Grodno Ghetto

The Grodno Ghetto (Polish: getto w Grodnie, Belarusian: Гродзенскае гета, Hebrew: גטו גרודנו‎) was a Nazi ghetto established in November 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Grodno for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Jews in Western Belarus.

The Grodno Ghetto
Jews flooding the gates of Ghetto One during relocation action, November 1941
Grodno
Grodno location in the Holocaust
Grodno Ghetto
Location of Grodno in modern-day Belarus
LocationGrodno, Belarus
53.6790°N 23.8249°E / 53.6790; 23.8249
Incident typeImprisonment, slave labor, transit to extermination camp
OrganizationsSS, Order Police battalions,
CampTreblinka, Auschwitz
Victims25,000 Jews

The ghetto, run by the SS, consisted of two interconnected areas about 2 km apart. Ghetto One was established in the Old Town district, around the synagogue (Shulhoif), with some 15,000 Jews crammed into an area less than half a square kilometre. Ghetto Two was created in the Slobodka suburb, with around 10,000 Jews incarcerated in it. Ghetto Two was larger than the main ghetto but far more ruined. The reason for the split was determined by the concentration of Jews within the city and less need to transfer them from place to place. Their situation had considerably worsened with the ghettos' locations highly inadequate in terms of sanitation, water and electricity.[1] The separation of the ghettos would later enable the Germans to murder the prisoners with greater ease. The larger ghetto was liquidated in 1943, a year-and-a-half after its establishment, and the smaller one, a few months earlier.[1]

Background
Further information: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

Until the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Grodno was part of the Białystok Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic, in Kresy (eastern Poland). Following Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union annexed the region to the Belarusian SSR.[2] Grodno was annexed by Germany in 1941 to the Bezirk Bialystok district of East Prussia, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa.[3]

Establishment and organization

Ghetto One
Forced relocation of Jews into Ghetto One, Grodno, November 1941

Twelve days into the German occupation of the city, a number of restrictions and prohibitions were enforced by the new administration. All Jews were ordered to register and the word Jude (Jew) was stamped into their identity cards. They were forbidden to walk on the sidewalks and allowed to walk only on roads in a single file. On 30 June 1941, it became mandatory for all Jews to wear an identifying badge.[1]

Ghetto One was established in the city's centre, close to the New Hrodna Castle and around the synagogue. Jews had already concentrated in that area before the founding of the ghetto, but the space was greatly reduced nonetheless. All 15,000 Jews living nearby were forced into an area less than half a square kilometre, between Wilenska Street on one side, and Zamkowa Street (renamed Burg Strasse) on the other. The ghetto was surrounded by a 2-metre fence. The entrance to the ghetto was on Zamkowa Street between the sidewalk and the road. Some of the houses on that street were demolished. The total area of the ghetto would shrink in time; as the transports of the Jews went on to the transit camp in Kiełbasin,[4] and then on to the death camp in Treblinka.[5] Just before its closure, Ghetto One included only a few buildings on Zamkowa Street.[1]

Ghetto Two

Ghetto Two was created behind the railway tracks in the Słobódka (Slobodka) suburb, next to the old army barracks near the market square. The neighborhood was underdeveloped, with fewer houses and a lot of empty lots. Some 10,000 Jews were herded into this ghetto, larger in size than Ghetto One but far more dilapidated. They were given only six hours to move in without the use of vehicles, resulting in near panic, with thousands of Jews flooding the gates. The ghetto was surrounded by a fence, which ran along Skidel Street. The entrance to the ghetto was from Artyleryjska Street (renamed Kremer Strasse).

In both ghettos, ration cards were introduced in the bakeries. The Jews were allowed to purchase about 200 grams of bread a day for a token payment. The Judenrat was permitted to run a butcher shop with horse meat available from time to time. Potatoes were distributed from the cellar of the Great Synagogue. There were public kitchens in both ghettos serving up to 3,000 meals a day without meat or fat but with a piece of bread (50-100 grams). A separate pot was used for those who wanted kosher food.[1]

Deportations

Mass shootings were conducted in Grodno on 2 November 1942. On the same day, both ghettos were sealed off from the outside. The first deportation action took place at the Slobodka Ghetto two weeks later on 15 November 1942. Some 4,000 Jewish tradesmen were transferred to Ghetto One, and all remaining prisoners were marched to the Sammellager in Kiełbasin to be deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau.[6] The successive liquidation of the ghetto was performed with the participation of Order Police battalions and all available men from Gestapo, SiPo, Kripo, and Schupo, reinforced by units of the Belarusian Auxiliary Police.[6][7][8] The first deportation train arrived at Birkenau three days later on 18 November. Before death, some Jews were ordered to sign postcards in German that read "Being treated well, we are working and everything is fine".[1]

One week of daily transports from Grodno Ghetto to Auschwitz, January 1943
Date of arrival Jews Selected for work Exterminated
20 Jan. 19432,000256 (155 men, 101 women)1,744
21 Jan. 19432,000297 (175 men, 122 women)1,003
22 Jan. 19433,650594 (365 men, 229 women)3,056
23 Jan. 19432,000426 (235 men, 191 women)1,574
24 Jan. 19432,000226 (166 men, 60 women)1,774
Total11,6501,799 (1,096 men, 703 women)9,851
Source: Danuta Czech, Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau, Rowohlt, 1989, pp. 336–337, 348, 354.[6]

The next deportation action from Ghetto One to transit camp in Kiełbasin (5 kilometres (3.1 mi) distance) began at the end of November 1942.[1] There were 22,000–28,000 Jews from 22 cities, towns and villages imprisoned there by that time.[9] In Kiełbasin (now Kolbasino), the Jews were loaded onto the same windowless freight cars and sent to Auschwitz and Treblinka. In early March 1943 the remaining Jews from the Ghetto were sent to the Białystok Ghetto (82 km distance). On 13 March 1943 Grodno was declared Judenrein by announcements posted in public.[6] Until November 1943 the inmates from Kiełbasin were either massacred or sent for extermination at Majdanek and Treblinka, soon after the Białystok Ghetto uprising was extinguished in the district.[10] On 14 July 1944 the Red Army liberated Grodno.[9]

During the ghetto liquidation, there were a number of Jewish escapes, as well as rescue attempts by local Polish gentiles. Righteous Among the Nations who helped Grodno Ghetto's Jews included the Krzywicki family[11] the Cywińscy family,[12] and the Docha family.[13]

Further information: List of Polish Righteous Among the Nations

Postwar

Jews, who survived in the forests with the partisans, returned after the war - some 2,000. According to Encyclopedia Judaica: "In the mid-1950s the Jewish cemetery was plowed up. Tombstones were taken away and used for building a monument to Lenin." Memorials were constructed at four Jewish mass graves.[14]

See also

References
  1. Noah Archer & Chris Webb (2007). "The Grodno Ghetto". H.E.A.R.T.; as well as Yad Vashem, "Lost Jewish Worlds - Grodno", and "History and Geography of Grodno", at The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.
  2. Bernd Wegner (1997). From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941. Berghahn Books. p. 74. ISBN 1-57181-882-0.
  3. Encyklopedia PWN (2015). "Okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–41" [Soviet occupation of Poland in 1939-41]. Przywracanie Pamięci (in Polish). Polscy Sprawiedliwi. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  4. Krzysztof Bielawski (2012), Kiełbasin, ul. O. Solomowoj - były nazistowski obóz tranzytowy. POLIN Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich.
  5. Yad Vashem Photo Archives 1366/193, Holocaust History: Ghetto in Grodno, Poland. End of November 1942 – January 1943.
  6. Felix Zandman; J. Szwarc; A. May, eds. (2016). "Liquidation of the Ghettos and the Deportations to the Camps (November 2, 1942 – March 12, 1942)". The German Occupation - 4. Lost Jewish Worlds. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  7. Andrea Simon (2002). Bashert: A Granddaughter's Holocaust Quest. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 228. ISBN 1578064813.
  8. Donald M. McKale (2006). Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 253. ISBN 1461635470.
  9. Geni.com (2017). "Kielbasin Transit Camp". Geni family tree project.
  10. The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Archived 8 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews  (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon,  (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm  (in English). Accessed 12 July 2011.
  11. Sprawiedliwi (2015). "Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata" [Righteous among the Nation]. Tytuł przyznany: Anna Krzywicka and Stanisław Krzywicki. Sprawiedliwi.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  12. Sprawiedliwi (2015). "Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata" [Righteous among the Nation]. Tytuł przyznany: Krystyna Cywińska and Danuta Jurkowska nee Cywińska. Sprawiedliwi.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  13. Sprawiedliwi (2015). "Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata" [Righteous among the Nation]. Tytuł przyznany: Janina Docha nee Bartoszewicz and Antoni Docha. Sprawiedliwi.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  14. Encyclopedia Judaica (2008). "Virtual Jewish World: Grodno". After World War II. The Gale Group.

Further reading

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