Haplogroup E-Z827

E-Z827, also known as E1b1b1b,[3] is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the parent lineage to the E-Z830 and E-V257 subclades, and defines their common phylogeny. The former is predominantly found in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East; the latter is most frequently observed in North Africa, with its E-M81 subclade observed among the ancient Guanche natives of the Canary Islands. E-Z827 is also found at lower frequencies in Europe, and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa.

Haplogroup E-Z827
Possible time of originapprox 24,100 years BP [1]
Possible place of originNorthern Africa[2]
AncestorE-M215/M35
DescendantsE-L19, E-Z830
Defining mutationsZ827

Subclades of E-Z827 and Distribution

Family Tree

The following phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.[4][5][6]

  • E-Z827 (Z827) - E1b1b1b[7]
    • E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) - E1b1b1b1[7]
      • E-PF2431 (PF2431)[8]
        • E-PF2438
          • E-Y10561
            • E-FGC18981
              • E-FGC38527
              • E-Y35933
              • E-FGC18960
                • E-Y33020
                • E-FGC18958
          • E-PF2440
            • E-PF2471
              • E-BY9805
      • E-M81 (M81)[9]
        • E-M81*
        • E-PF2546
          • E-PF2546*
          • E-CTS12227
            • E-MZ11
              • E-MZ12
          • E-A929
            • E-Z5009
              • E-Z5009*
              • E-Z5010
              • E-Z5013
                • E-Z5013*
                • E-A1152
            • E-A2227
              • E-A428
              • E-MZ16
            • E-PF6794
              • E-PF6794*
              • E-PF6789
                • E-MZ21
                • E-MZ23
                • E-MZ80
            • E-A930
            • E-Z2198/E-MZ46
              • E-A601
              • E-L351
    • E-Z830 (Z830) - E1b1b1b2[7]
      • E-M123 (M123)
        • E-M34 (M34)
          • E-M84 (M84)
            • E-M136 (M136)
          • E-M290 (M290)
          • E-V23 (V23)
          • E-L791 (L791,L792)
      • E-V1515
        • E-V1515*
        • E-V1486
          • E-V1486*
          • E-V2881
            • E-V2881*
            • E-V1792
            • E-V92
          • E-M293 (M293)
            • E-M293*
            • E-P72 (P72)
            • E-V3065*
        • E-V1700
          • E-V42 (V42)
          • E-V1785
            • E-V1785*
            • E-V6 (V6)

E-V257/L19 (E1b1b1b1)
  • E-V257/L19 showed a parallel with its sibling clade E-V68 in the way that both clades show signs of having migrated from North Africa to southern Europe across the Mediterranean sea. 6 "E-V257/L19*" individuals were found in published samples who were E-V257/L19, but not E-M81. a Marrakesh Berber, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a Borana from Kenya, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.

Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in North Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.

— [10]

E-PF2431
Distribution of E-PF2431

PF2431 is the sister branch of M81 which was discovered in Paolo Francalacci (2011). Previously, it was designated L19*/V257*. This mutation has been discovered in North Africa (mainly in Souss in Morocco and West Nile in Egypt), the Sahel (Chad, Niger, Gambia), Western Europe (United Kingdom (Derbyshire), Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy) and Near Eastern (Karabakh and Urmia). It would have formed 13800 years ago and is thought to originate from the "green" Sahara. Its TMRCA is estimated at 10600 years by yfull.

E-M81

E-V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 14,000 years ago, but all Yfull members are M183 (because there are only 7 Z827 Moroccans) so have a TMRCA just 2700 years ago.[11]

Distribution of E1b1b1b1a in select areas of Africa, Asia and Europe

E-M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It is concentrated in the north africa, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in northwestern Africa, and has an estimated age of 2284-2984 ybp.[12]

The E-M183 subhaplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa. It decreases in frequency from 100% in some isolated Berber populations to approximately 28.6% to the east of this range in Egypt.[13][14][15] Because of its prevalence among these groups and also others such as Mozabite, Middle Atlas, Kabyle and other Berber groups, and coincidence with language dispersal age, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber marker". High levels among two Tuareg populations inhabiting the Sahara: 77.8% near Gorom-Gorom, in Burkina Faso, and 81.8% from Gossi in Mali are observed.[16] There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.

The E-M81 subclade is also quite common among North African Arabic-speaking groups. It 31.5% among Moroccan Arabs,[17] and is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Tizi Ouzou, Algiers).[13][18]

In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean,[13] report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying decreasing lineage age in those areas) from East to West (but[19] reports West to East for M183), accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range,[15] M81 is found in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt

The pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic "demic diffusion" from the East.[13] The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile, although pastoralism rather than agriculture. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". A Near Eastern origin of proto-Afroasiatic speakers carrying E-M81, or its ancestral lineage, is inconsistent with the linguistic evidence, which seems to indicate an African origin of Proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers. There is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East, indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in the Maghreb, or possibly as far southeast as the Horn of Africa.[20]

The E-M81 subclade has been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century (~44%).[21]

Europe

In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe,[22] shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963)[22] it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 4% in one study and 9% in another in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria.[22][23][24][25][26] The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45)[26] to 41% (23/56).[17] An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%).[27]

E-M81 is also found in other parts of Western Europe, such as Britain – especially Wales and Scotland – and France, where it has an overall incidence of 2.7% (15/555), with frequencies surpassing 5.0% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91).[28][29] (There is limited evidence that the data with regard to ethnic French males excludes modern migration into France. For example, E-M81 occurred among men with surnames with French origins in Sicily at a rate of 2.0%, and up to 7.0% in towns such as Piazza Armerina.)[30] It occurs at slightly lower frequencies in continental Italy (especially near Lucera)[25] due to historic colonization during the Islamic, Roman, and Carthaginian empires or ancient migrations in the Metals Ages through maritime means. E-M81 was also found in 2013 at 5.8% in a large sample of 1 204 Sardinians.[31]

Latin America

As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba, (8 out of 132),[32] 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81;[17] can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal,[24] quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors."[33] and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4% (7 out of 295),[34]

Others

In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews.

Distribution

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.

Country/RegionSamplingn%E-M81Source
AlgeriaMozabite Berbers6786.6[35]
AlgeriaMozabite Berbers2080[17]
AlgeriaOran10245.1[18]
AlgeriaAlgiers3542.9[13]
AlgeriaKabyles from Tizi Ouzou1947.4[13]
Algeria Arabs and Berbers 156 44.2 [36]
BrazilRio de Janeiro1125.4[33]
Burkina FasoTuaregs3877.8[16]
Canary IslandsFuerteventura7513.3[27]
Canary IslandsGran Canaria7811.5[27]
Canary IslandsTenerife17810.7[27]
Canary IslandsLanzarote976.2[27]
Canary IslandsLa Palma855.9[27]
Canary IslandsGomera924.4[27]
Canary IslandsHierro472.1[27]
Cuba1326.1[32]
CyprusTurkish Cypriots468.7[17]
EgyptNorthern Egyptians214.8[17]
EgyptWestern Desert3528.6[15]
Egypt1478.2[23]
Egypt Arabs 370 11.8 [36]
France853.5[17]
FranceAuvergne895.6[28]
FranceÎle-de-France915.5[28]
FranceNord-Pas-de-Calais684.4[28]
FranceProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur452.2[28]
FranceMidi-Pyrénées671.5[28]
FranceBéarnais561.8[29]
FranceBigorre442.3[29]
IberiaSpain, Portugal6555.2[27]
IberiaSpain, Portugal11404.3[22]
IsraelBedouins283.6[17]
ItalyCentral Italians892.2[17]
ItalyNorthern Italians671.5[17]
ItalyNorth-West Apulia464.3[25]
ItalyEast Campania842.4[25]
ItalyVeneto551.8[25]
ItalyNorth-East Latium551.8[25]
ItalyLucera601.7[25]
ItalySicily2362.1[30]
ItalySardinia12045.8[31]
Jordania1014[23]
Lebanon1041.9[23]
Lebanon9141.2[37]
LibyaTuaregs4748.9[38]
LibyaArabs21535.9[39]
Libya Arabs and Berbers 83 45.7 [36]
MaliTuaregs (Gozi)2181.8[16]
Mauritania Arabs and Berbers 189 55.5 [36]
MoroccoMarrakesh Berbers2972.4[17]
Morocco Southern Moroccan Berbers 187 98.5 [40]
MoroccoMoyen Atlas Berbers6971[17]
MoroccoMoroccan Arabs5431.5[17]
MoroccoMarrakesh (Amizmiz Valley)3384.8[14]
MoroccoNorthern Moroccans (Beni Snassen)6779.1[35]
MoroccoNorthern Moroccans (Rhiraya)5479.6[35]
MoroccoImmigrants resident in Italy5154.9[41]
MoroccoArabs and Berbers22165[27]
Morocco Arabs and Berbers 760 67.3 [36]
NigerTuaregs229.1[17]
NigerTuaregs3111.1[16]
North AfricaSahara8959.6[27]
North AfricaAlgeria, Tunisia20239.1[27]
PortugalNorth1095.5[42]
PortugalSouth4912.2[17]
PortugalNorth504[17]
PortugalSouth787.7[22]
PortugalNorth603.3[22]
Portugal3035.6[43]
PortugalNorth1016[43]
PortugalCenter1024.9[43]
PortugalSouth1006[43]
PortugalMadeira1295.4[43]
PortugalAçores1215[43]
Portugal6575.6[24]
PortugalEntre Douro e Minho2286.6[24]
PortugalTras os Montes643.1[24]
PortugalBeira Litoral1165.2[24]
PortugalBeira Interior585.3[24]
PortugalEstremadura434.6[24]
PortugalLisboa e Setubal626.5[24]
PortugalAlentejo657.7[24]
PortugalCoruche649.4[16]
PortugalPias464.3[16]
PortugalAlcacer do Sal214.8[16]
PortugalTras-os-Montes (Jews)575.3[44]
PortugalTras-os-Montes (Non Jews)3010[44]
Somalia2011.5[23]
SpainPasiegos from Cantabria1936.8[45]
SpainPasiegos from Cantabria5641.1[17]
SpainPasiegos from Cantabria4517.8[26]
SpainSpanish Basques553.6[17]
SpainAsturians902.2[17]
SpainSouthern Spaniards621.6[17]
SpainCastile, NorthWest10010[22]
SpainAndalucia, West739.6[22]
SpainGalicia1910.5[42]
SpainGalicia2924.1[46]
SpainGalicia889.1[22]
SpainGalicia449.1[47]
SpainGalicia1649.1[48]
SpainExtremadura527.7[22]
SpainValencia734.1[22]
SpainCastile, NorthEast313.2[22]
SpainAragon342.9[22]
SpainMinorca372.7[22]
SpainAndalucia, East952.1[22]
SpainMajorca621.6[22]
SpainCastile, La Mancha631.6[22]
SpainCatalonia801.3[22]
SpainCatalonia1113.6[47]
SpainCantabria16113[25]
SpainMalaga2611.5[42]
SpainCantabria708.6[42]
SpainCordoba277.4[42]
SpainValencia316.5[42]
SpainValencia595.1[47]
SpainAlmeria365.6[47]
SpainLeon605[42]
SpainCastile214.8[42]
SpainSeville1554.5[42]
SpainHuelva224.5[42]
SpainBasques452.2[42]
SpainHuelva1673[49]
SpainGranada2503.6[49]
SpainPedroches Valley681.5[14]
SpainAndalusians942.1[14]
SpainZamora2355.5[50]
TunisiaTunis14837.9[13]
TunisiaImmigrants resident in Italy5232.7[41]
TunisiaBerbers from Bou Omrane4087.5[51]
TunisiaBerbers from Bou Saad4092.5[51]
TunisiaJerbian Arabs4660.9[51]
TunisiaJerbian Berbers4776.6[51]
TunisiaBerbers from Chenini–Douiret27100[52]
TunisiaBerbers from Sened3565.7[52]
TunisiaBerbers from Jradou32100[52]
TunisiaAndalusian Zaghouan3240.6[52]
TunisiaCosmopolitan Tunis3354.4[52]
Tunisia Arabs and Berbers 601 62.7 [36]
TurkeyIstanbul Turkish355.7[17]
TurkeySephardi Turkish195.3[17]
TurkeySouthwestern Turkish402.5[17]
TurkeyNortheastern Turkish412.4[17]

E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2)

A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes the confirmed sub-clades of E-M123, E-M293, and E-V42, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.[53][54][55][56]

E-M123
Main article: Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)

E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.[57]

E-V1515

A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.[2]

We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008), was found (fig. 3). This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times.[2]

Multiple instances of commercially observed E-V1515 have also been detected in Arabia.[58]

E-M293

E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830 and is associated with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa into Southern Africa.[59] So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datog (43%), Khwe (Kxoe) (31%), Burunge (28%), and Sandawe (24%). Two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males were found with the M293 mutation.[59] Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state...

Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.

They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72.[5] This is a subclade of E-M293.[10]

E-V42

E-V42 was discovered in two Ethiopian Jews.[10] It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed positive results for this subclade in Arabia as well.[60]

E-V6

The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6 and has been identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring Somali population.[17] Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta.

E-V92

E-V92 was discovered in two Ethiopian Amhara.[10] Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History
Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P2921III3A13Eu3H2BE*EEEEEEEEEE
E-M3321III3A13Eu3H2BE1*E1E1aE1aE1E1E1aE1aE1aE1aE1a
E-M4421III3A13Eu3H2BE1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1
E-M7521III3A13Eu3H2BE2aE2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2
E-M5421III3A13Eu3H2BE2bE2bE2bE2b1-------
E-P225III414Eu3H2BE3*E3E1bE1b1E3E3E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1
E-M28III515Eu2H2BE3a*E3aE1b1E1b1aE3aE3aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1a1E1b1a1
E-M588III515Eu2H2BE3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1a1aE1b1a1a1a
E-M116.28III515Eu2H2BE3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E1ba12removedremoved
E-M1498III515Eu2H2BE3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a1a1cE1b1a1a1c
E-M1548III515Eu2H2BE3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a1a1g1cE1b1a1a1g1c
E-M1558III515Eu2H2BE3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a1a1dE1b1a1a1d
E-M108III515Eu2H2BE3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a1a1eE1b1a1a1e
E-M3525III414Eu4H2BE3b*E3bE1b1b1E1b1b1E3b1E3b1E1b1b1E1b1b1E1b1b1removedremoved
E-M7825III414Eu4H2BE3b1*E3b1E1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E1b1b1a1
E-M14825III414Eu4H2BE3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E3b1a3aE3b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E1b1b1a1c1
E-M8125III414Eu4H2BE3b2*E3b2E1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E3b1bE3b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1a
E-M10725III414Eu4H2BE3b2aE3b2aE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE3b1b1E3b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE1b1b1b1a1
E-M16525III414Eu4H2BE3b2bE3b2bE1b1b1b2E1b1b1b1b1E3b1b2E3b1b2E1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b1a2a
E-M12325III414Eu4H2BE3b3*E3b3E1b1b1cE1b1b1cE3b1cE3b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1b2a
E-M3425III414Eu4H2BE3b3a*E3b3aE1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E3b1c1E3b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1b2a1
E-M13625III414Eu4H2BE3ba1E3b3a1E1b1b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E3b1c1aE3b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1b2a1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA E Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R

References
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