Knit cap

A knit cap, originally of wool (though now often of synthetic fibers), is designed to provide warmth in cold weather. Typically, the knit cap is of simple, tapering constructions, though many variants exist. Historically, the wool knit cap was an extremely common form of headgear for seamen, fishers, hunters and others spending their working day outdoors from the 18th century and forward, and is still commonly used for this purpose in the northern regions of North America, Europe, Asia, and other cold regions of the world. Being found all over the world where climate demands a warm hat, the knit cap can be found under a multitude of local names.

This article is about the knit cap also known as a "beanie", "tuque", ”toboggan”, or "touque" among other names. For the head-hugging cap made of cloth panels, also known as a "skully", see Beanie (seamed cap). For other uses, see Beanie.
"Tuque" and "Touque" redirect here. For the traditional chef's headgear, see Toque. For the Canadian city, see La Tuque, Quebec. For other uses, see Tuque (disambiguation), Toque (disambiguation), and Touques (disambiguation).
Woman wearing a modern red knit cap

Construction

Most knit caps (or beanie hats) are tapered at the top. The stretch of the knitting itself hugs the head, keeping the cap secure. They are sometimes topped with a pom-pom or loose tassels. Knit caps may have a folded brim, or none, and may be worn tightly fitting the head or loose on top. A South American tradition from the Andes Mountains is for the cap to have ear flaps, with strings for tying under the chin. A special type of cap called a balaclava folds down over the head with openings for just the face or for the eyes or mouth only.

Some modern variants are constructed as a parallel sided tube, with a draw-string closure at one end. This version can be worn as a neck-warmer with the draw-string loose and open, or as a hat with the draw-string pulled tight and closed.

History

Balaclava
Main article: Balaclava (clothing)

The pull-down knit cap was known in the army of the British Empire as an Uhlan cap or a Templar cap. During the Crimean War, handmade pull-down caps were sent over to the British troops to help protect them from the bitter cold weather before or after the battle of Balaclava.[1] The cap became popularly known a Balaclava helmet or just balaclava among the soldiers.[2]

Scandinavian tophue
Danish farmer wearing traditional clothing, including red tophue

In Scandinavia, caps resembling a typical knit cap with a pom-pom have been in use since the Viking period and possibly earlier. The term (Danish tophue, Norwegian topplue, Swedish toppluva) means "top cap", and refers to the pom-pom. The Viking Age Rällinge statuette, possibly a depiction the god Freyr, wears what might be a pointed cap with pom-pom.[3]

Early caps were probably sewn or made with nålebinding, but were knitted from the 17th century onwards, when knitting became known in Scandinavia. Inspired by the phrygian cap of the French revolution, it became largely ubiquitous during the 18th and 19th century. It is still found in many of the Scandinavian folk costumes for men.[4]

Canadian toque, tuque or touque
The Toboggan Party, Rideau Hall, illuminated composite photograph showing men wearing toques from Lady Dufferin's personal album. c. 1872–1875

In Canadian English, knit caps are also known as a tuque (pronounced /tuːk/; also spelled touque or toque), a word closely related to the French word toque, originally referring to a traditional headwear and now used for a type of chef's hat (short for toque blanche, meaning "white hat"). Toque is also commonly used across New England as well, especially among the working class. A proper Canadian tuque has a tassel at the end (see bobble hat below) but there are variations. The term likely has its origins with the long hats the Voyageurs wore as they traversed westward on the rivers of North America. The term was picked up among the Blackfeet from them and entered Chinook Jargon all the way to the Pacific and the Klondike.[5]

The precursor to the modern tuque was a small, round, close-fitting hat, brimless or with a giant brim known as a Monmouth cap. In the 12th and 13th centuries, women wore embroidered "toques", made of velvet, satin, or taffeta, on top of their head-veils. In the late 16th century, brimless, black velvet toques were popular with men and women. Throughout the 19th century, women wore toques, often small, trimmed with fur, lace, bows, flowers, or leaves.[6]

The term tuque is French Canadian. Some etymologists think it probably comes from an Old Spanish word (toca) for a type of headdress—specifically, a soft, close-fitting cap worn about 500 years ago.

The word tuque is similarly related to the name of the chef's toque, an alternate spelling from Middle Breton, the language spoken by Breton immigrants at the founding of New France. In Modern Breton, it is spelled tok, and it just means "hat". In Old Breton, it was spelled toc.

The tuque is similar to the Phrygian cap, and, as such, during the 1837 Patriotes Rebellion, a red tuque became a symbol of French-Canadian nationalism. The symbol was revived briefly by the Front de libération du Québec in the 1960s.[7] It is considered cold-weather outerwear and is not commonly worn indoors.

In general it also considered one of the symbols of Canadian identity as shown in the parodies of SCTV's Bob and Doug McKenzie which was created to appease the CRTC's requirement for more Canadian Content.

The word is also occasionally spelled touque. Although this is not considered a standard spelling by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary,[8] some informal media polls have suggested that it is the preferred spelling by many Canadians.[9]

In some sections of Canada, a tuque with a brim on it, commonly worn by snowboarders, is nicknamed a bruque (a brimmed tuque).[10]

British bobble hat
A bobble hat

A bobble hat or bobble cap or Bob Cap is a knit cap that has a yarn "bobble" or pom-pom on top. It is similar to a watch cap, although that does not have a bobble.

Bobble hats were traditionally considered utilitarian cold-weather wear. In the early 21st century they were considered popular only with geeks and nerds. A surprise rise in popularity, driven initially by the Geek-Chic trend, saw them become a fashionable and with a real fur bobble, luxury designer item.[11][12][13]

In the late 20th century, in the United Kingdom, they (like the anorak) were associated with utilitarian unfashionability or with older football supporters, as they had been popular in club colours during the 1960s and 1970s.[14][15] Along with the pin-on rosette and the football scarf, the bobble hat was seen as traditional or old-fashioned British working-class football regalia.

Scandinavian tomte with typical knit cap, Hans Gude 1896

Knitted caps are common in cold climates, and are worn worldwide in various forms. They have become the common headgear for stereotypical dockworkers and sailors in movies and television. Bill Murray wore this type of hat in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, possibly as a parody of the red tuque (or Phrygian cap) worn by Jacques Cousteau.

Famous media characters to sport a knitted cap are the SCTV characters Bob and Doug McKenzie. Michael Nesmith of The Monkees also wore this hat in his television series, as did Jay in the films of the View Askewniverse, Robert Clothier's character "Relic" in the long-running Canadian TV series The Beachcombers, and Hanna-Barbera's character Loopy de Loop wore a knit cap as well. Michael Parks wore one as James "Jim" Bronson in the popular series "Then Came Bronson". Robert Conrad also had worn one in his role of coureur des bois in the epic TV series Centennial. Bruce Weitz's character Mick Belker wore this hat throughout almost every episode of Hill Street Blues.

Characters in the animated series South Park, including Eric Cartman and Stan Marsh, usually wear knitted caps. Jayne Cobb from the TV series Firefly wore an orange sherpa knitted and sent him by his mother in the episode "The Message". The character Compo on the British TV show Last of the Summer Wine is almost always seen wearing a knitted cap.

Edd from Ed, Edd n Eddy wears a black, loose knit cap almost every time he's on screen, which covers something on his head that he's embarrassed about.

The guitarist for the Irish band U2, The Edge, is also known for wearing a knitted cap while performing, or during interviews. Tom Delonge, former guitarist and vocalist of the pop punk band Blink-182 is also known to wear a knitted cap during live performances. Rob Caggiano, music producer and former guitarist for thrash metal band Anthrax, is often seen wearing a black one. Lee Hartney from The Smith Street Band is regularly seen in a black knit cap, even during an Australian summer. Canadian Daniel Powter also wore a blue knitted cap during the music video for "Bad Day". Knitted caps are also worn commonly by hip hop artists. Masao Inaba from Revelations: Persona wears one.

Toronto Maple Leafs goalie Jonathan Bernier wore a toque over his helmet during the sixth annual National Hockey League Winter Classic on January 1, 2014.

One of the more notable wearers of the tuque was Jacques Plante, the Hall of Fame goaltender for the Montreal Canadiens ice hockey team throughout the 1950s. During the 2003 Heritage Classic game (which was played at temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F)), another Canadiens goaltender, José Théodore, wore a tuque on top of his goalie mask.

A 1984 Québécois film about an enormous snowball fight has the French title La guerre des tuques (The War of the Tuques).[16] A town in Quebec is known as La Tuque, named after a nearby hill that resembles a tuque.

During the 2000s and 2010s, the bobble hat remains popular among many celebrities,[17] including American rapper Eminem and Dappy from British-Cypriot group N-Dubz.

Santa Claus is often shown with a knitted cap or a sewn cap following the typical Scandinavian style knitted cap with a pom-pom, a trait he has inherited from the Germanic/Scandinavian tradition. The Scandinavian tomte is likewise usually depicted with a red knitted cap, such a cap is also used as a national symbol (sometimes negatively) in Norway.[18]

Other names
East German fisherman in 1963 wearing a knit cap

Other names for knitted caps include: woolly hat (British English), wool hat (American English), sock hat, knit hat, poof ball hat, bonnet, sock cap, stocking cap, tossel cap, skullcap, ski hat, burglar beanie, watch cap (American English), snookie, sugan, or chook. In Southern American English it is sometimes called a toboggan. In Western Pennsylvania English (Pittsburghese), it is known as a tossle cap.

In Canada, it is often referred to as a toque or tuque. It may also simply be called a winter hat.

In parts of the English-speaking world, this type of knitted hat is traditionally called a beanie, but in parts of Canada and the US, the word "beanie" is used to denote a different design of brimless cap which is floppy, and made up of joined panels of felt, twill, or other tightly woven cloth rather than being knitted.

A knitted cap is commonly referred to as a "watch cap" by members of the United States military, as it is the head gear worn while "standing watch" on a ship or guard post. The term "snookie cap" is also frequently used in the US military.

A knitted cap with ear flaps is often called a bobble hat (if it has a bobble/pompom on top), toboggan, or sherpa.

See also

References
  1. Shepherd, John (1991). The Crimean Doctors: A History of the British Medical Services in the Crimean War. 1. Liverpool University Press. pp. 296–306.
  2. Figes, Orlando (2012). The Crimean War : a history (1st Picador ed.). New York: Picador. p. 304. ISBN 1250002524.
  3. Swedish Museum of National Antiquities inventory number 14232. Viewable online:
  4. Flaten, Lillill Thuve ; foto: Morten (1998). Norske luer. Oslo: Orion. ISBN 8245803243.
  5. [https://chinookjargon.com/2019/01/05/toque-in-mississippi-valley-french-eh/
  6. History of the Tuque (archived)
  7. An image of an 1837 Patriote in a Phrygian cap can be seen in images of the published FLQ manifesto, for instance at youtube.com
  8. Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004). Canadian Oxford Dictionary, second edition. Toronto, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-541816-6. "Toque" is a main headword, "tuque" considered a variant spelling, "touque" does not appear.
  9. "Thousands vote on correct spelling of Canadian knit cap". CBC News. December 9, 2013.
  10. "Toque, tuque, bruque: What's the difference?"
  11. "Strickmütze mit Bommel" (in German).
  12. "Shopcade – Your shopping guide". Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  13. Walker, Harriet. "So big and bold you can't miss it . . . the bobble hat is back on top". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  14. Showing a lot of bobble. Danny Kelly, The Times. January 2, 2006 A recent columnist reminisced about attending a football match in 1969: "My Mum had knitted My New Hat. It was a navy blue and white striped bobble hat, quite like a million others worn by football fans everywhere."
  15. Patrick Murphy, John Williams, Eric Dunning. Football on Trial: Spectator Violence and Development in the Football World. Routledge, 1990 ISBN 0-415-05023-5 p.154. Football casuals are described as avoiding older fans, who are described as the "bobble hat and scarf brigade".
  16. La Guerre des Tuques (1984) at IMDB
  17. Archived 2014-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Would you wear these trends?
  18. Thaule, J. (2014). "Hvem eier symbolene, Norge under Solkorsbanneret". Bibliotheca Nova. 1: 86.
  • Media related to Knit caps at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of Knit cap at Wiktionary
  • The dictionary definition of watch cap at Wiktionary
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