Flag of Brazil

The flag of the Princes of Brazil was a standard for the Portuguese heir, though often used in Brazil due to the namesake of the princes

The Portuguese territories in the Americas, corresponding roughly to what is now Brazil, never had their own official flag, since Portuguese tradition encouraged hoisting the flag of the Kingdom of Portugal in all territories of the Portuguese Crown.

The first Brazilian vexillological symbols were private maritime flags used by Portuguese merchant ships that sailed to Brazil. A flag with green and white stripes was used until 1692.[3] The green and white colors represented the House of Braganza and the national colours of Portugal. In 1692, that flag was no longer used by ships that sailed to Brazil and became the flag of the merchant vessels in coastal Portugal. In 1692, a new flag was introduced for merchant vessels sailing to Brazil. The new flag had a white field with a golden armillary sphere. The armillary sphere had served as the personal emblem of King Manuel I of Portugal (reigned 1494-1521). During his reign Portuguese ships used it widely, and eventually it became a national emblem of Portugal and, more specifically, of the Portuguese empire. A similar flag was introduced for the Portuguese ships that sailed to India, but with a red armillary sphere. Despite representing the entire Portuguese empire, the armillary sphere began to be used more extensively in Brazil — the largest and most developed colony at the time — not only in maritime flags, but also on coins and other media. It eventually became the unofficial ensign of Brazil.

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  Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815-1816)
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  Hypothetical armorial flag of the Kingdom of Brazil (1816-1822)

In 1815, Brazil was elevated to the rank of kingdom, and the kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves were united as a single state — the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The Charter Act of 1816 established the insignia of the new kingdom.[4] It specified that the arms of the Kingdom of Brazil was to be composed of a gold armillary sphere on a blue field.[4] During this time, the flag of Brazil was the flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.

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  Flag of the independent Kingdom of Brazil (18 September – 1 December 1822)
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  First flag of the Empire of Brazil with 19 stars (1822–1853). On August 29, 1853, Imperial Law No. 704 created the Province of Paraná, resulting in the addition of a 20th star.
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  Second flag of the Empire of Brazil with 20 stars (1853–1889)

The imperial flag of Brazil was designed by Jean-Baptiste Debret as the Royal Standard of the Prince Royal of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, Pedro I.

After the Brazilian Declaration of Independence, and with the coronation of Pedro I as Emperor of Brazil, the Royal Standard was modified to become the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The new flag featured the imperial coat of arms within a yellow rhombus, on a green field.[5] The green and yellow colors represented the dynastic houses of Pedro I and his consort Maria Leopoldina of Austria.[2]

The imperial flag was slightly modified during the reign of Pedro II, when an extra star was added to the imperial arms to conform to the new territorial organization of the country.

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  Provisional flag of the Republic of the United States of Brazil (15 November – 19 November 1889)
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  First flag of the Republican Brazil with 21 stars (1889–1960)
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  Second flag of the Republican Brazil with 22 stars (1960–1968)
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  First flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil with 23 stars (1968–1992)
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  Second flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil with 27 stars (1992–present)

Upon the proclamation of the Republic, one of the civilian leaders of the movement, the lawyer Ruy Barbosa, proposed a design for the nation's new flag strongly inspired by the flag of the United States. It was flown from 15 November 1889, until 19 November 1889, when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca (acting as provisional president of Brazil) vetoed the design, citing concerns that it looked too similar to the flag of another country.[6]

Fonseca suggested that the flag of the new republic should resemble the old imperial flag.[6] This was intended to underscore continuity of national unity during the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic.[6] Raimundo Teixeira Mendes presented a project in which the imperial coat of arms was replaced by a blue celestial globe and the positivist motto. It was presented to Fonseca, who promptly accepted. The flag was designed by a group formed by Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares.[7] It was officially adopted on 19 November 1889.[8]

The flag has been modified on three occasions to add additional stars intended to reflect newly created states: 1960 (22 stars), 1968 (23 stars) and 1992 (27 stars). In contrast to many other national flags with elements representing political subdivisions, modifications to the flag of Brazil were not always made promptly upon political reorganisation, resulting in multi-year periods of history where there was a mismatch between the number of stars and the number of states and federal districts.[9] The most recent modification was made on 11 May 1992, with the addition of four stars to the celestial globe (representing states created between 1982 and 1991), and a slight change in the stars' positions was made to match the astronomical coordinates correctly.

Construction sheet with the official dimensions of the flag.

The precise positions of the 27 in all stars on the globe make the Brazilian flag one of the most complicated national flags to construct. The official design is defined by law no. 5,700, issued on 1 September 1971.[11] The flag's length is twenty modules and the width, fourteen, translating into an aspect ratio of 10:7. The distance of the vertices of the yellow rhombus to the outer frame is a module and seven-tenths (1.7m). The blue circle in the middle of the yellow rhombus has a radius of three and a half modules (3.5m). The center of the arcs of the white band is two modules (2m) to the left of the meeting point of the extended vertical diameter of the circle with the base of the outer frame. The radius of the lower arc of the white band is eight modules (8m) and the radius of the upper arc of the white band is eight and a half modules (8.5m). The width of the white band is a half of a module (0.5m).

The caption "Ordem e Progresso" is written in green letters. The letter P lies on the vertical diameter of the circle. The letters of the word "Ordem" and the word "Progresso" are a third of a module (0.33m) tall. The width of these letters are three-tenths of a module (0.30m). The conjunction E has a height of three-tenths of a module (0.30m) and a width of a quarter of a module (0.25m).

The stars are of five different sizes: first, second, third, fourth and fifth magnitudes. They are drawn within circles whose diameters are: three-tenths of a module (0.30m) for the first magnitude, a quarter of a module (0.25 m) for the second magnitude; a fifth of a module (0.20m) for the third magnitude, a seventh of a module (0.14m) for the fourth magnitude, and a tenth of a module (0.10m) for the fifth magnitude.

A list of constellations and stars on the map:
1. Procyon (α Canis Minoris).
2. Canis Major: five stars, the largest depicting Sirius.
3. Canopus (α Carinae).
4. Spica (α Virginis).
5. Hydra: two stars, the largest depicting Alphard.
6. Crux Australis: five stars, the largest depicting Alpha Crucis.
7. Sigma Octantis (σ Octantis, south pole star).
8. Triangulum Australe: three stars of similar size.
9. Scorpius: eight stars, the largest depicting Antares.

Paulo Araújo Duarte of the Federal University of Santa Catarina claims that "the creators of our republican flag intended to represent the stars in the sky at Rio de Janeiro at 8:30 in the morning on 15 November 1889, the moment at which the constellation of the Southern Cross was on the meridian of Rio de Janeiro and the longer arm [of the cross] was vertical".[12] Another article, citing "O Céu da Bandeira (The Sky of the Flag)", by J. R. V. Costa, says the exact time was actually 08:37. This last article includes the flag's designer's explanation of his intentions regarding the stars. According to Brazil's national act number 5,700 of 1 September 1971, the flag portrays the stars as they would be seen by an imaginary observer an infinite distance above Rio de Janeiro standing outside the firmament in which the stars are meant to be placed (i.e. as found on a celestial globe). Thus Beta Crucis appears to the right of the constellation and Delta Crucis to the left, in mirror image of the way they actually appear in the sky (and, coincidentally, the way they appear on the Brazilian coat of arms).

The star Spica is the only one above of the white band; it symbolises part of Brazilian territory in the northern hemisphere (and the State of Pará).

The Sigma Octantis (south pole star) is small, but all the other stars turn around it. Its unique position in the sky of south hemisphere represents the stability of the Federal District in the Brazilian union.

The shining star in constellation represent the size of territory of the state in the Brazilian region (constellation).

The flag of Brazil contains 27 stars, representing the Brazilian states and the Federal District.[12] The constellation of the Southern Cross is on the meridian (indicated by the number 6 in the diagram). To the south of it is Polaris Australis (Sigma Octantis, numbered 7), representing the Federal District. The motto appears on a band roughly coincident with the ecliptic. A single star lies above the band, representing the large northern state of Pará, which straddles the equator.

The stars depicted on the flag and the states they represent are:[12]

• ^ Brazil's original Federal District was created in 1889 from the former Neutral Municipality covering the then-capital city of Rio de Janeiro, and represented on the flag by the star Sigma Octantis (Polaris Australis). In 1960, to correspond with the creation of the new capital, Brasília, the Federal District was reconstituted on new territory carved out of the state of Goiás, in border with the Minas Gerais state; it continued to be represented on by the flag by Sigma Octantis. The former Federal District became the new state of Guanabara and a new star, Alphard, was added to the flag to represent it. Guanabara was eliminated as a separate state in 1975; however, Alphard was not removed from the flag and from 1975 to 1979 it represented no state. When the new state of Mato Grosso do Sul was created in 1979, it was assigned Alphard.[9]

The flag's colours are not accurately specified in any legal document. Approximate colours are listed below:[15]

The Brazilian Flag Anthem (Hino à Bandeira Nacional) is a song dedicated to the country's flag. It is performed on 19 November (Flag Day). The Portuguese lyrics were written by poet Olavo Bilac, and the music composed by Francisco Braga.[19]

The president and vice president are also represented by their own flag.[20] The Presidential Standard is a dark green rectangle (ratio 2:3) holding the national coat of arms on its center. It is usually hoisted at the President's official residence, the Palácio da Alvorada, and at the President's workplace, the Palácio do Planalto. It is also displayed on the presidential car, as small-sized flags. The Vice Presidential Standard is a yellow rectangle (ratio 2:3) with twenty-three blue stars disposed in a cross dividing the flag into four equal quadrants, with the coat of arms in the middle of the upper left quadrant.

Some of the branches of the Brazilian military also have their own flags.

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  The flag of the Brazilian Army
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  The flag of the Brazilian Navy
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  The flag of a Brazilian naval admiral
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  Flag-insignia of the chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Brazilian Armed Forces.

The Brazilian naval jack (jaque) is a rectangular flag (ratio 3:4) bearing 21 white stars on a dark blue field – a horizontal row of 13 and a vertical column of 9, orthogonally displayed.[21]

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  Naval jack.

The list below identifies previous flags used in Brazil.[22]

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  Flag of the Military Order of Christ (1332–1651)
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  Flag of the Royal Family (1500–1521)
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  Flag of John III (1521–1616)
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  Flag of the Iberian Union (1616–1640)
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  Flag of the Restoration (1640–1683)
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  Flag of the Principality of Brazil (1645–1816)
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  Flag of Peter II (1683–1706)
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  Flag of John V (1707–1750)
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  Flag of the Royal family (1600–1700)
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  Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1816–1821)
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  Flag of the Kingdom of Brazil (1815–1822; putative)[nb 1]
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  Flag of the Brazilian Kingdom (18 September – 1 December 1822)
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  Flag of the Empire of Brazil, first version (1 December 1822 – 29 August 1853)
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  Flag of the Empire of Brazil, second version (c.1870 – 15 November 1889)
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  Provisional Flag of Republic of the United States of Brazil (15–19 November 1889)
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  First Flag of the United States of Brazil (19 November 1889 – 1 June 1960)
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  Second Flag of the United States of Brazil (1 June 1960 – 28 May 1968)
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  First Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil (28 May 1968 – 11 May 1992)
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  Second Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil (11 May 1992–present)

The best-known rejected flags are listed below.[23] Several projects were heavily inspired by the green-yellow Imperial Flag, while a black-white-red pattern was also proposed. Those colours would represent the major groups of Brazilian population, red being the natives, white the European settlers and immigrants and black the Africans.[24]

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  Project of Júlio Ribeiro, 1888. Eventually became the flag of the State of São Paulo with the addition of Acre on the map
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  Project of Antônio da Silva Jardim, 1890
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  Project of José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Jr., 1890
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  Project of Oliveira Valadão, 1892
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  Project of Eurico de Góis, 1908
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  Project of Wenceslau Escobar, 1908
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  Second project of Eurico de Góis, 1933