Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow

Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow (Turkmen pronunciation: [ɢʊɾbɑnʁʊˈlɯ mælɪkɢʊlɯjɛβɪtʃ bɛɾdɯmʊxɑmɛˈdoβ])[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] (born 29 June 1957)[12] is a Turkmen politician who has been serving as the president of Turkmenistan since February 2007. A dentist by profession, Berdimuhamedow served in the government under President Saparmurat Niyazov as Minister of Health beginning in 1997 and as Vice-President beginning in 2001. He became Acting President following Niyazov's death on 21 December 2006 and subsequently won the February 2007 presidential election. He faced no meaningful opposition in the vote and won by an overwhelming margin (89.23%).[13] In the February 2012 presidential election, he was re-elected with 97% of the vote. In the February 2017 presidential election, he was re-elected to a third term with 97.69% of the votes.[14][15]

Arkadag

Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Berdimuhamedow in 2017
2nd President of Turkmenistan
Assumed office
21 December 2006
Acting: 21 December 2006 – 14 February 2007
Vice PresidentRaşit Meredow
Preceded bySaparmurat Niyazov
Leader of the Democratic Party
In office
21 December 2006 – 18 August 2013
Acting: 21 December 2006 – 4 August 2007
Preceded bySaparmurat Niyazov
Succeeded byKasymguly Babaev
First Vice President of Turkmenistan
In office
1 March 2001 – 14 February 2007
PresidentSaparmurat Niyazov
Preceded byOrazgeldi Aýdogdyýew
Succeeded byRaşit Meredow
Personal details
Born
Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow

(1957-06-29) 29 June 1957
Babarap, Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union (now Turkmenistan)
Political partyIndependent (2013–present)
Other political
affiliations		Democratic (before 2013)
Spouse(s)Ogulgerek Berdimuhamedova
Children4, including Serdar
ParentsMälikguly Berdimuhamedow
Ogulabat Kürräýewa
Alma materTurkmen State Medical Institute
Military service
Allegiance Turkmenistan
Branch/service Turkmen Ground Forces
RankGeneral of the Army (since 2007)[1]

Similar to his predecessor, Berdimuhamedow is the subject of a personality cult. According to Human Rights Watch, Berdimuhamedow, his relatives, and his associates possess unlimited power and exercise totalitarian control over all aspects of public life.[16][17] He uses the honorific title Arkadag, translating to "protector" in the Turkmen language.[18]

Early years

Berdimuhamedow was born on 29 June 1957 in Babarap, in what is now the Geok Tepe etrap ("district") of Ahal Province, to Mälikguly Berdimuhamedowiç Berdimuhamedow (born 12 August 1932) and Ogulabat Ataýewna Kürräýewa.[19] He is the only son in a family of six children. Berdimuhamedow’s father worked as a senior Interior Ministry officer in a prison guard detachment. He retired as a colonel of police.[20] His grandfather, Berdimuhamed Annayev, was a local teacher who served in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War as part of the 748th Rifle Regiment of the 206th Rifle Division of the 2nd Ukrainian Front.[21] In September 1943, his unit was one of the first to cross into the Dnepr River.[22] He was later killed in the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake.[23]

Berdimuhamedow graduated from the Turkmen State Medical Institute in 1979 and entered a career in dentistry.[24] He also received a PhD in medical sciences in Moscow.[24] By 1992 he had become part of the dentistry faculty at the Medical Institute. In 1995, during the rule of Saparmurat Niyazov, Berdimuhamedow became head of the dentistry center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry.[25] He was appointed to the government as Minister of Health in 1997, and he was additionally appointed as Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers (also referred to as Deputy Prime Minister, despite the lack of a Prime Ministerial post in Turkmenistan), a post akin to that of a Vice-President, in 2001.[26][27] In April 2004, Niyazov suspended Berdimuhamedow's salary for three months because healthcare workers were not being paid.[25]

Berdimuhamedow with Russian President Vladimir Putin at Ashgabat Airport.

The Health Ministry was responsible for carrying out Niyazov's notorious order to close all hospitals outside of the capital city and major regional towns in 2005.[28]

President of Turkmenistan
With President Dmitry Medvedev and President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev

Following Niyazov's death in December 2006, the State Security Council of Turkmenistan appointed Berdimuhamedow as acting president.[29] The Council stated in its announcement that Öwezgeldi Ataýew, who, as the Chairman of the Assembly of Turkmenistan was to become the acting president, was not appointed "in view of the fact that the prosecutor-general had instituted criminal proceedings against him".[30]

Berdimuhamedow with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev.
Berdimuhamedow with Petro Poroshenko.

Article 60 of the Turkmen Constitution stipulated that the acting president "may not stand for election to the Presidency",[31] which would have barred Berdimuhamedow from running in the 2007 presidential elections. However, on 24 December 2006, the People's Council voted to remove this provision, making him eligible for the election as one of the six chosen candidates, all members of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan.[32] Berdimuhamedov was supported by the political elite,[33] and the official results showed him as winning 89% of the vote.[13][34]

In his first presidential trip abroad, Berdimuhamedov visited Saudi Arabia in mid-April 2007. There he performed the Umrah pilgrimage and met with King Abdullah.[35] He then visited Russia and President Vladimir Putin at the end of the same month.

Berdimuhamedow with US President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama
Berdimuhamedow with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani during the Third GECF summit

After taking office, Berdimuhamedow reversed several of Niyazov's more eccentric policies. Internet cafés offering free and uncensored web access opened in Ashgabat,[36] compulsory education was extended from nine to ten years and classes in sports and foreign languages were re-introduced into the curriculum, and the government announced plans to open several specialised schools for the arts.[37] He called for reform of education, health care and pension systems, and government officials of non-Turkmen ethnic origin who had been sacked by Niyazov were allowed to return to work.[38] He also restored the pensions of 100,000 elderly people whose pensions Niyazov had slashed in the face of an unspecified budget crisis.[39] Later on, he reopened the Turkmen Academy of Sciences, which had been closed by Niyazov.[40]

In February 2017, he was reelected to a third term as President of Turkmenistan (seven-year term) with nearly 98% of the votes in his favor and with an eligible voter turnout of 97%.[41][42] In October 2017, he offered a top Turkmen-bred variety of the Central Asian shepherd dog to Vladimir Putin.[43]

He was reelected as president of the National Olympic Committee of Turkmenistan on 22 April 2018.[44]

In 2020, Berdimuhamedow was among eight world leaders to have received the Ig Nobel Prize in Medical Education "for using the COVID-19 viral pandemic to teach the world that politicians can have a more immediate effect on life and death than scientists and doctors can".[45] In November of the same year, Berdimuhamedow unveiled a statue of his favourite dog breed [46]

Criticism

Accusations of totalitarianism
Further information: Human rights in Turkmenistan
External video
Turkmenistan's president announces end of free gas, electricity, water, and salt
Turkmen president visits local village

Upon taking office, Berdimuhamedow eased travel restrictions and reopened libraries in rural areas. He also took steps to curb Niyazov's extensive personality cult. He called for an end to the elaborate pageants of music and dancing that formerly greeted the president on his arrival anywhere, and said that the Turkmen "sacred oath", part of which states that the speaker's tongue should shrivel if he ever speaks ill of Turkmenistan or its president, should not be recited multiple times a day but reserved for "special occasions."[47] He also gave up his right to rename any landmarks, institutions, or cities,[48] restored the traditional names of the months of the year and days of the week (Niyazov had renamed them after himself and his mother, among other things),[49] and announced plans to move the infamous gold rotating statue of Niyazov from Ashgabat's central square.[50]

Despite these changes, Berdimuhamedow's regime remained authoritarian; indeed, in 2007, he ruled out any move toward Western-style democracy.[51] According to international observers, Berdimuhamedow's regime is reckoned as "one of the most oppressive" and "closed" regimes in the world. Freedom House has consistently placed Turkmenistan at or near the bottom of its Freedom in the World rankings since the country's independence, a state of affairs that has continued since Berdimuhamedow took office. In 2017, the country was one of 11 with the lowest aggregate scores for political and civil rights.[52] Human Rights Watch noted that Berdimuhamedow not only has complete control over public life, but presides over a regime that does not tolerate "alternative political or religious expression" and has complete control over the media.[53] Reporters Without Borders (RSF) has ranked Turkmenistan near the bottom of its Press Freedom Index for most of Berdimuhamedow's tenure,as it did under Niyazov. In 2017, RWB ranked Turkmenistan 178th out of 180 countries surveyed, ahead of Eritrea and North Korea. RSF noted that internet access is heavily censored in Turkmenistan, and that satellite dishes have been removed by government officials.[54]

In 2008, he dismissed Akmyrat Rejepow, the longtime chief of the presidential security detail and one of the main proponents of Niyazov's personality cult.[55] In 2011, he sang a song on a video posted to YouTube.[56]

In May 2013, he fell off his horse during a race. The fall was censored on TV but leaked online,[57] and mocked on an episode of HBO's Last Week Tonight with John Oliver.[58]

In July 2013, Jennifer Lopez publicly apologized for singing Happy birthday! to Berdimuhamedow during a sponsored concert, stating she was not aware of the human rights issues in Turkmenistan prior to the show.[59] In August 2013, Berdimuhamedow suspended his Democratic Party of Turkmenistan membership for the duration of his presidency, ostensibly to remain "above partisan politics" and "promote a multiparty system."[60]

In 2015, a golden statue of Berdimuhamedow riding a horse atop a white-marble cliff was erected in Ashgabat.[61][62]

In September 2016, the Turkmenistan Parliament abolished term limits for the presidency, which allowed Berdimuhamedow to run for a third term.[63]

In January 2018, Berdimuhamedow ordered the impounding of black cars in the capital because he considered the color white to be "lucky." Police seized dark-colored vehicles in Ashgabat and their owners were told they must pay to have them repainted silver or white. The capital, known as the 'City of White Marble', holds the world record for the highest concentration of white-marble buildings. Berdimuhamedow is a known lover of the color white, living in a white palace and travelling in white limousines.[64] It was later reported that the ban extended to vehicles of all colors except white.[65]

In July 2018, he appeared in a rap video with his grandson. He had previously lifted weights on camera, and also acted as DJ.[66]

By decree of Berdymuhamedov in January 2019, the government will gradually end state funding of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan; it will be phased out in three years.[67]

Violation of individual rights

The Obozrevatel magazine named Berdimuhamedow the 5th of the 23 worst dictators in the world. In the Press Freedom Index (Reporters Without Borders), Turkmenistan ranks 176 out of 178.[68]

Turkmenistan leads in the number of political prisoners from all countries of the former Soviet Union.[69]

Corruption

The country's economy is under total state control. Numerous attempts to attract foreign investors into the country often end in lawsuits in international courts. In 2018, the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (arbitration, part of the World Bank group of organizations) received claims against Turkmenistan from Sece Inşaat (Turkey) and investment company Unionmatex Industrieanlagen GmbH (Germany).

In 2019, the Belarusian construction company Belgorkhimprom also filed a similar claim with the court, to which Turkmenistan should pay about $200 million.[70][71]

Investors talk about discrimination by the Turkmen authorities, politicized bureaucracy, and a high level of corruption.[72]

In the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index, Turkmenistan ranked 161 among 180 countries in 2018. This is the lowest rating among countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.[73][74]

In 2019, Turkmenistan ranked 164th among 180 countries in the ranking of economic freedom.[75]

Honours

Domestic awards

Foreign awards
A specially handcrafted horse saddle given to him as a gift from Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2015.

Personal life

Family

According to a cable from the U.S. embassy in Ashgabat, Berdimuhamedow is married and has three daughters and one son. One of his sons-in-law, Yhlasgeldi Amanov, headed the Turkmen State Agency for Management and Use of Hydrocarbon Resources in London, was later assigned to the Turkmenistan Embassies in Berlin and London, and as of 23 November 2019 was Turkmenistan's consul general in Dubai.[80] The other son-in-law is also a diplomat, with a prior posting in Paris, but later assigned to Brussels.[20]

According to the same leaked cables, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow has a mistress, Marina, a Russian nurse that he supposedly met earlier in his dentist career. They have a daughter together. Berdimuhamedow's wife has been living in London since 2007.[20][81] His son, Serdar Berdimuhamedow, is a lieutenant colonel in the Armed Forces.[82] Serdar was appointed governor of Ahal velayat (province) in June 2019.[83] At least three of Berdimuhamedow's grandchildren study in Switzerland: Kerimguly, Ogulbäbek, and Aýgül.[84] According to a biography of Berdimuhamedow's father published in 2012, Berdimuhamedow has five sisters: Durdynabat (born 1960), Gulnabat (born 1962), Mähri (born 1964), Guljamal (born 1969), and Oguljamal (born 1974).[19]

Father and grandfather in cult of personality

Berdimuhamedow's grandfather and father both serve as part of his cult of personality. His grandfather, Berdimuhamed Annayev has since 2018 been a posthumous recipient of the Russian Order of Honour, being one of two awards he holds (the other being the Soviet Order of the Badge of Honour).[85] The Berdimuhamed Annayev 1st Specialized Military School of the Ministry of Defence is named in his honour. A museum in the defence ministry is also named after him. In May 2020, a special delegation from Russia led by Deputy Minister of Defence Alexander Fomin[86] brought the banner of Annayev's unit to Ashgabat,[87][88] being trooped through the square in front of the Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex during the inaugural Victory Day Parade in the capital.

On 1 September 2009, secondary school No. 27 was renamed after Berdimuhamed Annaev and was opened with his son at the opening ceremony.[89] In October 2012, the Main Drama Theater of Turkmenistan staged a play based on Berdimuhamedov's book about his grandfather called "Good Name Imperishable".[90] The Military Unit 1001 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is named in the legacy of Berdimuhamedow's father.[91] In addition, in honor of him, in the village of Yzgant, the Palace of Culture is named after him.[92]

Hobbies

During his spare time from being President, from his dentistry career and from his political career, he writes books that are popular in Turkmenistan according to Turkmen propaganda.[93][94][95][96] Aside from writing books, he is known for writing songs, DJing and engaging in health activities.[97]

In 2019, Berdimuhamedow was awarded the highest award of the International Cycling Union (UCI) for his country’s commitment to the sport.[98]

Health

On 20 July 2019, the YouTube channel of a Turkmen opposition media outlet announced that Berdimuhamedow had reportedly died while on holiday at the age of 61. He was said to have been on leave since 15 July. These reports were published by multiple Russian media outlets on the next day.[99][100] The Turkmen Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan, Shadurdy Mereov, and the Kyrgyz Ministry of Foreign Affairs denied these claims on 21 July. According to Chronicle of Turkmenistan, Berdimuhamedow went to Germany because his mother was receiving medical treatment there, and her condition was critical.[101]

See also

Notes
  1. or Gurbanguly Berdymuhamedov, Berdymukhammedov; Although Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow is the only Turkmen form, and Turkmen, written with Latin alphabet, is the only official language of Turkmenistan, Western sources generally use the Russian form "Гурбангулы" or "Курбанкулы Мяликгулыевич Бердымухам(м)едов," using various transcriptions.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
  2. The English version of the website of the presidency uses a curious mixture of the Turkmen spelling with a transcribed ending: Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov[11]

References
  1. "President of Turkmenistan gets military rank of army general | Turkmenistan.ru". www.turkmenistan.ru.
  2. "Turkmen Assembly Discussing Political Future". Rferl.org. 26 December 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  3. "Acting Turkmen President Cleared To Run In February Election". Rferl.org. 27 December 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  4. "Turkmenistan Registers Presidential Candidates". Rferl.org. 28 December 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  5. "Turkmenistan country profile - Overview". BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  6. "Asia-Pacific | Turkmen 'heir apparent' emerges". BBC News. 28 December 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  7. Than, Krisztina (9 February 2009). "Business & Financial News, Breaking US & International News | Reuters.com". Today.reuters.com. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  8. "Turkmenistan Limits Election to Soviet-Style Slate". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  9. "Turkmen Exile Urges Interim President to Step Down". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  10. "Turkmenistan's interim leader crowned as heir apparent to late dictator". SignOnSanDiego.com. 26 December 2006. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  11. "Turkmenistan: The Golden Age". Archived from the original on 17 April 2009.
  12. "Turkmenistan: New President Shows Shades Of 'Turkmenbashi'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 July 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
  13. "New Turkmen President Sworn In". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 February 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  14. Turkmen President Extends Rule In Tightly Controlled Vote Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (rferl.org). 13 February 2017. Retrieved on 24 February 2017.
  15. "Turkmen president sworn in for second term". xinhuanet.com.
  16. "World Report 2014: Turkmenistan". Hrw.org. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  17. "World Report 2020: Turkmenistan". Hrw.org. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  18. "Turkmenistan: President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov is awarded the status of Arkadag – protector - Ferghana Information agency, Moscow". Enews.fergananews.com. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  19. Türkmenistanyň Prezidentiniň Arhiw gaznasy (2012). Watanyň Wepaly Ogly. Ashgabat: Türkmen döwlet neşirýat gullugy.
  20. US embassy cables: Turkmenistan president 'not a very bright guy', Theguardian.com, 2 December 2010
  21. "The President of Turkmenistan receives Deputy Defence minister of Russian Federation | TDH". tdh.gov.tm.
  22. "Events of occasion of the 75th anniversary of the Great Victory are held with participation of the Head of the State | TDH". tdh.gov.tm.
  23. "News". customs.gov.tm.
  24. Luke Harding (22 February 2008). "And finally... how the march of a lone cockroach put 30 people out of work". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  25. "BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Profile: Kurbanguly Berdymukhamedov". bbc.co.uk.
  26. "Turkmenistan: Change Of Leadership Presents Many Dangers", Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberties, 22 December 2006.
  27. Press-Uz.info Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 22 December 2006 (in Russian).
  28. "Turkmenistan: President announces large-scale closure of hospitals" Archived 25 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International, 24 March 2005.
  30. "Turkmen Dpty PM Berdymukhammedov appointed acting president". ITAR-TASS. 21 December 2006.
  31. "Legislationline" (PDF). legislationline.org.
  32. "Asia-Pacific | New Turkmen leader is inaugurated". BBC News. 14 February 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  33. "Acting leader proposed as candidate for Turkmen president". Interfax. 26 December 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  34. Turkmenistan Votes for Presidential Successor, Voanews.com, 11 February 2007
  35. "BERDYMUKHAMMEDOV BURNISHES MUSLIM CREDENTIALS ON VISIT TO SAUDI ARABIA". cacianalyst.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.
  36. "A crack in the isolation of Turkmenistan: Internet cafes". USA Today. Associated Press. 16 February 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  37. "1 апреля в Туркмении откроются школы искусства" (in Russian). Gündogar. 21 February 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  38. Leila (20 February 2007). "Internet in Turkmenistan: A sign of hope?". New Eurasia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  39. "New Turkmen president restores pensions to more than 100,000". International Herald Tribune. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008.
  40. "Гундогар :: NEWS". Gundogar.org. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  41. Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov wins poll with 98% of vote, Aljazeera.com, 13 February 2017 "Turkmenistan's ruling leader Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov bagged a fresh seven-year term with nearly 98 percent of a weakly contested vote, electoral officials following a preliminary count said. The election commission claimed at a news conference on Monday, in the capital Ashgabat, a turnout of more than 97 percent for the poll,"
  42. "Turkmen President Re-elected with 98 Percent of Vote". Voice of America. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2019. The president of Turkmenistan won re-election with nearly 98 percent of the votes, the country’s election commission reported. President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov was elected to a third term which will last for seven years. He was first elected president in 2006. The election results were announced Sunday night by the Central Asian nation’s election commission. The commission said 97 percent of eligible voters turned out to vote.
  43. Tim Lister, Pup-lover Putin gifted new dog for birthday, CNN, 12 October 2017
  44. "President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov is re-elected the Head of National Olympic Committee". Turkmenistan State News Agency. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  45. "Donald Trump, Boris Johnson, and other leaders win Ig Nobel awards for teaching people about life and death". The BMJ. 2020.
  46. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-54894828
  47. "Turkmenistan moves to reduce cult". MWC News. 10 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  48. "Turkmenistan Restricts Presidential Prerogatives". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  49. "Turkmen go back to old calendar". BBC News. 24 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  50. "Ex-Turkmen leader's statue moved". BBC News. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  51. "Fresh optimism in Turkmenistan". BBC News. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  52. "Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy". Freedom House.
  53. "World Report 2017: Turkmenistan". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  54. Turkmenistan at 2017 Press Freedom Index
  55. "Turkmenistan: New President Sacks Long-Serving Security Chief". EurasiaNet.org. 15 May 2007. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  56. The Talented Mr. Berdymukhammedov, Rferl.org, 16 August 2011
  57. Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov, Turkmenistan President, Falls Off Horse During Race (VIDEO), Huffingtonpost.com, 6 December 2017
  58. "Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow". Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. Season 06. Episode 20. 11 August 2019. HBO.
  59. Jared Anderson, Jennifer Lopez Apologizes for Celebrating Resource-Rich Dictator, Cnbc.com, 2 July 2013
  60. "Turkmen president quits top party". The Japan Times.
  61. "A horse, a horse … Turkmenistan president honours himself with statue". The Guardian. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  62. Adam Taylor, Turkmenistan’s leader, infamous for falling off a horse, unveils a giant statue of himself riding a horse, Washingtonpost.com, 25 May 2015
  63. Damien Sharkov, Turkmenistan votes to allow president rule indefinitely, Newsweek.com, 14 September 2016
  64. Turkmenistan President Bans All Non-White Cars From Capital. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  65. Editor (7 January 2018). "Turkmenistan's road police detain vehicles of all colours except white | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". Retrieved 3 February 2021.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  66. Turkmenistan's president performs in rap video with his grandson – video, Theguardian.com, 11 July 2018
  67. "Turkmenistan to cut state funding for science". Associated Press. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  68. "В рейтинг худших диктаторов мира попало трое из СНГ". Политика (in Russian). Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  69. "2014 OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Working Session 5, Wednesday 24 September 2014: Rule of Law 2".
  70. ""Туркменхимия" задолжала "Белгорхимпрому" более $150 млн за строительство Гарлыкского ГОКХроника Туркменистана". Хроника Туркменистана (in Russian). 1 February 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  71. "Ад инвестора. Несколько реальных историй людей и компаний, решившихся вложить деньги в Туркменистан | Tsn.life".
  72. "Как Туркменистан, кидая инвесторов, подтверждает свои подвальные индексы" (in Russian). Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  73. "Transparency International: Туркмения лидирует в мировом рейтинге коррупции". EADaily (in Russian). Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  74. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018". transparency.org. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  75. "Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity by Country". heritage.org. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  76. "Official visit of Turkmenistan". Presidency of Republic of Turkey. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  77. "Blic Online - Nikolić ordenja deli u tri smene". Blic Online.
  78. "Press statements following Russia-Turkmenistan talks". President of Russia. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  79. "AKIpress News Agency". m.akipress.com. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  80. "В Дубае открылось туркменское консульство, которое возглавил зять Бердымухамедова" (in Russian). Хроника Туркменистана. 24 November 2019.
  81. "Cable Viewer". wikileaks.org.
  82. Бердымухамедов наградил своего сына медалью имени своего отца, Azattyq.com, 30 October 2017
  83. "Бердымухамедов назначил сына хякимом Ахалского велаята" (in Russian). Хроника Туркменистана. 17 June 2019.
  84. "Внуки Бердымухамедова обучаются в элитной школе в Швейцарии (обновлено)". turkmen.news. 30 January 2020.
  85. Sapar Muradov, Military school named after Berdimuhamed Annayev receives the Medal of Honour, which was awarded to the grandfather of President of Turkmenistan Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Orient.tm, 27 September 2018
  86. "В Туркменистане торжественно отметили 75-летие Победы | Общество". Информационный центр.
  87. "Turkmenistan celebrates Victory Day | Turkmenistan.ru". www.turkmenistan.ru.
  88. "Замглавы Минобороны РФ передал президенту Туркмении знамя полка, в котором воевал его дед". tass.ru.
  89. "Школа в туркменском селе Ызгант получила имя деда президента | Интернет-газета Turkmenistan.Ru". www.turkmenistan.ru.
  90. Семья героев
  91. "Military unit in Turkmenistan named after father of President Berdymukhamedov | Turkmenistan.ru". www.turkmenistan.ru.
  92. "Золотой век". www.turkmenistan.gov.tm.
  93. "BOOKS OF THE PRESIDENT OF TURKMENISTAN - WINNERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING CONTEST | VIENNA, REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA - EMBASSY OF TURKMENISTAN". austria.tmembassy.gov.tm. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  94. "New Book "Heavenly Beauty" by President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov | ahat-teke.org". ahal-teke.org. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  95. "The book dedicated to the 60th anniversary of President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov was published – tpetroleum". Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  96. https://en.hronikatm.com/2016/03/turkmenistan-president-lauds-tea-drinking-in-new-book/
  97. Turkmenistan, Source: Chronicle of (11 July 2018). "Turkmenistan's president performs in rap video with his grandson – video". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  98. "The President of Turkmenistan Awarded with UCI Certificate". Business.com. 4 July 2019.
  99. "Пресс-служба президента Узбекистана подтвердила, что лидер Туркмении жив". govoritmoskva.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  100. "Умер президент Туркменистана Гурбангулы Бердымухамедов, сообщили СМИ". gazeta.ru (in Russian). 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  101. "Embassy of Turkmenistan refutes media reports about death of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov". Akipress.com. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
Political offices
Preceded by
Orazgeldi Aýdogdyýew		 Vice-President of Turkmenistan
2001–2007		 Succeeded by
Raşit Meredow
Preceded by
Saparmurat Niyazov		 President of Turkmenistan
2007–present		 Incumbent
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.