Business routes of Interstate 40

Interstate business routes are roads connecting a central or commercial district of a city or town with an Interstate bypass. These roads typically follow along local streets often along a former U.S. route or state highway that had been replaced by an Interstate. Interstate business route reassurance markers are signed as either loops or spurs using a green shield shaped and numbered like the shield of the parent Interstate highway.

Interstate 40
Highway system

Along Interstate 40 (I-40), business routes are found in the five westernmost states through which I-40 passes, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma. The Interstate has no business routes along its passage through Arkansas nor Tennessee, and there once was a business Route in North Carolina, but it was decommissioned in 2020.

Some states regard Interstate business routes as fully integrated within their state highway system while other states consider them to be either local roads to be maintained by county or municipal authorities or a hybrid of state and local control.

Although the public may differentiate between different business routes by the number of the parent route and the location of the route, there is no uniform naming convention. Each state highway department internally uses its own designations to identify segments within its jurisdiction.

From central Oklahoma westward, the business routes often follow the historic alignment of the former U.S. Route 66 (US 66).

California

Interstate business routes in California are assigned by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), but are not maintained by Caltrans unless they overlay other routes of the state highway system. Local authorities may request route assignment from the Caltrans Transportation System Information Program, and all requests require approval of the executive committee of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).[1]

Needles

Interstate 40 Business
LocationNeedles
Length3.4 mi[2] (5.5 km)

The business loop of Interstate 40 through Needles in San Bernardino County begins at exit 141 of I-40/ US 95 northwest of town. The unsigned highway follows Broadway Avenue to the southeast to Needles Highway, then eastward through an underpass of I-40 into the town center. At N Street, the loop turns southward into the southern part of town where it reconnects with Broadway Ave. The route then continues southeastward to I-40 exit 144 where it terminates and US 95 continues southward along Broadway. The route largely follows the former route of US 66 through town except where the historic highway's path has since been disrupted by the construction of I-40.[2]

Major intersections

The entire route is in Needles, San Bernardino County.

mi[2]kmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 I-40 / US 95 Barstow, Las Vegas, KingmanWestern terminus; I-40 exit 141
3.45.5 I-40 / US 95 Barstow, Kingman, Lake Havasu City, BlytheEastern terminus; I-40 exit 144
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Arizona

The business loops within Arizona are maintained by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) and by municipal authorities. Interstate 40 has five business loops within the state located in Seligman, Ash Fork, Flagstaff, Joseph City, and Holbrook, and a business spur in Winslow. The state formerly had business loops in Kingman and Winslow, as well as a second loop in Flagstaff. ADOT internally identifies each Interstate business route as a State Business Route with the number of the parent Interstate. Individual loops along an Interstate are designated by adding parenthetical numbers that increase eastward and northward. Gaps in numbering represent removal of former routes or potential expansion.

Kingman

State Business Route 40 (0)
LocationKingman
Length0.56 mi[3]:417[note 1] (0.90 km)
ExistedBefore 1998–2009[4]:107–108[5]:519–520

State Business Route 40 (0) (also known as I-40 BL) was a former business loop of I-40 at Kingman in Mohave County. The 3.7-mile (6.0 km) loop began at I-40 exit 48 where US 93 approaches the intersection from the west along Beale Street and joins the Interstate while the loop proceeded eastward along Beale St. After a short distance, the loop joined Andy Devine Avenue which carried the former US 66. The loop turned northward returning to I-40 and US 93 at exit 53 where the loop terminated, but the roadway continues forward carrying SR 66.[3][6]

Major intersections

The entire route was in Kingman, Mohave County.

mi[3]kmDestinations[7]Notes
0.000.00 I-40 / US 93 (Beale Street) Los Angeles, Flagstaff, Phoenix, Las VegasWestern terminus; I-40 exit 48
0.370.60 Grandview Avenue/Beale Street/Route 66 To Historic US 66East end state maintenance; I-40 BL was maintained by city of Kingman between mile 0.37 and 3.56
Historic US 66 west (Andy Divine Avenue) OatmanWestern end of concurrency with Historic US 66
3.565.73 Historic US 66 west (Andy Divine Avenue) / Michael StreetWest end state maintenance; I-40 BL was maintained by city of Kingman between mile 0.37 and 3.56
3.736.00 I-40 / US 93 / SR 66 (Andy Devine Avenue) / Historic US 66 east Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Flagstaff, Phoenix, Peach SpringsEastern terminus; eastern end of concurrency with Historic US 66; I-40 exit 53
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Seligman

State Business Route 40 (1)
LocationSeligman
Length4.25 mi[8]:543 (6.84 km)
Existed1983–present[8]:543

State Business Route 40 (1) (also known as I-40 BL) is a business loop of I-40 at Seligman in Yavapai County. The 414-mile (6.8 km) loop begins at I-40 exit 121 on the west end of town and proceeds northward passing over the former SR 66, a local road still signed as a state route that is a former alignment of US 66. The loop then takes a semicircular path near the Seligman Airport returning to Historic US 66, where the loop turns east through town. At the eastern edge of town, the loop turns south returning to I-40 at exit 123.[3]:418[9]

Major intersections

The entire route is in Seligman, Yavapai County.

mi[3]:418kmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 I-40 Los Angeles, FlagstaffWestern terminus; I-40 exit 121
1.161.87 To SR 66 west (Historic US 66)
4.256.84 I-40 Los Angeles, FlagstaffEastern terminus; I-40 exit 123
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Ash Fork

State Business Route 40 (2)
LocationAsh Fork
Length1.49 mi[8]:545 (2.40 km)
Existed1989–present[8]:545

State Business Route 40 (2) (also known as I-40 BL) is a business loop of I-40 through Ash Fork in Yavapai County. The 1.5-mile (2.4 km) loop begins at I-40 exit 145 and proceeds to the northeast along the western edge of town. The loop passes through town as a divided route with eastbound traffic following Park Avenue and westbound traffic routed along Lewis Avenue. The roadways combine on the east end of town, and the loop returns south terminating at I-40 exit 146. The roadway continues south beyond I-40 as SR 89.[3]:419–420[10]

Major intersections

The entire route is in Ash Fork, Yavapai County.

mi[3]:419–420kmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 I-40 Los Angeles, FlagstaffWestern terminus; I-40 exit 145
1.492.40 I-40 / SR 89 south Los Angeles, Flagstaff, PrescottEastern terminus; I-40 exit 146; road continues south as SR 89
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
  •       Route transition

Williams

State Business Route 40 (3)
LocationWilliams
Length3.98 mi[11] (6.41 km)
Existed1984–1990[12][11]

State Business Route 40 (3) (also known as I-40 BL) was a business loop of I-40 through Flagstaff in Coconino County. The 4.0-mile (6.4 km) loop began at I-40 exit 161 west of Williams and took Historic Route 66 into town. In the town center of Williams, the eastbound and westbound lanes of the loop diverged into a one way pair near 9th Street. The eastbound lans used the appropriately named "Route 66" while the westbound utilized Railroad Avenue. A junction at 2nd Street provided access to I-40 exit 163 and the Grand Canyon Railway station. East of town, the westbound and eastbound lanes of the loop re-converged. The loop curved northeast at Bearizona Wildlife Park before arriving at a junction with I-40 exit 165. The diamond interchange served as the eastern terminus of the loop. The road continued straight ahead as Arizona State Route 64, which has its western terminus at exit 165.[11] This route was a former section of U.S. Route 66 and U.S. Route 89.[13] On August 16, 1990, ownership and maintenance of the business route was handed over to the city of Williams and the designation was decommissioned.[11][14]

Major intersections

The entire route was in Coconino County.

Locationmi[11]kmDestinations[7]Notes
162.00260.71 I-40 Los Angeles, FlagstaffWestern terminus; I-40 exit 161; road continued as Country Club Drive
Williams163.62263.32 Grand Canyon Boulevard to I-40To I-40 exit 165
165.98267.12 I-40 / SR 64 east Los Angeles, Flagstaff, Grand CanyonEastern terminus; I-40 exit 165; highway continued north as SR 64
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Flagstaff

I-40 has both a current route traversing the city of Flagstaff in Coconino County and a former route previously on the city's east side.

Current route

State Business Route 40 (4)
LocationFlagstaff
Length9.67 mi (15.56 km)
Existed1988–present[15]:626

State Business Route 40 (4) (also known as I-40 BL) is a business loop of I-40 through Flagstaff in Coconino County. The 6.7-mile (10.8 km) loop begins at I-40 exit 191 west of Flagstaff and enters the city following the former route of US 66. In central Flagstaff, the loop intersects SR 89A at Milton Road. The loop turns north and follows Milton Rd. and then turns east along the street known as Route 66 (formerly Santa Fe Avenue) before intersecting US 180 at Humphreys Street. The loop continues to the east side of Flagstaff, where Rte. 66 diverges carrying the former alignment of I-40 BL, before intersecting US 89. From this intersection, the loop turns southward along Country Club Drive until terminating at I-40 exit 201.[16]:663–667[17]

Major intersections

The entire route is in Coconino County.

Locationmi[8]kmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 I-40 Los Angeles, AlbuquerqueWestern terminus; I-40 exit 191
0.530.85East end state maintenance
Flagstaff1.903.06West end state maintenance at Flagstaff city limits
4.206.76 SR 89A south (Milton Road) to I-17 / I-40 Sedona, PhoenixFormer US 89A
4.817.74 US 180 west (Humphreys Street) Arizona Snow Bowl, Grand Canyon, Museum of Northern ArizonaWest end of US 180 overlap
8.5713.79Fanning DriveEast end state maintenance
9.1414.71 US 89 north PageFormer interchange, now an at-grade T-intersection
9.6715.56 I-40 west to I-17 Phoenix, Los Angeles
I-40 / US 180 east Albuquerque
ADOT signs this as eastern terminus; east end of US 180 overlap; I-40 exit 201; road continues south as Country Club Drive
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Former route

State Business Route 40 (5)
LocationFlagstaff
Length0.87 mi[16]:668[note 1] (1.40 km)
Existed2002–2008[15]:627[3]:423

State Business Route 40 (5) (also known as I-40 BL) was a former business loop on the east side of the city of Flagstaff in Coconino County. The 4.6-mile (7.4 km) loop began at the combined route of I-40 BL and US 180 and followed Santa Fe Avenue eastward underpassing the current business route. The loop continued along the former US 66 connecting with I-40 and US 180 at exit 204 for Walnut Canyon Road along the city's eastern edge. The loop was decommissioned in 2008 and returned to the city for maintenance.[3]:423[16]:668[18]

Major intersections

The entire route was in Flagstaff, Coconino County.

mi[16]:668kmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 I-40 BL / US 180 (Santa Fe Avenue) Grand CanyonWestern terminus
4.647.47 I-40 / US 180 Los Angeles, AlbuquerqueEastern terminus; I-40 exit 204
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Current route

State Route 40 Spur
LocationWinslow
Length1.2 mi[8]:557[note 1] (1.9 km)
Existed1974–present[15]:638

State Route 40 Spur (SR 40S) (also known as I-40 BS) is a business spur of I-40 located in Navajo County, serving the city of Winslow. The 1.2-mile (1.9 km) spur begins at I-40/US 180 exit 252 and follows Hipkoe Drive south while concurrent with SR 99. At the intersection with 3rd Street, the two highways split; SR 99 heads east, while I-40 BS heads west. After crossing over the BNSF railway, the spur continues for 0.19 miles (310 m), ending just north of the intersection of Cooperstown Road and the county line.[19]

Major intersections

The entire route is in Navajo County.

Locationmi[8][19]kmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00Winslow Industrial SpurContinuation beyond western terminus
0.180.29Bridge over BNSF railway
Winslow1.011.63 SR 99 south to SR 87 (3rd Street) PaysonWest end of SR 99 concurrency
1.21.9 SR 99 north / I-40 (US 180) Flagstaff, AlbuquerqueEastern terminus; east end of SR 99 concurrency; I-40 exit 252; road continues north as Hipkoe Drive
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Former route

State Business Route 40 (6)
LocationWinslow
Length3.63 mi[20]:690 (5.84 km)
Existed1968–2007[15]:630[16]:668–669

The former State Business Route 40 (6) (also known as I-40 BL) in Winslow ran along former US 66 from exits 252 to exit 255.

Joseph City

State Business Route 40 (7)
LocationJoseph City
Length2.83 mi[8]:550 (4.55 km)
Existed1985–present[8]:550

State Business Route 40 (7) (also known as I-40 BL) in Joseph City runs along former US 66 from exits 274 to exit 277.

Holbrook

State Business Route 40 (8)
LocationHolbrook
Length5.10 mi[8]:553 (8.21 km)
Existed1996–present[8]:553

State Business Route 40 (8) (also known as I-40 BL) in Holbrook runs along part of current U.S. Route 180 in Arizona and former US 66 as well as Arizona State Route 77 from exits 285 to exit 289.

New Mexico

All of the business loops within New Mexico are maintained by the New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT). In New Mexico, Interstate business routes are named independently of their parent Interstate's designation with business loops of Interstate 25 (I-25) numbered between 10–19, those of I-10 between 20–29, and those of I-40 between 30–39. New Mexico business loop numbers ascend eastward and northward with gaps in numbering to allow for future designations. Within New Mexico, I-40 currently has business routes in Moriarty, Santa Rosa and Tucumcari.

Gallup

Interstate 40 Business
LocationGallup

The former Business Route 40 in Gallup, New Mexico ran along part of former US 66 from an interchange at exit 16 to another interchange at exit 26.

Grants

Interstate 40 Business
LocationGrants

The former Business Route 40 in Grants, New Mexico ran along part of former US 66 from an interchange at exit 79 in Milan to another interchange at exit 85. It also had a connecting spur at Exit 81.

Albuquerque

Interstate 40 Business
LocationAlbuquerque

The former Business Route 40 in Albuquerque, New Mexico ran along part of former US 66 from a former wye interchange at eastbound exit 149 to a half-diamond/partial cloverleaf interchange at exit 167. The wye interchange was rebuilt between 2009 and 2011 for Atrisco Vista Boulevard for the conversion of that interchange from a westbound half-diamond interchange to a full diamond interchange.

Moriarty

Business Loop 34
LocationMoriarty
Length2.922 mi[21]:3 (4.703 km)

Business Route 40 in Moriarty, New Mexico runs along part of former US 66. It begins at a trumpet interchange at exit 194 and begins traveling east intersecting NM 333. It continues west after that intersecting NM 41 before reaching its eastern terminus at a flyover interchange with an additional east-to-west ramp at exit 197.

Major intersections

The entire route is in Moriarty, Torrance County.

mi[22]kmDestinationsNotes
0.0000.000 I-40Western terminus; I-40 exit 194; trumpet interchange
NM 333 west EdgewoodEastern terminus of NM 333
NM 41 Galisteo, Estancia
2.9224.703 I-40Eastern terminus; I-40 exit 197; flyover interchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Santa Rosa

Business Loop 35
LocationSanta Rosa
Length4.367 mi[21]:4 (7.028 km)

Business Route 40 in Santa Rosa runs along former US 66 from exits 273 to exit 277. It also overlaps part of U.S. Route 54 and all of U.S. Route 84. Along the way it also intersects the northern terminus of NM 91.

Major intersections

The entire route is in Santa Rosa, Guadalupe County.

mi[22]kmDestinationsNotes
0.0000.000 I-40 / US 84 Albuquerque, TucumcariWestern terminus; I-40 exit 273
US 54 southWestern end of US 54 concurrency; serves Guadalupe County Hospital
NM 91 south – Softball complex, National Guard armoryNorthern terminus of NM 91
I-40 (US 84) Albuquerque, TucumcariI-40 exit 275
4.3677.028 US 54 east / I-40 / US 84 Tucumcari, AlbuquerqueEastern terminus; eastern end of US 54 concurrency; I-40 exit 277; highway continues south as US 84
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Tucumcari

Business Loop 36
LocationTucumcari
Length7.652 mi[21]:4 (12.315 km)

Business Route 40 in Tucumcari, New Mexico runs along part of former US 66 from a trumpet interchange at exit 329 to a diamond interchange at exit 335. It intersects NM 104 and NM 209 in the center of Tucumcari.

Major intersections

The entire route is in Tucumcari, Quay County.

mi[22]kmDestinationsNotes
0.0000.000 I-40 (US 54) Amarillo, AlbuquerqueWestern terminus; I-40 exit 329; trumpet interchange
NM 237 east (Bus. Loop US 54)Western terminus of NM 237
NM 104 west (First Street north) / NM 209 south (First Street south)Eastern terminus of NM 104, northern terminus of NM 209
US 54
7.65212.315 I-40 Amarillo, AlbuquerqueEastern terminus; I-40 exit 335; diamond interchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Texas

All of the business loops within Texas are maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Interstate 40 has seven business loops in the state, each located in the Panhandle region. Along I-40, TxDOT identifies each business route as Business Interstate 40 followed by an alphabetic suffix. Along Texas Interstates, the alphabetic suffixes on business route names ascend eastward and northward. There are gaps in the alphabetic values to allow for future system expansion. The alphabetic naming suffixes are included as small letters on the bottom of reassurance shields.

Glenrio

Business Interstate 40-A
LocationGlenrio
Length0.779 mi[23] (1.254 km)
Existed1990–present[23]

The Glenrio business spur of Interstate 40 begins at I-40 on exit 0 just east of the New Mexico-Texas state line. The highway runs south from the interchange towards Former route 66, then turns west along that decommissioned route where it terminates at the Texas-New Mexico State Line.

Adrian

Business Interstate 40-B
LocationAdrian
Length2.369 mi[24] (3.813 km)
Existed1990–present[24]

The Adrian business loop of Interstate 40 begins at I-40 at exit 22 and runs along Former route 66 to exit 23, the latter of which also includes the norther terminus of TX 214.

Route description

Bus. I-40 B begins and ends at on-and-off ramps leading to and from two-way frontage roads along I-40, which in the case of the one on the northbound side, a genuine former section of Route 66. Eastbound BL-40 immediately turns north on Oldham County Road 22, which runs across an overpass above I-40 before terminating at Historic US 66, then turns right, where it encounters the official Midway Point of historic US 66, as well as a café and motel focused on this theme. East of there at the intersection with Grand Avenue, the post office is diagonally across from a campground, and beyond that point the road runs past some silos. When the route intersects the westbound off-ramp for Exit 22, which is the official westbound beginning of BL-40, eastbound BL 40 runs towards the northern terminus of TX 214, then turns south overlapping that route until it runs above I-40 again, before turning east on the frontage road until finally leaving at the on-ramp ending at I-40 itself.

Vega

Business Interstate 40-C
LocationVega
Length3.395 mi[25] (5.464 km)
Existed1990–present[25]

The Vega business loop of Interstate 40 runs along Former route 66 between two modified trumpet interchanges at exits 35 and 37. It is officially designated as Business Interstate 40-C by the Texas Department of Transportation.

Route description

Bus. I-40 C begins and ends at on-and-off ramps leading to and from two-way frontage roads along I-40, which in the case of the one on the northbound side, a genuine former section of Route 66. Eastbound BL-40 immediately turns southeast, away from the former Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad line, which was acquired and later abandoned by the Rock Island Railroad.[26] The surrounding landscape is completely barren until the road encounters a hotel. From 14th to 13th Streets, the road curves from southeast to straight east. The sole main intersection along the route is U.S. Route 385 (South Main Street), which contains intersection beacons. Though all of BL-40 is named Route 66, as well as Vega Boulevard, an older segment of the iconic route turned north in an overlap with US 385, and turned west onto West Main Street ending just east of where the intersection with the eastbound exit 35 ramps are. Between 7th and 6th Streets, BL 40 passes a Texas DOT construction and maintenance facility, and then curves southeast again east of Third Street to follow along the south side of the former Choctaw Route. After the intersection with First Street, the surroundings become barren once again, with the exception of one ranch on the south side. BL-40 C ends at Exit 37 on I-40, and the former segment of US 66 along the north side continues as one of the two I-40 frontage roads.

Amarillo

Business Interstate 40-D
LocationAmarillo
Length14.125 mi[27][nb 1] (22.732 km)
Existed1990–present[27]

The Amarillo business loop of Interstate 40 begins at I-40 exit 62A just west of Amarillo. The highway was formerly a business route for Route 66, being that highway's only bannered route in Texas. Bus. I-40 D is known locally as Amarillo Boulevard and is the longest business route of Interstate 40.

Route description

Bus. I-40 D begins at Interstate 40 exit 62A just west of Amarillo near Cadillac Ranch. The highway runs east through a low developed area before entering the Amarillo city limits just before an intersection with Loop 335 (Soncy Road). Bus. I-40 D turns northeast at an interchange with Coulter Street/Wolffin Avenue before briefly running north at an interchange with SW 9th Avenue/Bell Street (near the main campus of Amarillo College). The highway starts turning northeast at Tascosa Road/Gem Lake Road before running straight east at the N. Western Street interchange. After this interchange, Bus. I-40 D begins to travel through a heavily developed area of the city before meeting U.S. Route 60/U.S. Route 87/U.S. Route 287 just north of downtown and begins an overlap with U.S. Route 60. The two highways continue to travel through a heavily developed area of the city, with the development becoming more sparse after the State Highway 136 intersection. Bus. I-40 D becomes a divided highway after an interchange with Loop 335 (Lakeside Drive) and runs along the northern border of Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport. Just after leaving the Amarillo city limits, U.S. Route 60 leaves the highway and Bus. I-40 D starts to run southeast. Bus. I-40 D meets its eastern terminus at I-40 exit 85.

Junction list
CountyLocationmi[28]kmDestinationsNotes
Potter0.000.00 I-40 westInterchange; no direct access to I-40 east; I-40 exit 62A
Amarillo2.13.4 Loop 335 (Soncy Road)
2.84.5 Wolffin Avenue / Coulter Street / Hagy Road / Port LanePartial interchange; Wolffin Rd. not signed westbound, Hagy Rd. and Port Ln. not signed eastbound
Bell StreetInterchange
4.36.9 SW 9th Avenue (Loop 279 east)Former Bus. US 66
5.08.0 RM 1061 north (Tascosa Road)
6.210.0 FM 1719 north (Western Street)Interchange
US 287 south (Taylor Street)One-way street
US 87 north (Fillmore Street)One-way street
US 60 west / US 87 south (Pierce Street)One-way street, outbound access only to US 60; west end of US 60 overlap
US 287 north / US 60 (Buchanan Street)One-way street, inbound access only from US 60
11.418.3Lake StreetInterchange
12.119.5 SH 136 north Borger
14.423.2 Loop 335 (Lakeside Road) Rick Husband Amarillo International AirportInterchange
17.628.3B Avenue Amarillo College East CampusPartial interchange
19.831.9 FM 1912 (Masterson Road)Interchange
20.332.7 US 60 east PanhandleEast end of US 60 overlap
Carson24.339.1 FM 2575
24.439.3 I-40 Oklahoma City, AmarilloInterchange; no access from EB I-40; I-40 west exit 85
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Groom

Business Interstate 40-F
LocationGroom
Length3.533 mi[29] (5.686 km)
Existed1990–present[29]

The Groom business loop of Interstate 40 begins at I-40 at exit 110 and runs along Former route 66 to exit 114. Officially designated as Business Interstate 40-F by the Texas Department of Transportation, it is one of the few business routes to run along the south side of I-40 in Texas, rather than the north side.

Route description

Business Interstate 40-F begins at the off-ramp for Exit 110 leading to the I-40 frontage road along the eastbound lanes, which suddenly becomes a divided highway named "Route 66." The first intersection is a connecting road to the parts of the interchange with the eastbound on-ramp, as well as the frontage roads along the westbound lanes, leading to the western terminus of the business loop. Shortly after this is the barely paved Carson County Road BB. The divided highway ends just west of TX FM 295 and Carson County Road CC (Western Avenue), and gains the additional name of "Front Street." The route runs along the edge of town as a four-lane undivided highway with the south side lined with numerous massive grain silos along the abandoned Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railway line until the intersection with TX FM 2300 (Eastern Avenue), and after passing by a TxDOT maintenance facility, the road become a divided highway once again. Little else exists along this segment. The last intersection is another connecting road to the eastbound off-ramp of Exit 114, the frontage roads along the westbound lanes leading to the western beginning of the business loop, and an unorthodox roadside attraction known as the Leaning Tower of Texas. Business Interstate Route 40-F ends at the on ramp to eastbound I-40, as does the divided former US 66, which is converted back into the frontage road along the eastbound lanes of I-40.

McLean

Business Interstate 40-H
LocationMcLean
Length3.796 mi[30] (6.109 km)
Existed1990–present[30]

The McLean business loop of Interstate 40 runs from exit 141 to 143. Officially designated as Business Interstate 40-H by the Texas Department of Transportation, it begins at I-40 at an eastbound flyover interchange and runs northeast along Former route 66. Before the intersection with 26th 1/2 Road, it curves to the southeast. After the intersection with Texas Highway 273, it splits into a one way pair with eastbound BL-40 H continuing along Railroad Street, and westbound BL-40 H moving onto First Street, one block to the north. This one-way pair runs through the McLean Commercial Historic District and comes to an end just at the intersection with a connecting road that brings Eastbound BL-40-H traffic under I-40 and then loops back from the south I-40 frontage road to end at I-40.

Shamrock

Business Interstate 40-J
LocationShamrock
Length2.77 mi[31] (4.46 km)
Existed1993–present[31]

The Shamrock business loop of Interstate 40 is the easternmost business route of I-40 in Texas, running from exit 161 to exit 164, along historic US 66. Officially designated as Business Interstate 40-J by the Texas Department of Transportation, it is another business route that runs along the south side of I-40 in Texas, rather than the north side.

Route description

Business Interstate 40-J begins at the off-ramp for Exit 161 leading to the I-40 frontage road along the eastbound lanes, which just as in Groom, suddenly becomes a divided highway named "Route 66." After passing a gas station and a former intersection with Wheeler County Road 15, the first intersection with this Business Loop is the unmarked Texas State Spur 556, which is also a connecting road running underneath I-40 leading to the frontage roads along the westbound lanes, as well as the western terminus of the business loop. Unlike Groom, no eastbound on ramp exists here, and the divided highway ends immediately after Spur 556 in order to become a four-lane undivided highway. Further into town former Route 66 gains the name of West 12th Street, and the only signalized intersection along the entire route is U.S. Route 83 in Texas (Main Street) where the NRHP-listed U-Drop Inn can be found on the northeast corner. From there, the road is named East 12th Street. Commercial development along the road, which began four blocks west of US 83 at North Arizona Street, consist mainly of motels, restaurants, and local car culture oriented businesses, some of which focuses on the roads former status as Route 66. The commercial strip ends after a dirt road named North Tennessee Street.

"Route 66" splits from East 12th Street at an intersection that's another connecting road to the eastbound off-ramp of Exit 164, the then runs over the overpass above I-40 to turn right at the frontage road along the westbound lanes leading to the western beginning of the business loop. Eastbound Business Interstate Route 40-J narrows down to a two-lane undivided highway before passing by a TxDOT construction and maintenance facility, and then leaves the frontage road at the on ramp to eastbound I-40, where it meets its terminus. The frontage roads along both sides of I-40 continue through three more interchanges before crossing the Texas-Oklahoma State Line.

Oklahoma

Erick

Interstate 40 Business
LocationErick

The Erick business loop of Interstate 40 is the first business route of I-40 in Oklahoma. It begins on exit 5 (Honeyfarm Drive) and runs south into North 1720th Road until that street ends at a four-lane divided highway known as East 1240th Road (former Route 66), where it turns east. The next intersection is Oklahoma State Highway 30, which overlaps Bus. I-40 from that point on. BL-40/OK 30 ends as a divided highway at Williams Street, and becomes Roger Miller Boulevard as it enters downtown Erick. The overlap with SH-30 ends at Sheb Wooley Avenue when SH-30 itself turns north. BL-40 becomes a divided highway again east of North 1750th Road, and continues east until the intersection with a dirt road named North 1770th Road, where it curves to the northeast. BL-40 finally ends at a folded-diamond interchange with I-40, known as exit 11.

Sayre

Interstate 40 Business
LocationSayre

The Sayre business loop of Interstate 40 is the second business route of I-40 in Oklahoma. It runs north from exit 20 overlapping much of U.S. Route 283 as a four-lane divided highway until the intersection with Greer Avenue where it becomes four-lane undivided highway. The sole major intersection downtown is West and East Main Streets, which are part of Oklahoma State Highway 152. Between Maple and Poplar Avenues, the BL-40/US 283/former US 66 has a grade crossing with a former Rock Island Railroad line, just west of a historic depot. Further north, it passes by the First Baptist Church, as well as the Route 66 Farmer's Market. BL-40 and historic US 66 leave that overlap across from the intersection with West Sayre Avenue. From there it runs east-northeast until it reaches a diamond interchange with I-40 at exit 25. Beyond exit 25, the road continues as a jughandle frontage road leading to East 1170th Road.

Elk City

Interstate 40 Business
LocationElk City

The Elk City business loop of Interstate 40 is the third business route of I-40 in Oklahoma. It runs northeast along former US 66 from eastbound exit 32 and turns east after the beginning of an overlap with OK 6 that runs along the route until OK 6 turns south at North Main Street. From there it snakes through the northeastern part of the city and after the intersection with OK 34 finally terminates with I-40 at westbound exit 41.

Route description

The route begins at a left exit in a wye interchange with Interstate 40, which also serves as a connection to southbound Oklahoma State Highway 34. The first intersection along this route is BK 29, which leads to OK 34, and was the west end of an overlap with OK 34 until 1987. The road continues to run northeast, then after encountering an intersection with OK 6, which joins BL-40 in a concurrency, it turns straight east. Just after James Way, the divided highway is replaced by a four lane undivided boulevard with center left turn provisions, and the road approaches the National Route 66 Museum. As the road approaches downtown Elk City, OK 6 turns south at the intersection with North Main Street.

Crossing a bridge over a tributary to Elk Creek, BL-40 makes a sharp curve to the left and heads north at Third Street. Between BK 35 and Country Club Drive, the road not only turns to the east again, but also resumes its previous status as a divided highway. Here it also passes by the Elk City Regional Business Airport. The approach to the intersection with OK 34 is a sign of the beginning of the end for BL-40, because south of this intersection is an approach to a westbound on-eastbound off wye interchange with I-40. Immediately after this intersection, BL-40 ends at an eastbound on-westbound off wye interchange with I-40.

Major intersections

The entire route is in Beckham County.

LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 I-40Western terminus; I-40 exit 32
Elk City To SH-34Former west end of OK 34 overlap
SH-6 west (BKR)West end of OK 6 overlap
SH-6 east (North Main Street)East end of OK 6 overlap
SH-34 to I-40 westSouth to EB exit 41 on I-40
I-40 eastEastern terminus; I-40 WB exit 41
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Clinton

Interstate 40 Business
LocationClinton

The Clinton business loop of Interstate 40 is the fourth business route of I-40 in Oklahoma, running from exit 65 to exit 69, although only part of the route runs along former US 66.

Route description

The route begins at exit 65, which is an eastbound flyover with no re-entry, and a westbound right-in/right-out configuration. It runs northeast along West Gary Boulevard, a four-lane divided highway with a grassy median, surrounded by commercial development, including Clinton High School, then the Oklahoma Route 66 Museum just south of the eastern terminus of Oklahoma State Highway 73, and ironically west of the original US 66. The divider becomes less prominent north of that intersection, briefly becoming non-existent in some areas. The road runs parallel to a Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway line until it curves east before the intersection with North 15th Street, and continues to run straight east throughout much of downtown. BL-40 doesn't overlap any former segments of US 66 until 10th Street. With some exceptions, BL 40 continues as a standard commercial strip. Those exceptions consist of historic looking buildings such as the First Presbyterian Church on the southwest corner of North 7th Street, and the former fire station on the northeast corner of North 6th Street.

City Hall can be found on the northwest intersection with US 183 (North 4th Street), as well as a second leg of former US 66. East of that intersection the surroundings are slightly more industrial. At North First Street, the route crosses an abandoned railroad line that was paved in that street as the name is briefly changed to Choctaw Avenue, then crosses a non-abandoned former Kansas City, Mexico and Orient railroad line now run by the Farmrail and Grainbelt Railroads.[32] Immediately after the intersection with South Glenn Smith Street, the road runs along the Bridge over the Washita River, and the name is reverted to Gary Boulevard where it becomes more rural. Curving around a former Rock Island Railroad line, the road becomes a divided highway with a wide grassy divider again, just before the entrance to the Clinton Indian Health Center, the headquarters of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Government[33] and a branch of the Lucky Star Casino.[34] The last intersection is North 2280th Street before BL 40 ends at a wye interchange with I-40 at exit 69.

Weatherford

Interstate 40 Business
LocationWeatherford

The Weatherford business loop of Interstate 40 is the fifth business route of I-40 in Oklahoma, running from exit 80A to exit 82, along parts of former US 66, and Main Street.

Route description

BL-40 begins at an eastbound-only flyunder interchange and runs northeast along Southwest Main Street and runs beneath a railroad bridge for a former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad line. Southwest Main Street ends at the southwest corner of the intersection of North and South 7th Streets and West Main Street, the route turns east onto West Main Street. West of this intersection, West Main has no designation but connects to OK 54. West Main Street becomes East Main Street at the intersection with North and South Custer Streets. East of Washington Avenue BL-40 curves to the northeast then turns right where it ends at another flyunder interchange, while historic US 66 continues onto East Main Street along the north side of I-40. Until sometime in the mid-2010s, this interchange was a trumpet interchange with no east to westbound ramp.

El Reno

Interstate 40 Business
LocationEl Reno

The El Reno business loop of Interstate 40 is the sixth business route of I-40 in Oklahoma, running from exit 119 to exit 125, along former US 66, as well as part of US 81.

Route description

BL-40 begins at a trumpet interchange with Interstate 40/U.S. Route 270, running northeast as a divided highway until the intersection with East 1020th Drive, thereby joining Historic US 66 and turning straight east along Sunset Road. After passing by the Federal Correctional Institution of El Reno, the divided narrows as the road enters more developed surroundings. Sunset Road curves to the southeast from Foreman Road and passes through Adams Park, only to curve back straight east before a bridge over the Four Mile Creek Riverbed, and the intersection with South Country Club Road.

Between South Ellison Avenue and North Miles Avenue, BL-40 runs beneath a railroad bridge for an old Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad line that runs northwest to southeast, and is now owned by Union Pacific Railroad. Four blocks later, BL-40 intersects US 81 (Chisholm Trail) at South Choctaw Avenue and joins the route in a southbound concurrency. For one block BL-40/US 81/Historic US 66 run south to Wade Street, then the three routes run east for two blocks to Rock Island Avenue only to turn south again. Rock Island Avenue carries all three routes straight south until the intersection with East Elm Street where the road shifts to the south-southeast over a railroad bridge for another former Rock Island Railroad line. After this bridge, the road begins to curve more towards the east as it briefly intersects and takes over the alignment of Southeast 27th Street. BL-40/US 81 avoid a sharp right turn onto South Shepherd Avenue through a long east to south turning ramp, but still intersects the western terminus of Oklahoma State Highway 66. Almost immediately, BL-40 ends Exit 125 on I-40/US 270, which is an offset diamond interchange with one south-to-east loop ramp, while US 81 continues south towards Chickasha, Bowie, Texas, and Fort Worth, Texas.

Major intersections

The entire route is in Canadian County.

LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 I-40 / US 270 Amarillo, Oklahoma CityWestern terminus; I-40 exit 119
El Reno US 81 (Choctaw Avenue north)West end of US-81 overlap
Bridge over UP/AT&L connecting line
SH-66 east YukonWestern terminus of SH-66; former US-66 east
I-40 (US 270) / US 81 south Oklahoma City, Amarillo, ChickashaEastern terminus; I-40 exit 125; east end of US 81 overlap; highway continues as US-81 south
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Henryetta

Interstate 40 Business
LocationHenryetta

The Henryetta business loop of Interstate 40 is the seventh business route of I-40 in Oklahoma, running from exit 237 to exit 240, along US Business Routes 62 and 75, as well as part of US 62-75. It is the first business route along I-40 in the state that's not a former segment of US 66.

Route description

BL-40 begins at a diamond interchange with Creek Mine Road. Immediately after the westbound off and on ramps for I-40, the business routes all turn from north to east onto Hornbeam Road. Hornbeam Road runs east then curves to the northeast until it finally ends at West Main Street just west of 17th Street, curving smoothly into that street in the process. The routes run along West Main Street through the southern part of the city, and eventually intersects the former Oklahoma State Highway 124 (10th Street) without a traffic signal. The only indication of that street's current importance are signs directing motorists to the Henryetta Municipal Airport,[35] and an RV Park. Traffic signals can instead be found at 6th, 5th, and 4th Streets. After crossing the former Frisco Railroad tracks along with the abandoned Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway line,[36] West Main Street becomes East Main Street at Lake Road, where the fourth traffic signal in town can be found. U.S. Business routes 62 and 75 end at US 62–75, but BL-40 turns south along this overlap until finally terminating at a cloverleaf interchange with I-40, which is also the northern terminus of the Indian Nation Turnpike.

Sallisaw

Interstate 40 Business
LocationSallisaw

The Sallisaw business loop of Interstate 40 is the last business route of I-40 in Oklahoma, running from exit 308 (US 59) to exit 311 (US 64).

Route description

BL-40 begins at a diamond interchange with I-40 at Exit 308, and then turns north along US 59 (South Kerr Boulevard) as it passes under I-40. The road is a commercial strip that runs at a slight north-northwest angle and serves as a four-lane undivided highway with occasional provisions for left-turn lanes. South Kerr Boulevard curves slightly to the north-northeast where it ends at West Cherokee Avenue (US 64), and both BL-40 and US 59 join US 64 along West Cherokee Avenue in a concurrency. The road narrows down to two lanes and runs beneath a Kansas City Southern Railroad line, but emerges from beneath the bridge to enter "downtown" Sallisaw as a two-lane concrete road with parallel parking, and run parallel to a former Missouri Pacific Railroad line, now owned by Union Pacific Railroad. The former MoPac Depot is now the Stanley Tubbs Memorial Library.

US 59 leaves the overlap at North Wheeler Avenue and BL-40 continues to follow US 64, along East Cherokee Avenue, which become a four-lane undivided highway before Wheeler Avenue. East of North Dogwood Street, BL-40/US 64 curves to the southeast, away from the former MoPac line, and resumes as a standard contemporary commercial strip. Between Jenkins Street and Doris Drive, the road runs along a bridge over Hog Creek. BL-40 ends at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-40 known as Exit 311, while US 64 continues towards the Sallisaw Sports Complex, Muldrow, and Moffett, where it crosses the J. Fred Patton Garrison Avenue Bridge over the Arkansas River and the Oklahoma-Arkansas State Line.

North Carolina

Interstate 40 Business
LocationWinston-Salem, Kernersville, Colfax
Existed1992–2020

Salem Parkway in North Carolina (formerly known as Business 40 or I-40 Bus.), was established in 1992 when I-40 was rerouted, onto the newly constructed bypass in southern Winston-Salem. Salem Parkway follows the old alignment of I-40 through Winston-Salem, Kernersville, & Colfax. In November 2018, I-40 Business was closed around the downtown area of Winston-Salem for improvement. When construction was completed, I-40 Business was decommissioned and the second route (US 421) that overlaps with I-40 Business remains on the corridor. Because of this, The I-40 Business exit numbers (Exits 1-17) were replaced by the US 421 exit numbers (238-221). Construction was completed February 2, 2020.

CountyLocationmikmOld exitNew exitDestinationsNotes
ForsythWinston-Salem0.000.00 US 421 north Yadkinville, WilkesboroContinuation as US 421
1238 I-40 Greensboro, StatesvilleWestbound left exit
1.632.622 A-B237 A-B NC 67 (Silas Creek Parkway)To Wake Forest University, LJVM Coliseum, Hanes Mall
2.423.893A236Knollwood Street
2.884.633 B-C235 A-B US 158 west (Stratford Road)West end of US 158 overlap
3.455.554A234CCloverdale AvenueSigned as exit 4 eastbound
3.796.104B234BWest First Street / Hawthorne RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
4.166.695A234A NC 150 west (Peters Creek Parkway)West end of NC 150 overlap; eastbound all traffic exit
4.517.265BBroad StreetPermanently closed as of November 2018
4.817.745C233BCherry Street Convention CenterTemporary closed till Spring 2020
5.008.055D233AMain Street / First Street Old Salem, Salem CollegeTemporary closed till Spring 2020
5.619.036A-B232B-C US 52 / NC 8 (John Gold Memorial Expressway) Lexington, High Point, Mount Airy, Smith Reynolds AirportUS 52 exits 109A-B; westbound all traffic exit
5.889.466C232AMartin Luther King Jr. DriveTo Winston-Salem State University
6.9711.227231Lowery Street / Fifth StreetEastbound Lowery Street, westbound Fifth Street
7.8612.658230 US 158 east (Reidsville Road) Walkertown, ReidsvilleEast end of US 158 overlap; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
9.6615.5510228Linville Road
Kernersville11.6618.76227 I-74Future interchange (under construction)
13.8422.2714224South Main Street  Kernersville
15.4224.8215222 NC 66 / NC 150 east KernersvilleEast end of NC 150 overlap
15.6025.1116Mountain Street ColfaxPermanently closed as of May 2015[37]
16.5626.6517221Macy Grove Road Colfax
GuilfordColfax18.5029.77 I-40 east / US 421 south (Fordham Boulevard) GreensboroContinuation as I-40 / US 421
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

 U.S. Roads portal

Notes

  1. Official route lengths in Arizona reflect road segments within the state highway inventory and not portions of the route under municipal control and maintenance.
  1. The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of Bus. I-40 D considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 60 in Amarillo.

References

  1. Staff, Division of Design (May 7, 2012). "Highway Design Manual, Chapter 20, Index 21.2" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 3. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  2. Google (September 24, 2014). "Overview of I-40 Bus. in Needles" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  3. Staff, Multimodal Planning Division, Data Bureau (December 31, 2008). "2008 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 2, 2014.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. Staff, ADOT Data Section (December 31, 1998). "1998 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 2, 2014.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. Staff, Multimodal Planning Division, Roadway Inventory (December 31, 2009). "2009 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 2, 2014.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. Google (October 2, 2014). "Overview of I-40 Bus. in Kingman" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  7. Arizona Department of Transportation (2014). "Arizona Parkways, Historic and Scenic Roads" (PDF). Phoenix: Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  8. Staff, Multimodal Planning Division, Roadway Inventory Management Section (December 31, 2012). "2012 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  9. Google (September 25, 2014). "Overview of I-40 Bus. in Seligman" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  10. Google (September 25, 2014). "Overview of I-40 Bus. in Ash Fork" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  11. Arizona Department of Transportation, Multimodal Planning Division (2015). "State Highway System (ArcGIS)". Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  12. Arizona Department of Transportation. "ADOT Right-of-Way Resolution 1984-10-A-064". Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  13. Arizona Highway Department; Rand McNally Company (1963). State Highway Department Road Map of Arizona (Map). 1:1,520,640. Phoenix: Arizona Highway Department. Retrieved August 24, 2018 via AARoads.
  14. Staff. "ADOT Right-of-Way Resolution 1990-08-A-062". Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 6, 2019. Abandon portion of old U.S. 66 right of way to city of Williams, prior Resolution 84-65.
  15. Staff (December 31, 2005). "2005 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  16. Staff (December 31, 2007). "2007 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  17. Google (October 4, 2014). "Overview of current I-40 Bus. in Flagstaff" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  18. Google (October 4, 2014). "Overview of former I-40 Bus. in Flagstaff" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  19. Google. "Overview of I-40 Business Spur in Winslow". Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  20. Staff, Transportation Planning Division, Data Bureau (December 31, 2006). "2006 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 9, 2014.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  21. Staff, Data Management Bureau (March 16, 2010). "Posted RouteLegal Description; Business Loops" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  22. "TIMS Road Segments by Posted Route/Point with AADT Info; NM, NMX-Routes" (PDF). New Mexico Department of Transportation. April 3, 2013. pp. 5–7. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  23. Transportation Planning and Programming Division. "Business Interstate Highway No. 40-A". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014
  24. Transportation Planning and Programming Division. "Business Interstate Highway No. 40-B". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014
  25. Transportation Planning and Programming Division. "Business Interstate Highway No. 40-C". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014
  26. 1969 Topographical Map of Vega, Texas (Historic Aerials Online)
  27. Transportation Planning and Programming Division. "Business Interstate Highway No. 40-D". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014
  28. "Highway Overview Map of Bus. I-40 D". Google Maps. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  29. Transportation Planning and Programming Division. "Business Interstate Highway No. 40-F". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014
  30. Transportation Planning and Programming Division. "Business Interstate Highway No. 40-H". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014
  31. Transportation Planning and Programming Division. "Business Interstate Highway No. 40-J". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 24, 2014
  32. Farmrail & Grainbelt Railroads (The Southwest Railfan; TrainWeb)
  33. Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes
  34. Locations; Lucky Star Casino
  35. Henrietta Municipal Airport (Airport IQ)
  36. 1963 Henryetta, OK Topographical Map (Historic Aerials Online)
  37. Young, Wesley (May 20, 2015). "Macy Grove Road interchange now open on Business 40 in Kernersville". Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
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