Jacques Cousteau

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, AC (/kˈst/, also UK: /ˈkst/, French: [ʒak iv kusto]; 11 June 1910  25 June 1997)[1] was a French naval officer, explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He co-developed the Aqua-Lung, pioneered marine conservation and was a member of the Académie Française.

Jacques Cousteau

Cousteau in 1972
Born
Jacques-Yves Cousteau

(1910-06-11)11 June 1910
Died25 June 1997(1997-06-25) (aged 87)
Paris, France
NationalityFrench
OccupationOceanographer
Spouse(s)
Children
RelativesPierre-Antoine Cousteau (brother)

Cousteau described his underwater world research in a series of books, perhaps the most successful being his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure, published in 1953. Cousteau also directed films, most notably the documentary adaptation of the book, The Silent World, which won a Palme d'or at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. He remained the only person to win a Palme d'Or for a documentary film, until Michael Moore won the award in 2004 for Fahrenheit 9/11.

Biography

"The sea, the great unifier, is man's only hope. Now, as never before,
the old phrase has a literal meaning: We are all in the same boat."

Jacques Cousteau

Early years

Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. However, an automobile accident, which broke both his arms, cut short his career in naval aviation. The accident forced Cousteau to change his plans to become a naval pilot, so he then indulged his passion for the ocean.[2]

In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors of modern swimming goggles.[1] Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).

On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior, with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, one year after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son, Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.

Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving

The years of World War II were decisive for the history of diving. After the armistice of 1940, the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in Megève, where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Marcel Ichac shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible places — for Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize of the Congress of Documentary Film in 1943, for the first French underwater film: Par dix-huit mètres de fond (18 meters deep), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche, an engineer of Arts and Measures at the Naval College.

In 1943, they made the film Épaves (Shipwrecks), in which they used two of the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made in Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Cousteau and Émile Gagnan.[3] When making Épaves, Cousteau could not find the necessary blank reels of movie film, but had to buy hundreds of small still camera film reels the same width, intended for a make of child's camera, and cemented them together to make long reels.[4][5]

Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa "Baobab" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a "pen anti-semite" who wrote the collaborationist newspaper Je suis partout (I am everywhere) and who received the death sentence in 1946. However, this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954.

During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit scuba technology used today. According to his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure (1953), Cousteau started diving with Fernez goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by Commander Yves le Prieur.[4] Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a demand regulator, invented in 1942 by Émile Gagnan.[4] In 1943 Cousteau tried out the first prototype Aqua-Lung which finally made extended underwater exploration possible.

Late 1940s: GERS and Élie Monnier

In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film Épaves ("Shipwrecks") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them the responsibility of setting up the Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines (GRS) (Underwater Research Group) of the French Navy in Toulon. A little later it became the GERS (Groupe d'Études et de Recherches Sous-Marines, = Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER ("COMmandement des Interventions Sous la MER", = "Undersea Interventions Command"), and finally more recently the CEPHISMER. In 1947, Chief Petty Officer Maurice Fargues became the first diver to die using an aqualung, while attempting a new depth record with the GERS near Toulon.[6]

In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the sloop Élie Monnier,[7][8] with Philippe Tailliez, Frédéric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the Cannes Film Festival 1951).

Cousteau and the Élie Monnier then took part in the rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe, the FNRS-2, during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the FNRS-3.

The adventures of this period are told in the two books The Silent World (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and Plongées sans câble (1954, by Philippe Tailliez).

1950–1970s

In 1949, Cousteau left the French Navy.

In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called Calypso from Thomas Loel Guinness for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the Calypso as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at Grand-Congloué (1952).

With the publication of his first book in 1953, The Silent World, he correctly predicted the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his research vessel, the Élie Monier, was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new feature on submarines.

In 1954, Cousteau conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf of British Petroleum. Among those accompanying him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film of the expedition for the company.[9] Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1956 for The Silent World co-produced with Malle. In 1957, Cousteau took over as leader of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.[2] Afterward, with the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a "diving saucer" SP-350, an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters.

In 1957, he was elected as director of the Oceanographical Museum of Monaco.[2] He directed Précontinent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences.

He was involved in the creation of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques and served as its inaugural president from 1959 to 1973.[10]

Cousteau also took part in inventing the "SP-350 Denise Diving Saucer" in 1959 which was an invention best for exploring the ocean floor, as it allowed one to explore on solid ground.[2]

In October 1960, a large amount of radioactive waste was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as Vsevelod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including Louis Fage and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone the dump.[11] Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin.

Cousteau on the Calypso.

In the 1960s Cousteau was involved with a set of three projects to build underwater "villages"; the projects were named Precontinent I, Precontinent II and Precontinent III. Each ensuing project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water, and were an attempt at creating an environment in which men could live and work on the sea floor. The projects are best known as Conshelf I (1962), Conshelf II (1963), and Conshelf III (1965). The names "Precontinent", and "Continental Shelf Station" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau.

A meeting with American television companies (ABC, Métromédia, NBC) created the series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress intended to give the films a "personalized adventure" style. This documentary television series ran for ten years from 1966 to 1976. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.

In 1970, he wrote the book The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea with his son Philippe. In this book, Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip shark as "the most dangerous of all sharks".

In December 1972, two years after the volcano's last eruption, The Cousteau Society was filming Voyage au bout du monde on Deception Island, Antarctica, when Michel Laval, Calypso's second in command, was struck and killed by a rotor of the helicopter that was ferrying between Calypso and the island.[12][13]

In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President.

In 1975, John Denver released the tribute song "Calypso" on his album Windsong, and on the B-side of his hit song "I'm Sorry". "Calypso" became a hit on its own and was later considered the new A-side, reaching #2 on the charts.

In 1976, Cousteau located the wreck of HMHS Britannic. He also found the wreck of the French 17th-century ship-of-the-line La Therese in coastal waters of Crete.

In 1977, together with Peter Scott, he received the UN International Environment prize.

On 28 June 1979, while the Calypso was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in the Tagus river near Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his then eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel, to his side. This collaboration lasted 14 years.

1980–1990s

From 1980 to 1981, he was a regular on the animal reality show Those Amazing Animals, along with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford.

Cousteau's Diving Saucer

In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea.[14]

In 1985, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Ronald Reagan.

From 1986 to 1992, Cousteau released Rediscovery of the World.

On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the Académie française, chair 17, succeeding Jean Delay. His official reception under the cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced by Érik Orsenna on 28 May 1998.

In June 1990, the composer Jean Michel Jarre paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album Waiting for Cousteau. He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary "Palawan, the last refuge".

On 2 December 1990, his wife Simone Cousteau died of cancer.

In June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried, to Francine Triplet, with whom he had (before this marriage) two children, Diane and Pierre-Yves. Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son worsened.

In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the UNESCO Courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human population control and population decrease. Widely quoted on the Internet are these two paragraphs from the interview: "What should we do to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea but perhaps not altogether a beneficial one in the long run. If we try to implement it we may jeopardize the future of our species...It's terrible to have to say this. World population must be stabilized and to do that we must eliminate 350,000 people per day. This is so horrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But the general situation in which we are involved is lamentable".[15]

In 1992, he was invited to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the United Nations' International Conference on Environment and Development, and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the World Bank.

In 1995, he sued his son, who was advertising "Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort", to prevent him from using the Cousteau name for business purposes in the United States.[16]

On 11 January 1996, Calypso was accidentally rammed and sunk in the port of Singapore by a barge. The Calypso was refloated and towed home to France.

Death

Jacques-Yves Cousteau died of a heart attack on 25 June 1997 in Paris, two weeks after his 87th birthday. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac, his birthplace.[17] An homage was paid to him by the town by naming the street which runs out to the house of his birth "rue du Commandant Cousteau", where a commemorative plaque was placed.

Honors

During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:

Legacy

Cousteau's submarine near Oceanographic Museum in Monaco

Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members.[1]

Cousteau liked to call himself an "oceanographic technician." He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature. His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans.

His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticized at the time by some academics. The so-called "divulgationism", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting.

The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'Équipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original Calypso into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the Calypso II.

In his last years, after marrying again, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son Jean-Michel over Jean-Michel licensing the Cousteau name for a South Pacific resort, resulting in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court not to encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours.

In 2007, the International Watch Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved in conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs.[20]

The 1957 science-fiction book The Deep Range mentions a large research expedition submarine named Cousteau.

Elinor Wonders Why features him in a song where he is depicted as an otter.

Religious views

Though he was not particularly a religious man, Cousteau believed that the teachings of the different major religions provide valuable ideals and thoughts to protect the environment.[21] In a Chapter entitled "The Holy Scriptures and The Environment" in the posthumous work The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus, he is quoted as stating that "The glory of nature provides evidence that God exists".[22]

Filmography

No [upper-alpha 1] Year (Fr/En) [upper-alpha 2] French English [upper-alpha 3] Cousteau Film
1. Early Short Films
1S1942Par dix-huit mètres de fondYes
2S1943ÉpavesShipwrecksYes
3S1944Paysages du silenceSilent Lands...Yes
4S1948Phoques au SaharaN/A
5S1949Autour d'un récifN/A
6S1949Une plongée du RubisA Dive on Board the RubisYes
7S1949Carnet de plongée (avec Marcel Ichac)N/A
8S1955La Fontaine de Vaucluse (avec Louis Malle)N/A
9S1955Station 307N/A
10S1955Récifs de corauxN/A
11S1957La Galère engloutie (avec Jacques Ertaud)N/A
12S1959Histoire d'un poisson rougeThe Golden FishYes
13S1960Vitrines sous la mer (avec Georges Alépée)N/A
14S1960Prince Albert IN/A
2. Movies I
1F1956Le Monde du silenceThe Silent WorldYes
2F1964Le Monde sans soleilWorld Without SunYes
3. The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team I (also known as "The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau")
11966L'aventure PrécontinentConshelf AdventureYes
21967/1968Les RequinsSharksYes
31967/1968La jungle de corailThe Savage World of the Coral JungleYes
41967/1968Le Destin des tortues de merSearch in the DeepYes
51968Baleines et cachalotsWhalesYes
61968/1969Le voyage surprise de Pepito et CristobalThe Unexpected Voyage of Pepito and CristobalYes
71968/1969Trésor engloutiSunken TreasureYes
81968/1969La légende du lac TiticacaThe Legend of Lake TiticacaYes
91969Les baleines du désertThe Desert WhalesYes
101969/1970La nuit des calmarsThe Night of the SquidYes
111969/1970La retour des Éléphants de merThe Return of the Sea ElephantsYes
121970Ces incroyables machines plongeantesThose Incredible Diving MachinesYes
131970La mer vivanteThe Water PlanetYes
141970La tragédie des Saumons rougesThe Tragedy of the Red SalmonYes
151970/1971Le lagon des navires perdusLagoon of Lost ShipsYes
161971Les Dragons des GalápagosThe Dragons of the GalapagosYes
171971Cavernes engloutiesSecrets of the Sunken CavesYes
181971Le sort des Loutres de merThe Unsinkable Sea OtterYes
191971/1972Les dernières SirènesThe Forgotten MermaidsYes
201972/1971Pieuvre, petite pieuvreOctopus, OctopusYes
211972Le chant des dauphinsA Sound of DolphinsYes
221973500 millions d'années sous la mer500 Million Years Beneath the SeaYes
231973/1972Le sourire du MorseA Smile of the WalrusYes
241973Hippo, HippoHippo!Yes
251973La baleine qui chanteThe Singing WhaleYes
261974/1973Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie I. La glace et le feuCousteau in the Antarctic. Part I. South to Fire and IceYes
271974Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie II. Le vol du PingouinCousteau in the Antarctic. Part II. The Flight of PenguinsYes
281974Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie III. La vie sous un océan de glaceCousteau in the Antarctic. Part III. Beneath the Frozen WorldYes
291974Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie IV. Blizzard à EsperanzaCousteau in the Antarctic. Part IV. Blizzard at Hope BayYes
301975/1974Patagonie: La vie au bout du mondeLife at the End of the WorldYes
311975L'hiver des CastorsBeavers of the North CountryYes
321975Les Fous du CorailThe Coral Divers of CorsicaYes
331975Les requins dormeurs du YucatánThe Sleeping Sharks of YucatánYes
341976/1975Coup d'aile sous la mer: IsabellaThe Sea Birds of IsabellaYes
351976Au cœur des récifs des CaraïbesMysteries of the Hidden ReefsYes
361976Le Poisson qui a gobé Jonas / El Gran Pez que se tragó a JonásThe Fish That Swallowed JonahYes
371976La Marche des langoustesThe Incredible March of the Spiny LobstersYes
4. Movies II
3F1975 / 1976Voyage au bout du mondeVoyage to the Edge of the WorldYes
5. Oasis in Space
1S1977What Price Progress?No
2S1977Troubled WatersNo
3S1977Grain of ConscienceNo
4S1977Population Time BombNo
5S1977The Power GameNo
6S1977Visions of TomorrowNo
6. The Cousteau Odyssey II (also known as "The Jacques Cousteau Odyssey", continue "The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team")
381977L'énigme du BritannicCalypso's Search for the BritannicYes
391978Le butin de Pergame sauvé des eauxDiving for Roman PlunderYes
401978À la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie ICalypso's Search for Atlantis. Part IYes
411978À la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie IICalypso's Search for Atlantis. Part IIYes
421978Le testament de l'île de PâquesBlind Prophets of Easter IslandYes
431978Ultimatum sous la merTime Bomb at Fifty FathomsYes
441979Le sang de la merMediterranean: Cradle or Coffin?Yes
451979Le Nil. Partie IThe Nile. Part IYes
461979Le Nil. Partie IIThe Nile. Part IIYes
471980Fortunes de merLost Relics of the SeaYes
481980/1981Clipperton: île de la solitudeClipperton: The Island Time ForgotYes
491981/1982Sang chaud dans la merWarm-Blooded Sea: Mammals of the DeepYes
7. North American Adventures
1F1981Les Pièges de la merCries from the DeepNo
2F1982Du grand large aux grands lacSaint Lawrence: Stairway to the SeaYes
8. Cousteau's Amazon Series
1S1982Objectif Amazone: Branle-bas sur la CalypsoCalypso Countdown: Rigging for the AmazonYes
21983Au pays des milles rivièresJourney to a Thousand RiversYes
31983La rivière enchantéeThe Enchanted RiverYes
41983Ombres fuyantes — Indiens de l'AmazonieShadows in the Wilderness — Indians of the AmazonYes
51983/1984La rivière de l'orRiver of GoldYes
61984Message d'un monde perduLegacy of a Lost WorldYes
71984Un avenir pour l'AmazonieBlueprints for AmazoniaYes
81984Tempête de neige sur la jungleSnowstorm in the JungleYes
9. Other releases I
11985Le Mississippi. Partie I. Un Allié récalcitrantCousteau at Mississippi. The Reluctant AllyYes
21985Le Mississippi. Partie II. Allié et adversaireCousteau at Mississippi. The Friendly FoeYes
31985Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (1)Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (1)No
41985Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (2)Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (2)No
51985Alcyone, fille du ventRiders of the WindYes
6S1988Island of PeaceYes
10. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World I (also known as "Rediscover the World")
11986Haïti: L'eau de chagrinHaiti: Waters of SorrowYes
21986Cuba: les eaux du destinCuba: Waters of DestinyYes
31986Cap Horn: les eaux du ventCape Horn: Waters of the WindYes
41986L'héritage de CortezSea of Cortez: Legacy of CortezYes
51987Les Îles Marquises: montagnes de la merThe Marquesas Islands: Mountains from the SeaYes
61987Îles du Détroit: les eaux de la discordeChannel Islands: Waters of ContentionYes
71987Îles du Détroit: à l'approche d'une marée humaineChannel Islands: Days of Future PastYes
81988Nouvelle-Zélande: la Rose et le dragonNew Zealand: The Rose and the DragonYes
91988Nouvelle-Zélande: au pays du long nuage blancNew Zealand: The Heron of the Single FlightYes
101988Nouvelle-Zélande: le Péché et la RédemptionNew Zealand: The Smoldering SeaYes
111988Au pays des totems vivantsPacific Northwest: Land of the Living TotemsYes
121988Tahiti: l'eau de feuTahiti: Fire WatersYes
131988Les Requins de l'île au trésorCocos Island: Sharks of Treasure IslandYes
141988/1989Mer de Béring: Le crépuscule du chasseur en AlaskaBering Sea: Twilight of the Alaskan HunterYes
151988/1989Australie: l'ultime barrièreAustralia: The Last BarrierYes
161989Bornéo: Le spectre de la tortueBorneo: The Ghost of the Sea TurtleYes
171989Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée I: La machine à remonter le tempsPapua New Guinea I: Into the Time MachineYes
181989Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée II: La rivière des hommes crocodilesPapua New Guinea II: River of Crocodile MenYes
191989Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée III: La coeur de feuPapua New Guinea III: Center of FireYes
201989Thaïlande: les forçats de la merThailand: Convicts of the SeaYes
211989/1990Bornéo: la Forêt sans terreBorneo: Forests Without LandYes
11. Other releases II
71990Scandale à ValdezOutrage at ValdezNo
81990Lilliput en AntarctiqueLilliput in AntarcticaYes
12. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World II (also known as "Rediscover the World")
221990Andaman, les îles invisiblesAndaman Islands: Invisible IslandsYes
231990/1991Australie: à l'ouest du bout du mondeAustralia: Out West, Down UnderYes
241991Australie: le peuple de la mer desséchéeAustralia: People of the Dry SeaYes
251991Australie: le peuple de l'eau et du feuAustralia: People of Fire and WaterYes
261991Australie: les trésors de la merAustralia: Fortunes in the SeaYes
271991Tasmanie, une île s'éveilleTasmania: Australia's Awakening IslandYes
281991Indonésie: les vergers de l'enferIndonesia I: The Devil's OrchardYes
291991Sumatra: le cœur de la merIndonesia II: Sumatra, the Heart of the SeaYes
301991/1992Nauru, îlot ou planèteNauru: The Island PlanetYes
311991/1992La grand requin blanc, seigneur solitaire des mersThe Great White Shark — Lonely Lord of the SeaNo
321991Palawan, le dernier refugePalawan: The Last RefugeYes
331992Danube I: le lever de rideauDanube I: The Curtain RisesYes
341992Danube II: le rêve de CharlemagneDanube II: Charlemagne's DreamYes
351992Danube III: les Cris du FleuveDanube III: The River Cries OutYes
361992Danube IV: les Débordements du FleuveDanube IV: Rivalries OverflowYes
371993La société secrète des CétacésBahamas: The Secret Societies of Dolphins and WhalesNo
381993Mékong: le don de l'eauMekong: The Gift of WaterNo
391993Vietnam et Cambodge: le riz et les fusilsVietnam and Cambodia: Children of Rice and GunsNo
13. Other releases III
91995La Légende de CalypsoCalypso's LegendYes
101995Profond, loin, longtempsDeeper, Farther, LongerYes
111996Les promisses de la merThe Mirage of the SeaYes
14. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World III (also known as "Rediscover the World")
401995Madagascar I: l'île des espritsMadagascar I: Island of Heart and SoulYes
411995Madagascar II: l'île des espritsMadagascar II: Island of Heart and SoulYes
421996Afrique du Sud: les diamants du désertSouth Africa: Diamonds of the DesertYes
431996Afrique du Sud: sanctuaires pour la vieSouth Africa: Sanctuaries for LifeYes
441996/1997À travers la Chine par le fleuve JauneChina: Across China with the Yellow RiverYes
451997/1999Le lac BaïkalLake Baikal: Beneath the MirrorYes

Legend

  1. actual order, it is incorrect on the official filmography
  2. actual years, they are incorrect on the official filmography
  3. actual names, they are incorrect on the official filmography
  • S – short film
  • F – full-length film
  • <only number> – length of the film is about 45 minutes

Bibliography

  • The Silent World (1953, with Frédéric Dumas)
  • Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury (1959, with James Dugan)
  • The Living Sea (1963, with James Dugan)
  • World Without Sun (1965)
  • The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1970–1975, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diolé)
    • The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea (1970)
    • Diving for Sunken Treasure (1971)
    • Life and Death in a Coral Sea (1971)
    • The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea (1972)
    • Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence (1973)
    • Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes (1973)
    • Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus (1974)
    • Dolphins (1975)
  • The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau (1973–78, 21 volumes)
    • Oasis in Space (vol 1)
    • The Act of Life (vol 2)
    • Quest for Food (vol 3)
    • Window in the Sea (vol 4)
    • The Art of Motion (vol 5)
    • Attack and Defense (vol 6)
    • Invisible Messages (vol 7)
    • Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)
    • Pharaohs of the Sea (vol 9)
    • Mammals in the Sea (vol 10)
    • Provinces of the Sea (vol 11)
    • Man Re-Enters Sea (vol 12)
    • A Sea of Legends (vol 13)
    • Adventure of Life (vol 14)
    • Outer and Inner Space (vol 15)
    • The Whitecaps (vol 16)
    • Riches of the Sea (vol 17)
    • Challenges of the Sea (vol 18)
    • The Sea in Danger (vol 19)
    • Guide to the Sea and Index (vol 20)
    • Calypso (1978, vol 21)
  • A Bill of Rights for Future Generations (1979)
  • Life at the Bottom of the World (1980)
  • The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment (1981, a.k.a. The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on a Water Planet)
  • Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (1983, with Alexis Sivirine)
  • Marine Life of the Caribbean (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek)
  • Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey (1984, with Mose Richards)
  • Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World (1985)
  • The Whale (1987, with Philippe Diolé)
  • Jacques Cousteau: Whales (1988, with Yves Paccalet)
  • The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007)

Media portrayals

Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films:

See also

  • Alcyone  Experimental turbosil ship
  • William Beebe  American ornithologist, marine biologist, entomologist, and explorer
  • Albert Falco  French scuba diver, chief diver and captain of the Calypso
  • Scuba diving  Swimming underwater breathing gas carried by the diver

References

  1. "Cousteau Society". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  2. "Jacques Cousteau | French ocean explorer and engineer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  3. "le Scaphandre Autonome". Espalion-12.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  4. The Silent World. J. Y. Cousteau with Frédéric Dumas. Hamish Hamilton, London. 1953
  5. Capitaine de frégate PHILIPPE TAILLIEZ, Plongées sans câble, Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 605 - Impression N° 243 (in French)
  6. Ecott, Tim (2001). Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-794-1. LCCN 2001018840.
  7. Sevellec, E.J. (1 December 2006). "Naissance du GERS et des premiers plongeurs démineurs" (in French). Philippe.tailliez.net. Retrieved 18 February 2010. According to Sevellec, the Élie Monnier was an old German tugboat originally called Albatros and handed over to France as a war reparation, and then re-baptised in honor of the maritime engineer Élie Monnier who had disappeared while diving at Mers-el-Kébir on the wreck of the battleship Bretagne
  8. Riffaud, C. "La règne du scaphandre à casque", in La grande aventure des hommes sous la mer. Users.skynet.be. ISBN 2-226-03502-8. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  9. Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2015). "Calypso in the Arabian Gulf: Jacques Cousteau's Undersea Survey of 1954". Liwa. 5 (9): 3–28. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  10. "Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1959-1973)". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  11. Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2008). Poison in the Well: Radioactive Waste in the Oceans at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813542201. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  12. "Accident kills Cousteau aide in Argentina (30 December 1972)". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  13. "Hero and Calypso at Deception Island 1972-73". www.palmerstation.com. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  14. Ohayon, Albert (2009). "When Cousteau Came to Canada". NFB.ca. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  15. "Article: Jacques-Yves Cousteau. (Interview) | AccessMyLibrary - Promoting library advocacy". AccessMyLibrary. 1 November 1991. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  16. "Cousteau's Son Blocked From Using Name". The New York Times. 22 December 1995. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  17. "La "conversion" du commandant Cousteau à l'Islam". Atheisme.free.fr. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  18. Jean-Michel Cousteau (11 June 2010). "Jacques Cousteau "would be heartbroken" at our seas today". Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  19. "It's an Honour - Honours - Search Australian Honours". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 1990. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  20. "Diver's Watch Bearing a Piece of Cousteau's Legendary Vessel Watches Channel". Watches.infoniac.com. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  21. Vision.org. The Voice of a Silent World. Spring 2013 Issue
  22. Cousteau, Jacques; ed. by Schiefelbein, Susan. 2010. The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus: Exploring and Conserving Our Natural World. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781596917552
  23. "32 Facts About 'The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'". Mental Floss. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  24. "Watch: First International Trailer For Jacques Cousteau Biopic 'The Odyssey' Starring Lambert Wilson & Audrey Tautou". The Playlist. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  25. "L'Odyssée : Lambert Wilson dans la peau de Cousteau". Le Figaro. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  26. "World Premiere of Wild Bunch-Sold 'The Odyssey' Closes San Sebastian". Variety. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  27. "Ce que le biopic sur Cousteau, "L'Odyssée", nous apprend de son côté obscur". The Huffington Post (French Edition). Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

Further reading

  • Undersea Explorer: The Story of Captain Cousteau (1957) by James Dugan
  • Jacques Cousteau and the Undersea World (2000) by Roger King
  • Jacques-Yves Cousteau: His Story Under the Sea (2002) by John Bankston
  • Jacques Cousteau: A Life Under the Sea (2008) by Kathleen Olmstead
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