Tigray Region

Given the presence of a large temple complex and fertile surroundings, the capital of Dʿmt may have been present day Yeha, in Tigray, Ethiopia.[6]

The kingdom developed irrigation schemes, used plows, grew millet, and made iron tools and weapons.

Some modern historians including Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie, Cain Felder, and Ephraim Isaac consider this civilization to be indigenous, although Sabaean-influenced due to the latter's dominance of the Red Sea, while others like Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekletsadik Mekuria, and Stanley Burstein have viewed Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans and indigenous peoples.[7][8] The most recent research, however, shows that Ge'ez, the ancient Semitic language spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in ancient times, is not derived from Sabaean.[9] There is evidence of a Semitic-speaking presence in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia at least as early as 2000 BC.[8][10] It is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities, and disappeared after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state.[11][12]

After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, the Aksumite Kingdom. The ancestor of medieval and modern Eritrea and Ethiopia, Aksum was able to reunite the area.[13]

Axum stele in Axum, Tigray region.

Aksumite gold coins.

The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.[14] It existed from approximately 100–940 AD, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD.

According to the Book of Aksum, Aksum's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.[15] The capital was later moved to Aksum in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century.[16][17]

The Empire of Aksum at its height at times extended across most of present-day Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The capital city of the empire was Aksum, now in northern Ethiopia. Today a smaller community, the city of Aksum was once a bustling metropolis, cultural and economic center. Two hills and two streams lie on the east and west expanses of the city; perhaps providing the initial impetus for settling this area. Along the hills and plain outside the city, the Aksumites had cemeteries with elaborate grave stones called stelae, or obelisks. Other important cities included Yeha, Hawulti-Melazo, Matara, Adulis, and Qohaito, the last three of which are now in Eritrea. By the reign of Endubis in the late 3rd century, it had begun minting its own currency and was named by Mani as one of the four great powers of his time along with Persia, Rome, and China. It converted to Christianity in 325 or 328 under King Ezana and was the first state ever to use the image of the cross on its coins.[18][19]

Mekelle palace of Emperor Yohannes IV (emperor of the whole Ethiopian Empire).

In the 14th century the Tigrinya-speaking lands (Tigray-Mereb Melash) were divided into two provinces, separated by the Mereb River by the newly enthroned Amhara Emperors. The governor of the northern province received the title Bahre Negash (Ruler of the sea), whereas the governor of the southern province was given the title of Tigray Mekonen (Lord of Tigray). The Portuguese Jesuit, Emanuele Baradas' work titled "Do reino de Tigr" and written in 1633–34 states that the "reino de Tigr" extended from Hamasien to Temben, from the borders of Dankel to the Adwa mountain. He also stated that Tigray-Mereb Melash was divided into twenty-four smaller political units (principalities), twelve of which were located south of the Mereb and governed by the Tigray Mekonen based in Enderta.[20] The other twelve were located north of the Mereb under the authority of the Bahre Negash, based in the district of Serae.[20]

The Book of Aksum, written and compiled probably before the 15th century, shows a traditional schematic map of Tigray with the city of Aksum at its center surrounded by the 13 principal provinces: "Tembien, Shire, Serae, Hamasien, Bur, Sam’a, Agame, Amba Senayt, Garalta, Enderta, Sahart and Abergele."[21]

During the Middle Ages, the position of Tigray Mekonnen ("Governor of Tigray") was established to rule over the area. Other districts included Akele Guzay (now part of Eritrea), and the kingdom of the Bahr negus, who ruled much of what is now Eritrea and Shire district and town in Western Tigray. At the time when Tigray Mekonnen existed simultaneously with that of Bahr negus, their frontier seems to have been the Mareb River, which is currently constitutes the border between the Ethiopian province of Tigray and Eritrea.

After the loss of power of the Bahr negus in the aftermath of Bahr negus Yeshaq's rebellions, the title of Tigray mekonnen gained power in relation to the Bahr negus and at times included ruling over parts of what is now Eritrea, especially in the 19th century.[22] By the unsettled Zemene Mesafint period ("Era of the Princes"), both titles had sunken to little more than empty titles, and the Lord who in his turn dominated the region, used (and received from Emperor) the title of either Ras or Dejazmach, beginning with Ras Mikael Sehul. Rulers of Tigray such as Ras Wolde Selassie alternated with others, chiefly those of Begemder or Yejju, as warlords to rule in fact the Ethiopian monarchy during the Zemene Mesafint.

In the mid-19th century, the lords of Tembien and Enderta managed to create an overlordship of Tigray to their dynasty. One of its members, Dejazmach Kahsay Mercha, ascended the imperial throne in 1872 under the name Yohannes IV. Following his death in the Battle of Metemma in 1889, the Ethiopian throne came under the control of the king of Shewa, and the center of power shifted south and away from Tigray.

In 1943, open resistance broke out all over southern and eastern Tigray under the slogan, "there is no government; let's organize and govern ourselves". Throughout Enderta awraja, including Mekelle, Didibadergiajen, Hintalo, Saharti, Samre and Wajirat, Raya awraja, Kilte-Awlaelo awraja and Tembien awraja, local assemblies, called gerreb, were formed. The gerren sent representatives to a central congress, called the shengo, which elected leaders and established a military command system. Although the Woyane rebellion of 1943 had shortcomings as a prototype revolution, historians agree that it involved a fairly high level of spontaneity and peasant initiative. It demonstrated considerable popular participation and reflected widely shared grievances. The uprising was specifically directed against the central Shoan Amhara regime of Haile Selassie I, rather than the Tigrayan imperial elite.

Martyrs' Memorial in Mekelle.

Nest box for Columba guinea (considered a symbol of peace) in the wall of a homestead in Zerfenti, a village in Tigray where hundreds were killed by Derg bombings.

After the February 1974 popular revolution, the first signal of any mass uprising was the actions of the soldiers of the 4th Brigade of the 4th Army Division in Nagelle in southern Ethiopia. The Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, or the Derg (Ge'ez "Committee"), was officially announced 28 June 1974 by a group of military officers. The committee elected Major Mengistu Haile Mariam as its chairman and Major Atnafu Abate as its vice-chairman. In July 1974, the Derg obtained key concessions from the emperor, Haile Selassie, which included the power to arrest not only military officers but government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold and Endalkachew Makonnen, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court were imprisoned. In August 1974, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government in order to forestall further developments in that direction. The Derg deposed and imprisoned the emperor on 12 September 1974.

In addition, the Derg in 1975 nationalized most industries and private and somewhat secure urban real-estate holdings. But mismanagement, corruption, and general hostility to the Derg's violent rule, coupled with the draining effects of constant warfare with the separatist guerrilla movements in Tigray, led to a drastic fall in general productivity of food and cash crops. In October 1978, the Derg announced the National Revolutionary Development Campaign to mobilize human and material resources to transform the economy, which led to a Ten-Year Plan (1984/1985-1993/1994) to expand agricultural and industrial output, forecasting a 6.5% growth in GDP and a 3.6% rise in per capita income. Instead per capita income declined 0.8% over this period. Famine scholar Alex de Waal observes that while the famine that struck the country in the mid-1980s is usually ascribed to drought, "closer investigation shows that widespread drought occurred only some months after the famine was already under way". Hundreds of thousands fled economic misery, conscription, and political repression, and went to live in neighboring countries and all over the Western world, creating an Ethiopian diaspora. A civil war took place that left many dead.

Toward the end of January 1991, a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) captured Gondar, the ancient capital city, Bahar Dar, and Dessie.

Following the conclusion of the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991, although the area which became the Tigray Region was thought by the rest of Ethiopia to be the beneficiaries of substantial funding from an Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) government dominated by fellow Tigrayans, in reality the beneficiaries are mostly the members of the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF). John Young, who visited the area several times in the early 1990s, attributes this delay in part to "central budget restraint, structural readjustment, and lack of awareness by government bureaucrats in Addis Ababa of conditions in the province", but notes "an equally significant obstacle was posed by an entrenched, and largely Amhara-dominated, central bureaucracy which used its power to block government-authorised funds from reaching Tigray".[23] At the same time, a growing urban middle class of traders, businessmen and government officials emerged that was suspicious of and distant from the victorious EPRDF. The ruling party attempted to address these challenges in forums with its middle-class critics, as well as by establishing a number of charitable non-governmental organizations controlled by the EPRDF, including the Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray, Relief Society of Tigray, and Tigray Development Association.

In 1998, war erupted between Eritrea and Ethiopia over a portion of territory that had been administered as part of Tigray, which included the town of Badme. Following a 2002 United Nations decision, much of this land was awarded to Eritrea, but so far Ethiopia has refused to implement the final and binding ruling, and as a result relations with Eritrea are very tense. From 1991 to 2001, the president of Tigray was Gebru Asrat.

From 2001 to 2010 the president was Tsegay Berhe.

Following the 2020 Tigray regional election, in November 2020, the region entered into conflict with the Ethiopian federal government,[24] with the Ethiopian, as well as Amhara troops advancing along main roads. Administration of the conquered parts of Western Tigray is taken over by officials from Amhara Region.[25]

Warfare, the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia, and a locust outbreak all contributed to an emergency food situation in the region in January 2021. Two million people faced food shortages; the situation was particularly dire in Shire Inda Selassie where there are 100,000 refugees. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network said parts of central and eastern Tigray are likely in Emergency Phase 4, a step below famine.[26]

Tigray is situated between 12° – 15°N and 36° 30' – 40° 30'E.

A 2006 national statistics report stated the land area as 50,079 km² (19,336 sq mi).[1] The 2011 National Statistics gave an area of 41,410 km² (15,990 sq mi), but the sum of the figures it gave for the Tigray zones was substantially different,[27] rendering the 2011 report internally inconsistent. The figure of 50,079 km² is supported by the Google Maps area calculator.

The East African Orogeny led to the growth of a mountain chain in the Precambrian (up to 800 million years ago or Ma), that was largely eroded afterwards.[28][29][30] Around 600 Ma, the Gondwana break-up led to the presence of tectonic structures and a Palaeozoic planation surface, that extents to the north and west of the Dogu'a Tembien massif.[31]

Subsequently, there was the deposition of sedimentary and volcanic formations, from older (at the foot of the massif) to younger, near the summits. From Palaeozoic to Triassic, Tigray was located near the South Pole. The (reactivate) Precambrian extensional faults guided the deposition of glacial sediments (Edaga Arbi Glacials and Enticho Sandstone). Later alluvial plain sediments were deposited (Adigrat Sandstone). The break-up of Gondwana (Late Palaeozoic to Early Triassic) led to an extensional tectonic phase, what caused the lowering of large parts of the Horn of Africa. As a consequence a marine transgression occurred, leading to the deposition of marine sediments (Antalo Limestone and Agula Shale).[32]

The Antalo Limestone cliff at Mishlam in the southeastern part of Dogu'a Tembien

At the end of the Mesozoic tectonic phase, a new (Cretaceous) planation took place. After that, the deposition of continental sediments (Amba Aradam Formation) indicates the presence of less shallow seas, what was probably caused by a regional uplift. In the beginning of the Caenozoic, there was a relative tectonic quiescence, during which the Amba Aradam Sandstones were partially eroded what led to the formation of a new planation surface.[33]

In the Eocene, the Afar plume a broad regional uplift deformed the lithosphere, leading to the eruption of flood basalts. Three major formations may be distinguished: lower basalts, interbedded lacustrine deposits and upper basalts.[34] Almost at the same time, the Mekelle Dolerite intruded the Mesozoic sediments following joints and faults.[35]

A new magma intrusion occurred in the Early Miocene, what gave rise to phonolite plugs, mainly in the Adwa area and also in Dogu’a Tembien.[34] The present geomorphology is marked by deep valleys, eroded as a result of the regional uplift. Throughout the Quaternary deposition of alluvium and freshwater tufa occurred in the valley bottoms.[36]

In Tigray, there are two main fossil-bearing geological units. The Antalo Limestone (upper Jurassic) is the largest. Its marine deposits comprise mainly benthic marine invertebrates. Also, the Tertiary lacustrine deposits, interbedded in the basalt formations, contain a range of silicified mollusc fossils.[37]

In the Antalo Limestone: large Paracenoceratidae cephalopods (nautilus); Nerineidae indet.; sea urchins; Rhynchonellid brachiopod; crustaceans; coral colonies; crinoid stems.[38][37]

In the Tertiary silicified lacustrine deposits: Pila (gastropod); Lanistes sp.; Pirenella conica; and land snails (Achatinidae indet.).[37][39]

All snail shells, both fossil and recent, are called t’uyo in Tigrinya language, which means ‘helicoidal’.

As Tigray holds a wide variety of rock types, there is expectedly a varied use of rock.

• Natural stone masonry. Preferentially, the easier shaped limestone and sandstone are used to build homesteads and churches, but particularly in the upland areas, basalt is also used. Traditionally, fermented mud will be used as mortar
• Fencing of homesteads, generally in dry stones
• Church bells, generally three elongated plates in phonolite or clinkstone, with different tonalities
• Milling stone: for this purpose plucked-bedrock pits, small rock-cut basins that naturally occur in rivers with kolks, are excavated from the river bed and further shaped. Milling is done at home using an elongated small boulder[40][41]
• Door and window lintels, prepared from rock types that frequently have an elongated shape (sandstone, phonolite, limestone), or that are easily shaped (tufa)
• Troughs for livestock watering and feeding, generally hewn from tufa
• Footpath paving, generally done as community work. Some very ancient paved footpaths occur on major communication lines dating back to the period before the introduction of the automobile
• Heaped stones, in direct view of a church, where foot travellers stop, pray and put an additional stone
• Stones collected from farmlands in order to free space for the crop, and heaped in typical rounded metres-high heaps, called zala
• Contour bunding or gedeba: terrace walls in dry stone, typically laid out along the contour for sake of soil conservation
• Check dams or qetri in gullies for sake of gully erosion control
• Cobble stones, used for paving secondary streets in the towns. Generally limestone is used.

• Ferrah Imba, 3939 metres, summit of the Tsibet massif in Endamekoni woreda (12°50′34″N 39°31′03″E), and highest peak of Tigray
• Imba Alaje, 3438 metres, in Alaje woreda (12°59′39″N 39°30′13″E)
• Mugulat, 3263 metres, in Ganta Afeshum woreda (14°16′N 39°25′E); one of its spurs is crossed by the Siqurto foot tunnel
• Upper plateaus of the Atsbi Horst at 3057 metres in Atsbi Wenberta woreda (14°03′N 39°43′E)
• Imba Tsion, 2917 metres, in Hawzen woreda (14°06′N 39°26′E)
• Ekli Imba, 2799 metres, summit of the Arebay massif in Degua Tembien woreda (13°43′N 39°16′E)
• Imba Aradom – sometimes transliterated as Amba Aradam, 2756 metres, in Hintalo Wajirat woreda (13°20′N 39°31′E)
• Soloda, 2436 metres, part of the Adwa plugs in Adwa woreda (14°11′N 38°54′E)
• Imba Neway, 2388 metres, in Abergele (woreda)(13°16′N 38°57′E)

Regularised stream, fed by leakages from Gereb Segen dam. Further down, the farmers use it to expand irrigated land

Overall, the region is semi-arid. The rainy season lasts only for a couple of months. The farmers are adapted to this, but the problem arises when rains are less than normal. Another major challenge is providing water to urban areas. Smaller towns, but particularly Mekelle, face endemic water shortages. Reservoirs have been built, but their management is sub-optimal.

Mekelle (home of Mekelle University, Mekelle Institute of Technology, Microlink College, Nile College, and Mekelle College of Teacher Education) is the capital of Tigray, near the geographic center of the state.

Other Tigray cities functioning as centers of Ethiopian metropolitan areas include:

• Adigrat (home of Adigrat University, Debre Damo monastery and Addis Pharmaceuticals)
• Adwa (home of Adwa Pan African University,)
• Axum (home of Aksum University,)
• Maychew (home of Raya University)

Of the 10 largest cities in Tigray, Maychew has the highest elevation at 2479 meter above sealevel. Plenty of smaller towns, like Atsbi and Edaga Hamus are located at even higher elevations. Of the large cities, Humera is located at the lowest altitude (585 m).

14th century illustration showing the Christian King (Negus) of Aksum (King Armah also known as Al-Najashi) declining the request of a pagan Meccan delegation, to forfeit the first Muslims who received refuge in the city of Axum following the First Hijra as Prophet Muhammad told them to take refuge in Axum.

With 96.55% of the local population, the region is predominantly inhabited by the Tigrinya-speaking Tigrayan people. The Tigrinya language belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family of languages. Most other residents hail from other Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities, including the Amhara, Irob, Afar, Agaw and Oromo. Partly assimilated Oromo live in remoter villages in Raya Azebo and Alamata (woreda),[48] whereas there are Agaw in Abergele (woreda).[49] There are also Nilo-Saharan-speaking Kunama.

The working language is Tigrinya. Saho and Kunama are also spoken, and people in urban areas are also able to speak Amharic.[52]

Mountains of Lemalimo near Inda Selassie in western Tigray

Addi Amharay reservoir

An important aspect of the agricultural work in Tigray after the end of the 1991 civil war was to minimize the problems of drought. In the past, the Tigray was covered with forests and had a micro-climate that favored the rains. Subsequently, the forests were cut down, usually to impoverish the population during the wars. Consequently, the Tigray achieved a fair amount of rainfall during the rainy season, from August to September, but quickly lost these waters downstream. In the process the fertile soil of the fields eroded. After a few weeks of rain, the country again dried up.

The government undertook two projects in Tigray. The first was the construction of terraces which, with the agreement and help of local communities, go up to the tops of the mountains at 2,500 metres. The goal was to prevent the rainfall flowing away immediately so that it could be conserved for the agricultural season. On the highest terraces were planted trees, mainly eucalyptus, the dominant tree in Ethiopia and native to Australia. These plants created a new microclimate.[53] The terracing method was very simple but required good organization. Long stretches of the fields were terraced by the villagers using stone walls from stones that erosion had brought to light. The rains eroding the still non-terraced ground formed mudslides that were held by the topmost walls, which permitted construction of a new terrace field and another wall with uncovered stones, creating new ground terraced farmland every year. Four or five years after the project commenced, almost all of Tigray, with an area only slightly less than Italy's, was terraced.

Another endeavour involved the construction of small reservoirs for local irrigation. As rains last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. The dams needed to create these basins are typically an embankment of a few hundreds of meters, closing off one part of a valley, with a maximum height of 20 metres. Each took months of work, in which people carried earth on their back, and with assistance of donkeys. Generally 2,000–3,000 people — men, women and children — carried the earth in simple baskets.

The small reservoirs in Tigray include:

• Addi Abagiè
• Addi Akhor
• Addi Amharay
• May Leiba
• Hiza'iti Wedi Cheber
• Addi Asme'e
• Chini
• Addi Gela
• Addi Hilo
• Addi Qenafiz

Overall, these reservoirs suffer from rapid siltation.[54][55] Part of the water that could be used for irrigation is lost through seepage; the positive side-effect is that this contributes to groundwater recharge.[56]

Tigray holds numerous exclosures, areas that are set aside for regreening.[57] Wood harvesting and livestock range are not allowed there. Besides effects on biodiversity,[58][59][60] water infiltration, protection from flooding, sediment deposition,[61] carbon sequestration,[62] people commonly have economic benefits from these exclosures through grass harvesting, beekeeping and other non-timber forest products.[63] The local inhabitants also consider it as "land set aside for future generations".[64] In Dogu'a Tembien, several exclosures are managed by the EthioTrees project. They have as an additional benefit that the villagers receive carbon credits for the sequestered CO₂,[65] as part of a carbon offset programme.[66] The revenues are then reinvested in the villages, according to the priorities of the communities;[67] it may be for an additional class in the village school, a water pond, conservation in the exclosures, or a store for incense.[68]

Raya oxen at ploughing near Mekelle

The CSA estimated in 2005 that farmers in Tigray had a total of 2,713,750 cattle (representing 7.0% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 72,640 sheep (0.42%), 208,970 goats (1.61%), 1,200 horses (less than 0.1%), 9,190 mules (6.24%), 386,600 asses (15.43%), 32,650 camels (7.15%), 3,180,240 poultry of all species (10.3%), and 20,480 beehives (0.47%).[69] Cattle are an essential component in the dominant grain-plough agricultural system. In the rainy season, a large part of the cattle herds are in transhumance.[70][71]

Mainly used for draught, there are several cattle landraces in Tigray:[72][73]

• Arado cattle, the dominant variety
• Raya cattle, long horned, especially raised in Southern Tigray and traded widely as plough oxen
• Irob cattle, particularly in the Irob woreda[74]
• Abergele cattle, particularly in Abergele (woreda) and on the southwestern slopes of Dogu’a Tembien
• Begayt cattle, in western Tigray. They are known for better milk production
• In small towns: Cross-bred Arado x Begayt, and Arado x Holstein-Friesian milk cows

Besides elephants in Western Tigray and the endemic gelada baboon on the highest mountains, large mammals in the region, with scientific (italics), English and Tigrinya language names, are:[75] - Cercopithecus aethiops; grivet monkey, ወዓግ (wi’ag) - Crocuta crocuta, spotted hyena, ዝብኢ (zibi) - Caracal caracal, caracal, ጭክ ኣንበሳ (ch’ok anbessa) – Panthera pardus, leopard, ነብሪ (nebri)[76] - Xerus rutilus, unstriped ground squirrel, ምጹጽላይ or ጨጨራ (mitsutsilay, chechera) - Canis mesomelas, black-backed jackal, ቡኳርያ (bukharya) - Canis anthus, golden jackal, ቡኳርያ (bukharya) - Papio hamadryas, hamadryas baboon, ጋውና (gawina) – Procavia capensis, rock hyrax, ጊሐ (gihè) – Felis silvestris, African wildcat, ሓክሊ ድሙ (hakili dummu) – Civettictis civetta, African civet, ዝባድ (zibad) – Papio anubis, olive baboon, ህበይ (hibey) – Ichneumia albicauda, white-tailed mongoose, ፂሒራ (tsihira) – Herpestes ichneumon, large grey mongoose, ፂሒራ (tsihira) – Hystrix cristata, crested porcupine, ቅንፈዝ (qinfiz) – Oreotragus oreotragus; klipspringer, ሰስሓ (sesiha) – Orycteropus afer, aardvark, ፍሒራ (fihira) – Genetta genetta, common genet, ስልሕልሖት (silihlihot) – Lepus capensis, cape hare, ማንቲለ (mantile) – Mellivora capensis, honey badger, ትትጊ (titigi)

The most common pest rodents with widespread distribution in agricultural fields and storage areas are three Ethiopian endemic species: the Dembea grass rat (Arvicanthis dembeensis, sometimes considered a subspecies of Arvicanthis niloticus), Ethiopian white-footed rat (Stenocephalemys albipes), and Awash multimammate mouse (Mastomys awashensis).[77]

Bats occur in natural caves, church buildings and abandoned homesteads. The large colony of bats that roosts in Zeyi cave comprises Hipposideros megalotis (Ethiopian large-eared roundleaf bat), Hipposideros tephrus, and Rhinolophus blasii (Blasius's horseshoe bat).[78]

With its numerous exclosures, forest fragments and church forests, Tigray is a birdwatcher's paradise. Detailed inventories[58][79] list at least 170 bird species, including numerous endemic species. Species belonging to the Afrotropical Highland Biome occur in the dry evergreen montane forests of the highland plateau but can also occupy other habitats. Wattled Ibis can be found feeding in wet grassland and open woodland. Black-winged Lovebird, Banded Barbet, Golden-mantled or Abyssinian Woodpecker, Montane White-eye, Rüppell's Robin-chat, Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher and Tacazze Sunbird are found in evergreen forest, mountain woodlands and areas with scattered trees including fig trees, Euphorbia abyssinica and Juniperus procera. Erckel's spurfowl, Dusky Turtle Dove, Swainson's or Grey-headed Sparrow, Baglafecht Weaver, African Citril, Brown-rumped Seedeater and Streaky Seedeater are common Afrotropical breeding residents of woodland edges, scrubland and forest edges. White-billed Starling and Little Rock Thrush can be found on steep cliffs; Speckled or African rock pigeon and White-collared Pigeon in gorges and rocky places but also in towns and villages.[58]

Species belonging to the Somali-Masai Biome. Hemprich's Hornbill and White-rumped Babbler are found in bushland, scrubland and dense secondary forest, often near cliffs, gorges or water. Chestnut-Winged or Somali Starling and Rüppell's Weaver are found in bushy and shrubby areas. Black-billed wood hoopoe has some red at the base of the bill or an entirely red bill in this area.[58]

Species belonging to the Sudan-Guinea Savanna Biome: Green-backed eremomela and Chestnut-crowned Sparrow-Weaver.[58]

Species that are neither endemic nor biome-restricted but that have restricted ranges or that can be more easily seen in Ethiopia than elsewhere in their range: Abyssinian Roller is an Ethiopian relative of Lilac-breasted Roller, which is an intra-tropical breeding migrant of south and east Africa, and of European Roller, an uncommon Palearctic passage migrant. Black-billed Barbet, Yellow-breasted Barbet and Grey-headed Batis are species from the Sahel and Northern Africa but also occur in Acacia woodlands in the area.[58]

The most regularly observed raptor birds in crop fields in Tigray are Augur buzzard (Buteo augur), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus), Black kite (Milvus migrans), Yellow-billed kite (Milvus aegyptius) and Barn owl (Tyto alba).[80]

Birdwatching can be done particularly in exclosures and forests. Eighteen bird-watching sites have been inventoried in Enderta and Degua Tembien[58] and mapped.[81]

A major north–south transportation corridor goes through Tigray. This is facilitated by the Highway 2 which goes from Adigrat to Addis Ababa and Highway 3 which goes from Shire to Addis Ababa.

Tigray has one international airport and four commercial airports. The international airport is Alula Aba Nega Airport (MQX). The 4 commercial airports are Shire Airport (SHC), Humera Airport (HUE), Dansha Airport, and Emperor Yohannes IV Airport (AXU).

The executive branch is headed by the President of Tigray. The current president is Debretsion Gebremichael, a TPLF member, elected in 2018.[83] A Vice President of Tigray succeeds the president in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the president.[84] The current vice president is Dr. Addis Alem Balema.[85] The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the Regional Health Bureau (Ato Hagos Godefy),[86] Educational Bureau (Ato Gebre'egziabher),[87] Auditor General (Ato Alemseged Kebedew),[88] and 12 other officials.[89]

There are three levels of the Tigray state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each woreda maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over all justiciable matters.[90] The intermediate-level court system is the district court system. Four courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in an administrative zone. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.

The highest-ranking court, the Tigray Supreme Court, is Tigray's "court of last resort".[91] A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. The chief judge is called the President of Tigray Supreme Court (W/ro Hirity Miheretab).

The State Council, which is the highest administrative body of the state, is made up of 152 members.[89]

Tigray is represented by 38 representatives in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia House of Peoples' Representatives. But currently after the illegitimate postponement of the national election of Ethiopia Tigray has pulled it representative from the House of House of Peoples' Representatives and has no representation in the Federal parliament .

Like other Regions in Ethiopia, Tigray is subdivided into administrative zones, and further into woredas or districts:

• Central Tigray
  • Abiy Addi Town
  • Abergele
  • Adwa
  • Adwa Town
  • Aksum Town
  • Dogu'a Tembien
  • Enticho
  • Kola Tembien
  • La'ilay Maychew
  • Mereb Lehe
  • Naeder Adet
  • Tahtay Maychew
  • Werie Lehe
• East Tigray
  • Adigrat Town
  • Atsbi Wenberta
  • Ganta Afeshum
  • Gulomahda
  • Hawzen
  • Irob
  • Kilte Awulaelo
  • Saesi Tsaedaemba
  • Wukro Town
• North West Tigray
  • Asigede Tsimbela
  • La'ilay Adiyabo
  • Medebay Zana
  • Tahtay Adiyabo
  • Tahtay Koraro
  • Tselemti
  • Shiraro Town
  • Shire Town
• South Tigray
  • Alaje
  • Alamata
  • Alamata Town
  • Endamehoni
  • Korem Town
  • Maychew Town
  • Ofla
  • Raya Azebo
• South East Tigray
  • Enderta
  • Hintalo Wajirat
  • Samre
• West Tigray
  • Kafta Humera
  • Humera Town
  • Wolqayt
  • Tsegede
• Mekelle (special zone)

• Adigrat University
• Axum University
• Adwa Pan-African University
• Ethio-lmage College
• Greenwich College
• Hasenge College
• Mars Engineering College
• Mekelle University
• Mekelle Institute of Technology
• New Millennium College
• Nile College
• Raya University
• Sehba Info Tech & Business College
• Signal College
• St. Mary's University College
• Winner college Axum

Tigray is home to Ethiopia's most extensive church libraries that are found in the eastern and central zones of the region. There are several ongoing digitization projects to preserve previous historical texts.

• Axum Heritage Foundation
• Romanat Qeddus Mika'el Church
• Gunda Gunde Monastery
• Agwaza Monastery
• Debre Damo Monastery