%
  54. Kingsville, Maryland 1.1%
  55. Arlington, Massachusetts 1.1%
  56. Mount Prospect, Illinois 1.1%
  57. Midland Park, New Jersey 1.0%
  58. Lake Dalecarlia, Indiana 1.0%
  59. Pinedale, Wyoming 1.0%
  60. Glenview, Illinois 1.0%
  61. Dunn Loring, Virginia 1.0%
  62. West Kennebunk, Maine 1.0%
  63. Shokan, New York 1.0%
  64. Beacon Square, Florida 1.0%
  65. Peabody, Massachusetts 1.0%
  66. Dedham, Massachusetts 1.0%
  67. North Key Largo, Florida 1.0%
  68. Hillside, New York 1.0%
  69. Orland Park, Illinois 1.0%
  70. Eddystone, Pennsylvania 1.0%
  71. South Hempstead, New York 1.0%
  72. Redington Beach, Florida 1.0%
  73. Hillsmere Shores, Maryland 1.0%

Greek-born population

Greek-born population in the US since 2010:[45]

Year Number
2010 135,639
2011 138,269
2012 134,956
2013 137,084
2014 136,906
2015 141,325
2016 135,484
The front page of Atlantis, Tuesday, November 14, 1972

The Atlantis (1894–1973) was the first successful Greek-language daily newspaper published in the United States.[46] The newspaper was founded in 1894 by Solon J. and Demetrius J. Vlasto, descendants of the Greek noble family, Vlasto.[i][47] The paper was headed by a member of the Vlasto family until it closed in 1973. Published in New York City, it had a national circulation and influence. Atlantis supported the royalist faction in Greek politics until the mid-1960s. Atlantis editorial themes included naturalization, war relief, Greek-American business interests, and Greek religious unity.[46]

As of 2020, Ethnikos Kyrix (Greek: Εθνικός Κήρυξ, 1915–) is the only Greek-language daily publication based in the United States. Headquartered in New York City, its articles focus on the Greek diaspora in the United States as well as current events in Greece and Cyprus. In contrast to its competitor Atlantis, Ethnikos Kyrix historically supported liberal causes in Greece and America, including the progressive forces of Eleftherios Venizelos in Greece and the New Deal stateside.[46][48] A companion weekly edition The National Herald (1997–) is in circulation and features similar content presented in English.[49] The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America publishes the monthly Orthodox Observer (1934–) in both Greek and English for news and information regarding the Greek Orthodox Church as a whole, as well as its American parishes.[50]

Greek nationality
See also: Greek nationality law
Los Angeles Greek Festival

Any person who is ethnically Greek born outside of Greece may become a Greek citizen through naturalization by proving that a parent or grandparent was born as a national of Greece. The Greek ancestor's birth certificate and marriage certificate are required, along with the applicant's birth certificate and the birth certificates of all generations in between until the relation between the applicant and the person with Greek citizenship is proven.

Organizations
American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association headquarters in Washington, D.C.
The new National Hellenic Museum, Chicago

There are hundreds of regional, religious and professional Greek American organizations. Some of the largest and most notable include:

  • The American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA) is the largest community organization of Greek Americans. It was founded in Atlanta, Georgia in 1922 to counter the anti-Greek attacks by the Ku Klux Klan during that time period. Its current membership exceeds 28,000. 385 active chapters are located in the United States with additional chapters in Canada, and Europe. AHEPA maintains a full time staff at the AHEPA Global Headquarters located in Washington, DC www.ahepa.org
  • The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America is the religious organization most closely associated with the Greek American community. It was established in 1921, and is under the leadership of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The church operates the Greek Orthodox Youth of America, the largest Orthodox Christian youth group in the United States.
  • The American Hellenic Institute, an advocacy group for Greek Americans, and its lobbying arm, the American Hellenic Institute Public Affairs Committee.
  • The Next Generation Initiative, a foundation that works with prominent Greek American leaders and executives to offer educational opportunities such as internships and master classes through a network of more than 5,500 Greek American students and 2,500 professors on 200+ college campuses.
  • The Council of Hellenes Abroad is a Greek government sponsored umbrella organization for Greek immigrant organizations worldwide.
  • The Hellenic Society Paideia has been promoting Hellenism and Orthodoxy since 1977 by placing Greek and Byzantium classes in high schools and universities, offering study abroad programs to Greece year round, and with various building projects throughout the country. Anywhere from 200 to 500 students travel to Greece with Paideia per year. Information specifically for the study abroad programs can be found at www.hellenicstudiespaideia.org Currently "Paideia" is constructing a Classical Greek Amphitheater at the University of Connecticut and a Center for Hellenic Studies at the University of Rhode Island.[52]
  • The National Hellenic Student Association (NHSA)[53] is the independent network of the Hellenic Student Associations (HSAs) across the United States. By linking all the Greek, Greek-American and Cypriot students of the American educational institutions, the organization can promote ideas and projects and enrich the Hellenic spirit on campuses nationwide.
  • Many topika somatéa (local councils) or clubs representing the local regional homeland of Greeks in America. Among the scores of such clubs, larger "umbrella" organizations include the Pan Macedonian Association (one example is the Drosopigi Society, in Rochester, New York, hailing from the village of Drosopigi in Northern Greece outside of the city of Florina) the Panepirotic Federation, the Pan Cretan Association, the Pan-Icarian Brotherhood, the Pan Pontian Federation of U.S.A-Canada, the Chios Societies of America & Canada, the Cyprus Federation of America, the Pan-Laconian Federation of the USA & Canada, the Pan-Messinian Federation of the USA & Canada, the Pan-Arcadian Federation of America and several associations of refugees from areas in the former Ottoman territories.
  • The National Hellenic Museum in Greektown, Chicago

Notable people
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Greek Americans.

See also

References
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  25. "History of the Holy Trinity Cathedral". greekfestnola.com. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007.
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  31. Annie Correal and Colleen Wright (July 5, 2015). "Greeks in New York Talk and Cheer, Then Debate Future After Referendum". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
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Further reading
  • Callinicos, Constance. American Aphrodite: Becoming Female in Greek America (Pella, 1990).
  • Georgakas, Dan. My Detroit: Growing Up Greek and American in Motor City (Pella, 2006)."
  • Georgiou, Leonidas V., "Conversations with F.D.R. at his AHEPA Initiation: Frigates, Battleships, Espionage and a Sentimental Bond with Greece," (Knollwood Press, 2019). Available through Abebooks.com.
  • Jurgens, Jane. "Greek Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 237–253. Online
  • Jusdanis, Gregory. "Greek Americans and the diaspora." Diaspora: a journal of transnational studies 1#2 (1991): 209–223. Excerpt
  • Kunkelman, Gary. The Religion of Ethnicity: Belief and Belonging in a Greek-American Community (Garland, 1990).
  • Moskos, Peter C. Greek Americans: struggle and success (Routledge, 2017).
  • Orfanos, Spyros D. Reading Greek America: Studies in the Experience of Greeks in the United States (Pella, 2002).
  • Rouvelas, Marilyn. A Guide to Greek Traditions and Customs in America (Attica, 1993).
  • Scourby, Alice. "Three generations of Greek Americans: A study in ethnicity." International Migration Review 14.1 (1980): 43–52. Online
  • Schultz, Sandra L. "Adjusting Marriage Tradition: Greeks to Greek-Americans." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 12.2 (1981): 205–218.
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