Interstate 440 (Tennessee)

1955 highway plan for Nashville.

The route that is now Interstate 440 had its origins in 1955, when the interstate highway system was being planned, and was initially known as State Route 516 (SR 516).[2] After the Interstate Highway Act was passed, a public meeting was held on May 15, 1957 that identified proposed interstate highways and bypass routes around the city, including I-440.[7] The route was officially named Interstate 440 in 1961.[8] Planners chose to construct the route through both residential neighborhoods and in the location of a portion of the Tennessee Central Railway.[8][7]

The project experienced many setbacks and was subject to much controversy.[9] TDOT was first authorized to begin studies related to right-of-way acquisition on July 12, 1961 by the Federal Highway Administration.[7] TDOT was authorized to make right-of-way acquisitions for the section located between I-65 and I-24 on December 4, 1968, and the section between I-40 and I-65 on August 17, 1970.[7] After the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) became law in 1970, the FHWA determined in January 1971 that the I-440 project did not require an environmental impact statement, since the project was already in the right-of-way acquisition phase, and gave final approval of the project's design.[8] A lawsuit was filed by the National Wildlife Federation in 1973, which resulted in the requirement of an environmental impact study for I-440.[2] The draft environmental impact statement was completed in 1978, and was approved by the FHWA on June 19 of that year.[10] Approval of the final environmental impact statement occurred on September 19, 1980, and on February 20, 1981, TDOT was approved to begin advertising bids for construction of I-440.[7]

The construction of I-440 required the demolition of many homes, and many Nashville residents opposed the project. Throughout the 1970s many groups campaigned to stop the construction of the highway. Many residents of the areas near I-440 wanted TDOT to choose an alternative, such as constructing the route further to the south, widening existing surface streets, or adding more public transportation.[2] But traffic studies determined that the highway was necessary to relieve congestion on I-40.[2] On December 9, 1980 a group of community activists known as the "Nashvillians Against I-440" filed Nashvillians Against I-440 v. Lewis in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee hoping to stop construction of the interstate. The lawsuit was dismissed on September 23, 1981 when a judge ruled that the project would not adversely affect the natural environment and that TDOT had followed all necessary procedures.[7]

Opening ceremony in 1987.

Construction began in early 1982. The project required the removal of hundreds of thousands of cubic feet of dirt and rock.[9] Initially, I-440 was going to be at-grade, but TDOT engineers chose to build it below the surface of the ground to reduce noise and vehicle emissions pollution after citizens in large cities living near interstates had complained of disturbances caused by highway traffic.[11] The state also agreed to take measures to reduce the impact of the interstate as a further compromise to opposition by such means as designing the route as a parkway. This included separating the lanes by a narrow grassy median, which unintentionally made the route susceptible to crossover crashes, and curbed inner edges.[11] Engineers chose to construct the highway with concrete rather than asphalt so it would last longer.[2] Most of I-440 contained three lanes in each direction, except through the interchanges with Murphy Road, US 70S, US 431, and I-65, where it contained two lanes in each direction, with the third lanes functioning as auxiliary lanes in most places.[3] A proposed interchange at Granny White Pike, which TDOT had acquired the right-of-way for, was abandoned in an effort to prevent the disruption of traffic patterns on nearby surface streets.[10][12] The discovery of hairline cracks in multiple overpasses and ramps in the Spring of 1985, which were repaired with epoxy cement, delayed the opening of I-440 by approximately eight months.[13]

The section of I-440 between I-24 and I-65 was opened and dedicated on December 12, 1985,[14][15] and the section between I-65 and I-40 was opened and dedicated on April 3, 1987.[16] It was the last interstate highway that was originally allocated to Tennessee by the Interstate Highway Act to be completed.[15] It was also the most expensive road, per mile, built in Tennessee at the time, with a total cost of $163 million (equivalent to $321 million in 2019[17]).[2] In the first year the interstate was open, traffic on I-40 decreased by about 16 percent.[2] Trucks were initially prohibited from using I-440, but this ban was blocked by a federal court in 1988 after being challenged by multiple trucking organizations.[18] The speed limit was initially 55 miles per hour (90 km/h).[9] This was increased to 65 mph (105 km/h) in July 2000, but reduced back to 55 mph in June 2005 after complaints from motorists.[19]

Between November 1994 and November 1995, TDOT made safety modifications to I-24 through the eastern terminus with I-440 and the nearby split with I-40, which reconfigured the routes to provide direct access to I-440 westbound from I-40 westbound.[20][21] The ramp connecting I-40 eastbound to I-440 eastbound at the western terminus of I-440 was widened from one to two lanes between November 1995 and June 1996.[22][23] Between May 1997 and December 1998 the ramp carrying traffic from I-440 eastbound to I-24 westbound was widened from one to two lanes, including the flyover bridge over I-24.[24]

I-440 near the US-431 interchange prior to reconstruction

I-440 was built with a design capacity of 64,000 vehicles per day.[3] By 1999, the average annual daily traffic had surpassed 100,000 vehicles in some locations,[4] and the entire route had begun to experience severe congestion every day during rush hour.[2] By the 2000s, I-440 had begun to develop cracks and potholes, and in 2009 TDOT spent $8 million to rehabilitate the roadway.[11] This included diamond grinding, where grooves were cut parallel to traffic flow in the lanes to improve traction.[11] This was necessitated by the fact that the overuse of the roadway had worn away the surface, causing a susceptibility of vehicles to hydroplane.[11] Between June and November 2013, TDOT spent $9.7 million to repair the concrete on I-440 eastbound between I-65 and I-24, which also included adding an additional lane through the interchange with US 31A/US 41A.[25] Despite these improvements, I-440 continued to develop potholes afterwards, which prompted TDOT to prepare for reconstruction of the entire route.[11]

After the Tennessee General Assembly passed the IMPROVE Act in 2017, which increased the state's fuel taxes and vehicle registration fees with the intent of funding a backlog of 962 needed transportation projects, TDOT announced that an upgrade of I-440 was a top priority.[26] In November 2017 plans were announced for reconstruction of the route, which included replacing the concrete with asphalt, widening the entire route to a minimum of six lanes, replacing the grass median with a jersey barrier, and improving entrance and exit ramps.[27] The contract for reconstruction was awarded on August 1, 2018 at a cost of $152.9 million, the most expensive contract in state history.[28] Preliminary work began in late November 2018,[29] and the reconstruction project began on March 1, 2019.[30] The project was completed on July 2, 2020, almost one month ahead of schedule.[31]