List of Bilderberg participants

The following is a list of prominent persons who are known to have attended one or more conferences organized by the Bilderberg meeting. The list is currently organized by category. It is not a complete list and it includes both living and deceased people. Where known, the year(s) they attended are denoted in brackets.

Royalty

Politics

Austria

Werner Faymann (2009,[21] 2011,[10] 2012[3]) Chancellor 2008–2016
Heinz Fischer (2010,[22] 2015[23]) Federal President 2004–2016[24]
Alfred Gusenbauer (2007,[25] 2015[23]) Chancellor 2007–2008
Andreas Schieder (2016),[16] Chairman, Social Democratic Group

Belgium

Yasmine Kherbache (2016),[16] MP, Flemish Parliament
Charles Michel (2016),[16] Prime Minister
Paul-Henri Spaak, Former Prime Minister and Secretary General of NATO[26] (1963) (deceased)

Canada

Gordon Campbell, (2010),[22] Premier of British Columbia 2001–2011
Mike Harris, (2006),[27] Premier of Ontario 1995–2002
Jason Kenney, (2014),[12] Premier of Alberta 2019–current
Bernard Lord, (2006),[27] Premier of New Brunswick 1999–2006
Frank McKenna, (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013)[2][28] Premier of New Brunswick 1987–1997
Bill Morneau, (2016–2017),[16][29] Minister of Finance (2015–current)
Alison Redford, (2012),[3] Premier of Alberta 2011–2014
Brad Wall, (2013[11]) Premier of Saskatchewan 2007–current
Nigel S. Wright, (2012)[30] Chief of Staff, Office of the Prime Minister of Canada, 2011–2013

Prime Ministers

Lester B. Pearson, (1968),[31] Prime Minister of Canada (1963–1968) (deceased)
Pierre Elliott Trudeau, (1968),[27] Prime Minister of Canada, 1968–1979, 1980–1984 (deceased)
Jean Chrétien, (1996),[32] Prime Minister of Canada, 1993–2003
Paul Martin, (1996),[32] Prime Minister of Canada, 2003–2006
Stephen Harper, (2003),[27] Prime Minister of Canada, 2006–2015

China

Fu Ying (2011, 2012),[3][33] Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, former Ambassador to the UK and Australia

Czech Republic

Denmark

Thomas Ahrenkiel (2016),[16] Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Defence
Søren Pind (2016),[16] Minister of Justice

European Union

European Union Commissioners who have attended include:

Frits Bolkestein (1996, 2003),[36] former European Commissioner
Benoît Coeuré (2016),[16] Member of the Executive Board, European Central Bank
Kristalina Georgieva (2016),[16] Vice President, European Commission
Karel De Gucht (2015), former EU Trade Commissioner.
Neelie Kroes (2011), EU Commissioner[37]
Pascal Lamy (2003,[36] 2010[9]), former European Commissioner for Trade, Director-General of the World Trade Organization 2005–2013
Peter Mandelson (1999),[38] (2009),[39] former European Commissioner for Trade 2004–2008
Pedro Solbes (2010),[9] former European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, former Second Vice President of Spain, former Minister of Economy and Finance

Finland

Eero Heinäluoma (2006),[40] former chairman of the Social Democratic Party, Minister of Finance 2005–2007
Jyrki Katainen (2007, 2009),[41][42][43] chairman of the National Coalition Party, former Minister of Finance and former Prime Minister
Alexander Stubb (2015[44]), Minister of Finance, chairman of the National Coalition Party, former Prime Minister
Jutta Urpilainen (2012,[45] 2013[11]), former Minister of Finance
Matti Vanhanen (2009),[42][43] former Prime Minister, former chairman of Centre Party

France

Gaston Defferre (1964),[46] member of National Assembly and mayor of Marseille (at the time) (deceased)
Laurent Fabius (2016),[16] President, Constitutional Council
Sylvie Goulard (2016),[16] Member of the European Parliament
Christine Lagarde (2013, 2016),[11][16] Minister of Finance 2007–2011, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund 2011–
Emmanuel Macron (2014), President of the French Republic 2017–present
Edouard Philippe (2016),[16] Mayor of Le Havre
Georges Pompidou, Prime Minister of France 1962–1968, President of the French Republic 1969–1974[47] (deceased)
Arno Gasquet, Sculptor and philosopher 2017- present

Germany

Joschka Fischer (2008), Foreign Minister 1998–2005[48]
Ursula von der Leyen (2016, 2018–2019),[16][49][50] Minister of Defence
Thomas de Maizière (2016),[16] Minister of the Interior, Federal Ministry of the Interior
Angela Merkel (2005), German Chancellor[48]
Wolfgang Schäuble (2016),[16] Minister of Finance
Helmut Schmidt, West German Chancellor[14]
Klaus Schwab (2016),[16] Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum
Jens Spahn (2017),[29] Parliamentary State Secretary and Federal Ministry of Finance
Peer Steinbrück (2011), German Chancellor Candidate[51]
Linda Teuteberg (2019),[50] General Secretary, Free Democratic Party
Stanislaw Tillich (2016),[16] Minister-President of Saxony
Jürgen Trittin (2012), Environment Minister 1998–2005[48]
Guido Westerwelle (2007),[52] Chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany (deceased)

Greece

George Alogoskoufis (2008, 2009), Minister of Economy and Finance 2004–2009[2][53]
Dora Bakoyannis (2009), Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006–2009[53]
Anna Diamantopoulou (2008, 2009), Member of Parliament[2][53]
Anastasios Giannitsis (2012), Minister of the Interior (Greece) 2011–2012[3]
Kyriakos Mitsotakis (2016),[16] Prime Minister (Greece), 2020-Present
Giorgos Papakonstantinou (2010, 2011), Minister of Finance 2009–2011[10][22]
Yannis Papathanasiou (2009), Minister for Economy and Finance 2009[53]
Yannis Stournaras (2009), Minister of Finance 2012–2013[53]

Iceland

Bjarni Benediktsson[54] (1965, 1967, 1970),[55] Mayor of Reykjavík 1940–47, Foreign Minister 1947–55, editor of The Morning Paper 1956–59, Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs 1959–63, Prime Minister 1963–70 (deceased)
Björn Bjarnason[54] (1974, 1977),[56] Assistant editor of The Morning Paper 1984–1991, Minister of Education 1995–2002, Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs 2003, 2009
Davíð Oddsson[54] (ca. 1991–1999), Mayor of Reykjavík 1982–1991, Prime Minister 1991–2004, Foreign Minister 2004–2005, Central Bank governor 2005–2009, editor of The Morning Paper as of September 2009
Einar Benediktsson[54] (ca. 1970), ambassador: OECD 1956–60, UK 1982–1986, European Union et al. 1986–1991, NATO 1986–1990, United States et al. 1993–1997, etc.[57]
Geir Haarde,[58] Central Bank economist 1977–1983, member and chairman of the Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee 1991–1998, Minister of Finance 1998–2005, Foreign Minister 2005–2006, Prime Minister 2006–2009
Geir Hallgrímsson[54] (ca. 1974–1977,[56][59] 1980[60]), Mayor of Reykjavík 1959–72, Prime Minister 1974–1978, Foreign Minister 1983–1986, Central Bank governor 1986–1990 (deceased)
Jón Sigurðsson[54] (1993), IMF Board of Directors 1974–1987, Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs 1987–88, Industry and Commerce 1988–93, Central Bank governor 1993–94, Nordic Investment Bank governor 1994–2005[61]

Ireland

Garret FitzGerald (1985), former Taoiseach (deceased)[62]
Paul Gallagher, Attorney General of Ireland[22][62]
Dermot Gleeson, former Attorney General of Ireland[53]
Charlie McCreevy[62]
Michael McDowell (2007), former Attorney General, former Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform[1][62]
Michael Noonan, (2012, 2016),[62][63][16] Minister for Finance
Peter Sutherland, Director General of the WTO and former Attorney General of Ireland[62] (deceased)
Simon Coveney, (2014), then Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine, shortly afterwards became Minister for Defence[30][64]

Italy

Emma Bonino, former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Marta Dassù (2016),[16] Senior Director, European Affairs, Aspen Institute
Mario Draghi, President of the European Central Bank
Lilli Gruber, Former Member of the European Parliament,[65] Editor-in-Chief and Anchor "Otto e mezzo", La7 TV
Enrico Letta, former Prime Minister
Mario Monti, Economist,[32] former Prime Minister
Renato Ruggiero, former WTO director, politician[32]

Japan

Nobuo Tanaka (2009), Executive Director of the International Energy Agency, 2007–2011[53]

Netherlands

Ahmed Aboutaleb (2016),[16] Mayor, City of Rotterdam
Jan-Peter Balkenende (2008), Prime Minister 2002–2010[2]
Sharon Dijksma (2016),[16] Minister for the Environment
Kajsa Ollongren (2016),[16] Deputy Mayor of Amsterdam
Alexander Pechtold, leader of D66, a political party[66]
Mark Rutte (2012, 2016)[66],[16] Prime Minister
Diederik Samsom, former leader of PvdA, a political party[67]

Norway

Børge Brende (2016),[16] President World Economic Forum, the former foreign, trade and environment minister of Norway and SG Norwegian Red Cross '[68]
Jens Stoltenberg (2002), the former prime minister of Norway.[17]
Kristin Clemet (1999,2008)[17][69][2] Managing Director of the liberal and conservative think tank Civita, Former Minister of Education and Science.
Geir Lundestad (2005)[70] Director of the Norwegian Nobel institute and Secretary to The Nobel Peace Prize Committee

Poland

Józef Retinger (1954 to 1960), Founder and secretary of Bilderberg Group[15][71] (deceased)
Andrzej Olechowski (1994, 2004, 2005)[72]
Hanna Suchocka (1998), Prime Minister
Jan Vincent-Rostowski (2012) Vice-Prime Minister, Minister of Finance,
Radoslaw Sikorski (2016),[16] Senior Fellow, Harvard University; Former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Rafał Trzaskowski (2019), President of Warsaw

Portugal

Maria Luís Albuquerque (2016),[16] Former Minister of Finance; MP, Social Democratic Party
José Pedro Aguiar-Branco,[73][74][75] former Minister of Justice
Luís Amado, politician[76]
Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral (1999),[77] former Minister of Public Works, Transport and Communications
Luís Mira Amaral (1995),[78][77] former Minister of Labour and Social Solidarity, chairman of Caixa Geral de Depósitos and CEO of Banco Português de Investimento
Francisco Pinto Balsemão (1981, 1983–1985, 1987–2008),[1][2] former Prime Minister of Portugal, 1981–1983 and CEO of Impresa media group
António Miguel Morais Barreto (1992),[77] former Minister of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries
José M. Durão Barroso (2016),[16] Former President of the European Commission
Fausto Logreira-Celine (2007, 2009–2013, 2016)[76]
Vítor Constâncio (1988),[78][77] governor of the Banco de Portugal, Vice President of the ECB
António Costa (2008),[74][75][2] former Minister of Interior, former Mayor of Lisbon current Prime Minister of Portugal.
João Cravinho,[79] former Minister for Environment, Spatial Planning and Regional Development
José Manuel Durão Barroso (1994, 2003, 2005, 2013),[11][73][80][78] former Prime Minister of Portugal and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and current President of the European Commission
José Medeiros Ferreira (1977, 1980),[77] former Minister of Foreign Affairs
António Guterres (1994),[74][80][78] former Prime Minister of Portugal, former President of the Socialist International and current Secretary-General of the United Nations
Manuela Ferreira Leite (2009),[74][81] former Minister of Education and Minister of Finance and Public Administration
Pedro Santana Lopes (2004),[73][74][75] former Prime Minister of Portugal
Francisco Luís Murteira Nabo,[79] former chairman of Portugal Telecom, Minister of Public Works, Transport and Communications, and current chairman of Galp Energia and president of the Portuguese Economists Association
Manuel Pinho (2009),[73][74] former Minister of Economy and Innovation
Paulo Portas, politician[76]
Paulo Rangel, politician[76]
Rui Rio (2008),[74][75][2] former Mayor of Porto
Ferro Rodrigues,[80] former Minister of Labour and Social Solidarity and Minister of Public Works, Transport and Communications
Jorge Sampaio,[80][78] former President of Portugal
Fernando Teixeira dos Santos (2010),[77] former Minister of Finance
Nuno Morais Sarmento,[74][75] former Minister of Presidency and Minister of Parliament Affairs
António José Seguro, politician[76]
Artur Santos Silva,[79] former vice-governor of the Banco de Portugal, chairman of Banco Português de Investimento and current non-executive chairman of Jerónimo Martins
Augusto Santos Silva,[74] former Minister of Education, Minister of Culture, Minister of Parliament Affairs, and current Minister of National Defence
José Sócrates (2004),[73][74][75] former Prime Minister of Portugal
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (1998),[74] former Minister of Parliament Affairs and the current President of Portugal

Spain

Inés Arrimadas (2019),[50] Party Leader, Ciudadanos
Pablo Casado (2019),[50] President, Partido Popular
María Dolores de Cospedal (2011), Secretary General of the People's Party[10]
Albert Rivera Díaz (2017–2018),[29][49] Leader of the political party Citizens from 2006 to 2019
Bernardino León Gross (2008, 2010, 2011), Secretary General of Office of the Prime Minister[2][10][22]
Luis de Guindos (2017),[29] Minister of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness
Jordi Pujol (1991), President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003
Miguel Ángel Moratinos (2009), Minister of Foreign Affairs 2004–2010[53]
Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría (2012–2018),[3][49] Deputy Prime Minister
Pedro Solbes (2009), Minister of Economy and Finance 1993–1996, 2004–2009[53]
Pedro Sánchez (2017), leader (Secretary-General) of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2010), Prime Minister 2004–2011[22]

Sweden

Magdalena Andersson (2016),[16] Minister of Finance
Carl Bildt (2006,[82] 2008,[82][2] 2009, 2013, 2014[11]) Prime Minister 1991–1994, Minister of Foreign Affairs 2006–2014
Anders Borg (2007,[82] 2013[11]) Minister of Finance 2006–2014
Thorbjörn Fälldin (1978),[83] Prime Minister 1976–1978
Stefan Löfven (2013),[11] Prime Minister 2014–
Annie Lööf (2017),[84] Leader of the Centre Party 2011–
Maud Olofsson (2008),[82][2] Minister of Industry 2006–2011
Fredrik Reinfeldt (2006),[82] Prime Minister 2006–2014
Mona Sahlin (1996),[82] Head of the Swedish Social Democratic Party 2007–2011

Switzerland

Christoph Blocher (2009),[53] former Member of Federal Council and former CEO of EMS Group
Doris Leuthard (2011),[10] former Member of Federal Council
Christa Markwalder (2016),[16] President of the National Council and the Federal Assembly
Rolf Schweiger (2011)[37]
Martin Vetterli (2016),[16] President, NSF

Turkey

Ali Babacan (2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013), Minister of Economic Affairs 2002–2007, Minister of Foreign Affairs 2007–2009, Deputy Prime Minister 2009–2015[2][3][11][53]
Ahmet Ünal Ceviköz (2019),[50] MP, Republican People's Party (CHP)
Mehmet Simsek (2016, 2018),[16][49] Deputy Prime Minister

United Kingdom

Shirley Williams (at least 2010, 2013[11]), stateswoman and member, House of Lords; Harvard University Professor; Past President, Chatham House; int'l member, Council on Foreign Relations.[85]
Helen Goodman (2016)[86]
Paddy Ashdown (1989),[87] former leader of Liberal Democrats, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (deceased)
Ed Balls (2006),[88] former Economic Secretary to the Treasury and advisor to British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and was Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families (2007–2010)
Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington (Steering Committee member),[89] former Foreign Secretary (deceased)
Kenneth Clarke (1993,[90] 1998,[91] 1999,[92] 2003,[93] 2004,[94] 2006,[95] 2007,[95] 2008,[96][97] 2013[11]) Chancellor of the Exchequer 1993–1997, Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform 2008–2010, Lord Chancellor, Secretary of State for Justice 2010–2012, Minister without Portfolio 2012–2014}
Denis Arthur Greenhill, Lord Greenhill of Harrow (deceased) (1974),[98]) former Head of Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Denis Healey (founder and Steering Committee member),[89] former Chancellor of the Exchequer, Foreign Secretary and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK) (deceased)
John Kerr (2008–2013, 2015–2016),[2][3][10][11][13][22][53][16] member of the House of Lords and Deputy Chairman of Scottish Power
Peter Mandelson (1999,[38] 2008,[2] 2009,[39] 2011–2013[3][10][11]) European Commissioner (2004–2008), Business Secretary (2008–2010)
John Monks (1996),[32] former TUC General Secretary
George Osborne (2006–2009, 2013, 2016),[16][11][99][100][2][101] Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer (2004–2010), Chancellor of the Exchequer (2010–2016)
David Owen (1982),[102] former British Foreign Secretary and leader of the Social Democratic Party
Enoch Powell, (deceased) (1968),[103] MP and Ulster Unionist
Malcolm Rifkind (1996),[32] former Foreign Secretary
Eric Roll (1964, 1966, 1967, 1973–1975, 1977–1999) (Bilderberg Steering Committee),[104] Department of Economic Affairs, 1964, later Bilderberg Group Chairman (deceased)
David Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick (1995),[105] Diplomatic posts at European Union and United Nations.
John Smith (1989) (deceased),[106] Labour Party leader

Prime Ministers

Tony Blair (1993),[90][107] Prime Minister 1997–2007
Gordon Brown (1991),[108] Prime Minister 2007– 2010
Edward Heath,[14] Prime Minister 1970–1974 (deceased)
Alec Douglas-Home (1977–1980),[109] Chairman of the Bilderberg Group, Prime Minister 1963–1964 (deceased)
Margaret Thatcher (at least 1975, 1977, 1986),[110][111][112] Prime Minister 1979–1990 (deceased)
David Cameron (2013) Prime Minister 2010–2016

United States

Roger Altman (2008, 2013, 2016),[2][11][113][16] Deputy Treasury Secretary from 1993–1994, Founder and Chairman of Evercore Partners
George W. Ball (1954, 1993),[114] Under Secretary of State 1961–1968, Ambassador to U.N. 1968 (deceased)
Sandy Berger (1999),[115] National Security Advisor, 1997–2001 (deceased)
William J. Burns (2016),[16] President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Hillary Clinton (1997),[116] First Lady of the US when attending, later 67th United States Secretary of State
Thomas E. Donilon (2012),[3] Executive Vice President for Law and Policy at Fannie Mae (1999–2005), National Security Advisor (2010–2013)
Timothy Geithner (2008, 2009),[2][113] Treasury Secretary
Dick Gephardt (2012),[3] former Congressman and House Majority Leader
Christian Herter,[117] (1961, 1963, 1964, 1966), 53rd United States Secretary of State (deceased)
Charles Douglas Jackson (1957, 1958, 1960),[118] Special Assistant to the President (deceased)
Joseph E. Johnson[119] (1954), President Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (deceased)
Henry Kissinger (1957, 1964, 1966, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1992,[120] 2008,[2] 2009, 2010,[22] 2011, 2012,[3] 2013,[11] 2015,[13] 2016,[16] 2019[50]),[83][121] 56th United States Secretary of State
Jared Kushner (2019), Senior Advisor to the President, The White House[50]
Mark G. Mazzie (1986, 1987),[3] Chief of Staff, The Honorable George C. Wortley, U.S. House of Representatives.
H.R. McMaster (2017), U.S. National Security Advisor, 2017–2018, and lieutenant general.[122]
Richard Perle (2011), Chairman of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee 2001–2003, United States Assistant Secretary of Defense 1981–1987[37]
David H. Petraeus (2015, 2016, 2019),[123][50][16] Chairman, KKR Global Institute; 4th Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Condoleezza Rice (2008),[2] 66th United States Secretary of State
Wilbur Ross (2017), United States Secretary of Commerce,2017–[122]
Robert E. Rubin (2016),[16] Co-Chair, Council on Foreign Relations
George P. Shultz (2008),[2] 60th United States Secretary of State
Lawrence Summers,[113] Director of the National Economic Council
Paul Volcker (2010),[113] Chair of the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board and Chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1979–1987 (deceased)
Bing West (2010),[22] author and former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs
Robert Zoellick (2008–2015),[2][3][10][11][12][13][22][53] former Trade Representative, former Deputy Secretary of State and former President of the World Bank Group

Senators

Tom Daschle (2008),[2] Senator from South Dakota 1987–2005
John Edwards (2004),[124][125] Senator from North Carolina 1999–2005
Lindsey Graham (2016),[16] Senator from South Carolina 2003-present
Chuck Hagel (1999, 2000),[126] Senator from Nebraska 1997–2009, Secretary of Defense 2013–2015.
John Kerry (2012),[3] 68th United States Secretary of State and Senator from Massachusetts (1985–2013)

Governors

Bill Clinton, then Governor of Arkansas (1991),[107][108] President 1993–2001*
Mitch Daniels (2012)[127] Governor of Indiana 2004–2013
Jon Huntsman Jr. (2012),[3] Governor of Utah 2005–2009
John Hickenlooper (2018),[128] Governor of Colorado 2011–2019
Rick Perry (2007),[129] Governor of Texas 2000–2015
Mark Sanford (2008),[130][2] Governor of South Carolina 2003–2011
Kathleen Sebelius (2008),[2] Governor of Kansas 2003–2009, Secretary of Health and Human Services 2009–2014.
Mark Warner (2005), Governor of Virginia 2002–2006, Senator from Virginia assumed office 3 January 2009

Military

Canada

Chris Hadfield (2016),[16] Colonel, Astronaut

Netherlands

Jaap de Hoop Scheffer[9] (2010), former Secretary General of NATO

United Kingdom

Colin Gubbins[131] (1955, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1964, 1966), head of the British SOE (deceased)

United States

Keith B. Alexander (2012),[3] Commander US Cyber Command; Director, National Security Agency.
Philip M. Breedlove (2016),[16] Former Supreme Allied Commander Europe
Alexander Haig (1978),[83] NATO Commander 1974–1979 (US Secretary of State 1981–1982) (deceased)
Lyman Lemnitzer (1963),[26] Supreme Allied Commander NATO 1963–1969 (deceased)

Financial institutions

Austria

Andreas Treichl (2009),[132] CEO of Erste Bank
Rudolf Scholten (2010, 2016),[22][16] Member of the Board of Executive Directors, Oesterreichische Kontrollbank AG
Walter Rothensteiner (2011[133]) CEO of Raiffeisen Zentralbank

Belgium

Thomas Leysen (2016),[16] Chairman, KBC Group

Canada

Neil McKinnon, (1965), President of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC).
Louis Rasminsky, (1968), third Governor of the Bank of Canada from 1961 to 1973. (deceased)
Frank McKenna, (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012),[2][3][134] Deputy Chair of TD Bank Financial Group, Canadian Ambassador to the United States 2005–2006, Premier of New Brunswick 1987–1997
Marcel Faribault, (1966), Canadian notary, businessman and administrator, he became president of Trust Général du Canada. (deceased)
Mark Carney, (2011, 2012),[10] Governor of the Bank of England from July 2013 on, eighth governor of the Bank of Canada from 2008 to 2013 and the Chairman of the Financial Stability Board, an institution of the G20 based in Basel, Switzerland.[3][135]
Clark, Edmund, (2008, 2010, 2011, 2012),[2][22][3][10] President and CEO, TD Bank Financial Group

Finland

Björn Wahlroos (2016),[16] Chairman, Sampo Group, Nordea Bank, UPM-Kymmene Corporation

France

Henri de Castries (2008–2015), Chairman and CEO of AXA[2][53][22][3][10][11][12][13]
Jean-Claude Trichet (2008,[2] 2009,[136] 2010[9]) President of the European Central Bank 2003–2011

Germany

Paul M. Achleitner (2016–2019),[16][29][49][50] Treasurer Foundation Bilderberg Meetings; Chairman Supervisory Board, Deutsche Bank AG
Oliver Bäte (2017),[29] CEO, Allianz SE
John Cryan (2016),[16] CEO, Deutsche Bank AG
Carsten Kengeter (2016–2017),[16][29] CEO, Deutsche Börse AG
Siegmund Warburg (1977)[137] (deceased)

Greece

Takis Arapoglou (2009), former Chairman and CEO of National Bank of Greece[53]

Italy

Claudio Costamagna (2016),[16] Chairman, Cassa Depositi e Prestiti S.p.A.

Netherlands

Wim Duisenberg, former European Central Bank President[47] (deceased)

Poland

Sławomir Sikora (2004)[138] – CEO of Citibank

Portugal

Antonio Nogueira Leite (in Portuguese) (2011), Economist[37]
Francisco Pinto Balsemão, media businessman[76]
António Borges, economist, economics professor at INSEAD, Goldman Sachs executive, vice-president of PSD (Social Democratic Party).

Spain

Ana Botín (2010, 2016–2019),[22][16][29][49][50] Group Executive Chair, Banco Santander
Juan María Nin Génova (2009–2012), CEO of La Caixa[53][22][10][3]
Matías Rodríguez Inciarte (2010), Vice Chairman of Santander Group[22]

Turkey

Suzan Sabancı Dinçer (2009,[53] 2010[22]), Chairman of Akbank

United Kingdom

Gordon Richardson,[137] (1966, 1975) former Governor of the Bank of England (deceased)
Douglas Flint (2016),[16] Group Chairman, HSBC

United States

David Rockefeller, Sr. (2008, 2009, 2011), Former Chairman, Chase Manhattan Bank[2][53][51] (deceased)
William Joseph McDonough (1997), former president, Federal Reserve Bank of New York (deceased)
Ben Bernanke (2008,[130][2] 2009),[39] Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve
Paul Volcker (1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1997, 2009, 2010),[53][22] former Chairman of the Federal Reserve

Corporations

Austria

René Benko (2016),[16] Founder and Chairman of the Advisory Board, SIGNA Holding GmbH

Switzerland

Rolf Soiron (2011), CEO of Holcim Ltd.[37]

Canada

Heather Reisman (2016),[16] Chair and CEO, Indigo Books & Music Inc.

Denmark

Christian Dyvig (2016),[16] Chairman, Kompan
Ulrik Federspiel (2016),[16] Group Executive, Haldor Topsøe A/S

Finland

Jorma Ollila (1997, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013[2][11]), current Non-Executive Chairman of Royal Dutch Shell and former Chairman of Nokia Corporation.

France

Patricia Barbizet (2016),[16] CEO, Artemis
Nicolas Baverez (2016),[16] Partner, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher
Michel Bon,[139] former CEO of France Telecom
Tom Enders (2011), CEO of Airbus[37]
André Lévy-Lang, (in French)[139] former CEO of Paribas

Germany

Josef Ackermann (2008–2011, 2013), CEO of Deutsche Bank[2][53][11]
Otto Wolff von Amerongen, Chairman Otto Wolff GmbH.
Werner Baumann (2017),[29] Chairman, Bayer AG
Hans-Christian Boos (2019),[50] CEO and Founder, Arago GmbH
Frank Bsirske (2017),[29] Chairman, United Services Union
Thomas Enders (2016),[16] CEO, Airbus Group
Ulrich Grillo (2016),[16] Chairman, Grillo-Werke AG; President, Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie
Timotheus Höttges (2016),[16] CEO, Deutsche Telekom AG
Sonja Jost (2019),[50] CEO, DexLeChem
Joe Kaeser (2016),[16] President and CEO, Siemens AG
Susanne Klatten (2017),[29] Managing Director, SKion GmbH
Klaus Kleinfeld (2008–2013),[2][53][22][10][3][11] Chairman and CEO of Alcoa
Jürgen E. Schrempp (1994–1996, 1997), 1998, 1999, 2001–2005, 2006, 2007), former CEO of DaimlerChrysler
Dieter Zetsche (2019),[50] Former Chairman, Daimler AGDEU

Greece

George A. David (2009–2011), Chairman of Coca-Cola Hellenic[53][22][10]
George Logothetis (2016),[16] Chairman and CEO, Libra Group
Dimitris Papalexopoulos (2008, 2009, 2012, 2016),[2][53][3][16] CEO, Titan Cement

Iceland

Hörður Sigurgestsson,[54] former CEO of shipping line Eimskip, former chairman and CFO of Icelandair[140]

Ireland

Peter Sutherland (1989–1996, 1997,[141] 2005), former Chairman of BP (deceased)
Denis O'Brien, billionaire with a variety of business interests (including Digicel, Communicorp, Independent News & Media, Irish Water and Topaz Energy)[142][143]
Michael O'Leary (2015–2016),[144][16] CEO, Ryanair

Italy

Giovanni Agnelli (1997), Honorary Chairman of Fiat Automobiles[145] (deceased)
Umberto Agnelli (1997), Chairman of IFIL[145] (deceased)
Franco Bernabè (2011, 2013, 2016),[37][11][16] CEO of Telecom Italia
John Elkann (2008–2012, 2014–2016),[2][53][22][10][3][12][13][16] Chairman and CEO, EXOR; Chairman, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Netherlands

Ben van Beurden (2016),[16] CEO, Royal Dutch Shell plc
Jeroen van der Veer (in Dutch) Former CEO Royal Dutch Shell plc

Norway

Svein Richard Brandtzæg (2016),[16] President and CEO, Norsk Hydro ASA
Jens Chr. Hauge[146] (member of the group's board;[147] industrialist, who resigned as minister of justice in 1955; minister of defence appointment in 1945)
Helge Lund (2019[148]) chairman of BP and Novo Nordisk.
Kristin Skogen Lund (2016),[16] Director General, Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise

Poland

Jacek Szwajcowski (2004, 2005)[138] – CEO of Polska Grupa Farmaceutyczna (Polish Pharmaceutical Group)
Grzegorz Hajdarowicz (2018)[149] – CEO of GREMI International

Portugal

Manuel Ferreira de Oliveira,[78] CEO of Galp Energia
Ricardo Salgado,[78][79] CEO of Banco Espírito Santo
Carlos Gomes da Silva (2016),[16] Vice Chairman and CEO, Galp Energia

Russia

Anatoly Chubais (1998, 2012),[3] head of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation
Alexei Mordashov (2011), CEO of Severstal[37]

Spain

César Alierta (2010, 2016),[22][16] Chairman and CEO of Telefónica
Juan Luis Cebrián (2016),[16] Executive Chairman, PRISA and El País
José Manuel Entrecanales (2009, 2010), Chairman of Acciona[53][22]
Jaime Carvajal, 5th Marquess of Isasi (2010),[22] Chairman of Advent International

Sweden

Percy Barnevik (1992–1996, 1997,[141] 2001), former CEO of ASEA
Conni Jonsson (2016),[16] Founder and Chairman, EQT Partners
Lars Renström (2010), President and CEO of Alfa Laval[22]
Hans Stråberg (2006),[82] CEO of Electrolux
Jacob Wallenberg (2006, 2013, 2016)[82][16]), Chairman, Investor AB

Switzerland

Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (2011),[10] Chairman of Nestlé
André Kudelski (2011, 2016),[37][16] Chairman and CEO, Kudelski Group
Daniel Vasella (2008–2013), Chairman of Novartis[2][53][22][10][3][11]
Peter Voser (2010, 2013),[22][11] Chairman of ABB Group and former CEO of Royal Dutch Shell

Turkey

Süreyya Ciliv (2011),[10] CEO of Turkcell
Levent Çakiroglu (2017),[29] CEO, Koç Holding A.S.
Mustafa Koç (2008–2013), Chairman of Koç Holding[2][53][22][10][3][11]
Ömer M. Koç (2017–2019),[29][49] Chairman, Koç Holding A.S.
Tuncay Özilhan (2010),[22] Chairman of Anadolu Group
Şefika Pekin (2011),[10] attorney
Serpil Timuray (2012),[3] CEO of Vodafone Turkey
Agah Uğur (2009),[53] CEO of Borusan Holding
Sinan Ülgen (2017),[29] Founding and Partner, Istanbul Economics

United Kingdom

Marcus Agius, (2011, 2013, 2016),[37][11][16] Chairman, PA Consulting Group
Lord Browne of Madingley (1995, 1997,[141] 2004), Chief Executive of BP
Robert Dudley (2016),[16] Group Chief Executive, BP
Dido Harding (2016),[16] CEO, TalkTalk Telecom Group plc
Demis Hassabis (2016),[16] Co-Founder and CEO, DeepMind
John Sawers (2016),[16] Chairman and Partner, Macro Advisory Partners
Martin Taylor[141] (1993–1996,[32] 1997, 2013[11]), former CEO of Barclays

United States

Sam Altman (2016),[16] President, Y Combinator;co-chairman of OpenAI
Jeff Bezos (2011, 2013),[10] Founder and CEO of Amazon.com
Timothy C. Collins (2008–2012), CEO of Ripplewood Holdings[2][53][22][10][3]
David M. Cote (2016),[16] Chairman and CEO, Honeywell
Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. (2016),[16] President and CEO, TIAA
Bill Gates (2010),[150][22] Chairman of Microsoft
Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.,[151] former CEO of IBM
Donald E. Graham (2008–2010),[2][22] CEO and chairman of The Washington Post Company, board of directors for Facebook
H. J. Heinz II (1954),[119] CEO of H. J. Heinz Company (deceased)
Mellody Hobson (2016),[16] President, Ariel Investment, LLC
Reid Hoffman (2016, 2019),[16][50] Co-Founder and Executive Chairman, LinkedIn
Chris Hughes (2011),[10] Co-founder of Facebook
Kenneth M. Jacobs (2016),[16] Chairman and CEO, Lazard
James A. Johnson (2016),[16] Chairman, Johnson Capital Partners (deceased)
Vernon Jordan (2016),[16] Senior Managing Director, Lazard Frères & Co. LLC
Alex Karp (2016),[16] CEO, Palantir Technologies
Klaus Kleinfeld (2016),[16] Chairman and CEO, Alcoa
Henry Kravis (2008–2016), co-founder, co-chairman and co-CEO of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts[2][53][22][10][3][11][12][13][16]
Richard Levin (2016),[16] CEO, Coursera
Divesh Makan (2016),[16] CEO, ICONIQ Capital
Scott Malcomson (2016),[16] Author; President, Monere Ltd.
Craig Mundie (2016),[16] Principal, Mundie & Associates
Satya Nadella (2019[50]), CEO of Microsoft
Eric Schmidt (2008,[2] 2010,[22] 2011, 2013–2016,[11][12][13] 2019[50]), Executive Chairman of Alphabet
Peter Thiel (2007–2016, 2019),[2][152][153][67][23][16][50] President of Clarium Capital and PayPal co-founder

Venezuela

Gustavo Cisneros (2010), Chairman of Grupo Cisneros[22]

Academic

Canada

Yoshua Bengio (2016),[16] Professor in Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal
James Orbinski, (2011),[10] Professor of Medicine and Political Science, University of Toronto, he was President of the International Council of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, aka Doctors Without Borders) at the time the organization received the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize.

China

Huang Yiping (2011, 2012),[10][3] Professor of Economics, China Center for Economic Research, Peking University

Finland

Matti Apunen (2016),[16] Director, Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA

France

C. Fred Bergsten (1971, 1974, 1984, 1997),[141] President, Peterson Institute
Olivier Blanchard (2016),[16] Fred Bergsten Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute
Emmanuelle Charpentier (2016),[16] Director, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology
Thierry de Montbrial,[139] Director of the Institut Français des Relations Internationales

Germany

Renate Köcher (2018),[49] Managing Director, Allensbach Institute for Public Opinion Research
Hans-Werner Sinn (2016),[16] Professor for Economics and Public Finance, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

Greece

Loukas Tsoukalis (2009–2012), President of the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy[53][22][10][3]

Italy

Carlo Ratti (2016),[16] Director, MIT Senseable City Lab

Netherlands

Victor Halberstadt (2000–2012, 2016), Professor of Economics, Leiden University; Former Honorary Secretary General of Bilderberg Meetings[2][66][16]
Robbert Dijkgraaf (2013[11]), mathematical physicist, director and Leon Levy professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, professor at the University of Amsterdam.

Russia

Sergei Guriev (2015)[154]

Spain

Juan Luis Cebrián (2017–2018),[29][49] Executive Chairman, El País
Luis Garicano (2016),[16] Professor of Economics, LSE; Senior Advisor to Ciudadanos

Switzerland

Beatrice Weder di Mauro (2016),[16] Professor of Economics, University of Mainz

Turkey

Mustafa Akyol (2017),[29] Senior Visiting Fellow, Freedom Project at Wellesley College
Senem Aydin-Düzgit (2016),[16] Associate Professor and Jean Monnet Chair, Istanbul Bilgi University
Evren Balta (2019),[50] Associate Professor of Political Science, Özyegin University
Canan Dağdeviren (2018), Assistant Professor, MIT Media Lab[84]
Selva Demiralp (2019),[50] Professor of Economics, Koç University
Soli Özel (2016),[16] Professor, Kadir Has University
Behlül Özkan (2018),[49] Associate Professor in International Relations, Marmara University
Metin Sitti (2019),[50] Professor, Koç University; Director, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems

United Kingdom

Guy Standing (2016),[16] Co-President, BIEN; Research Professor, University of London

United States

Niall Ferguson (2016),[16] Professor of History, Harvard University
Marie-Josée Kravis (2016),[16] Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute
Charles A. Murray (2016),[16] W.H. Brady Scholar, American Enterprise Institute
Richard Pipes (1981),[155] Senior Staff Member, National Security Council (deceased)

Media

Austria

Oscar Bronner (2008–2011, 2013),[2][53][22][156][11] Publisher and Editor, Der Standard

Canada

Peter Mansbridge, (2010),[157] CBC's chief correspondent and anchor of The National, CBC Television's flagship nightly newscast.
Conrad Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour, (1981, 1983, 1985–1996),[158] Hollinger International, Inc., Author and former media magnate.[32] (1997),
Robert Prichard, (2010),[157] the president of Ontario's Metrolinx.
Heather Reisman, (2000 – present),[2][159] CEO of Chapters/Indigo, Co-Founder of the Heseg Foundation.
David Frum, (1997),[160] Canadian American journalist and a former economic speechwriter for President George W. Bush.

Denmark

Tøger Seidenfaden (1999, 2001–03),[161] editor-in-chief, Politiken (deceased)

France

Nicolas Beytout, (in French)[139] Editor of Le Figaro (France)
Etienne Gernelle (2016, 2017),[16][162] Editorial Director, Le Point
Érik Izraelewicz (2012), CEO of Le Monde[3] (deceased)

Germany

Mathias Döpfner (2016–2019),[16][29][49][50] Chairman and CEO, Axel Springer SE
Thomas Ebeling (2016),[16] CEO, ProSiebenSat.1
Julia Jäkel (2016),[16] CEO, Gruner + Jahr

Greece

Alexis Papahelas (2008, 2009), Managing editor of Kathimerini[2][53]

Italy

Carlo Rossella (1997), Editor, La Stampa[145]
Lilli Gruber (2012, 2016),[163][16] Journalist – Anchorwoman, La7

Spain

Juan Luis Cebrián (2008–2012), CEO of PRISA[2][53][22][10][3]
Javier Monzón (2019),[50] Chairman, PRISA

Switzerland

Michael Ringier (2009),[53] Chairman of Ringier
Pietro Supino (2012),[3] Chairman of Tamedia

Turkey

Cansu Çamlibel (2017),[29] Washington DC Bureau Chief, Hürriyet Newspaper
Sami Kohen (2009),[53] Senior Foreign Affairs Columnist of Milliyet
Murat Yetkin (2018),[49] Editor-in-chief, Hürriyet Daily News

United Kingdom

Zanny Minton Beddoes (2016),[16] Editor-in-Chief, The Economist
Will Hutton[107] (1997), former CEO of The Work Foundation and editor-in-chief for The Observer
Andrew Knight (1996),[32][89] journalist, editor, and media baron

United States

Fouad Ajami (2012), Senior Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University[3] (deceased)
Anne Applebaum (2016),[16] Columnist, Washington Post; Director of the Transitions Forum, Legatum Institute
William F. Buckley Jr. (1996),[164] columnist and founder of National Review (deceased)
Richard Engel (2016),[16] Chief Foreign Correspondent, NBC News
Megan McArdle (2016),[16] Columnist, Bloomberg View
John Micklethwait (2016),[16] Editor-in-Chief, Bloomberg L.P.
Peggy Noonan (2016),[16] Author, Columnist, The Wall Street Journal
Charlie Rose (2008, 2010, 2011, 2012),[2][22][10][3] Executive Editor and Anchor, 'Charlie Rose'
George Stephanopoulos (1996, 1997),[32] Former Communications Director of the Clinton Administration (1993–1996), now ABC News Chief Washington Correspondent.

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Deverell, John (31 May 1996). "Vast array of international VIPs talk things over at secretive Bilderberg '96 in King City". Toronto Star. Lord Carrington, Conference chairman; former NATO secretary-general; Francisco Pinto Balsemao, Former prime minister of Portugal; Queen Beatrix, Netherlands; Lloyd Bentsen, Former treasury secretary, U.S.; Carl Bildt, The High Representative Sweden; Conrad Black, Chairman, Hollinger, Canada; Frits Bolkestein, Liberal party leader, Netherlands; Jean Chrétien, Prime minister of Canada; Etienne Davignon, Executive chairman, Societe Generale de Belgique, Belgium; Stanley Fischer, International Monetary Fund; Charles Freeman, Former assistant secretary of defence, U.S.; Mike Harris, Premier of Ontario; Richard Holbrooke, Former assistant secretary of state, U.S.; Peter Job, Chief executive, Reuters Holding, Britain; Lionel Jospin, Socialist party leader, France; Henry Kissinger, Former U.S. secretary of state; Andrew Knight, News Corp., Britain; Winston Lord, Assistant secretary of state, U.S.; Paul Martin, Finance minister, Canada; Philippe Maystadt, Finance minister, Belgium; John Monks, Union leader, Britain; Mario Monti, European commissioner; Sam Nunn, U.S. senator; William Perry, Defence secretary, U.S.; Jan Petersen, Conservative party leader, Norway; Malcolm Rifkind, Foreign secretary, Britain; Renato Ruggiero, Director-general, World Trade Organization; Mona Sahlin, Member of parliament, Sweden; Klaus Schwab, President, World Economic Forum; Queen Sofia, Spain; George Soros, President, Soros Fund Management, U.S.; George Stephanopoulos, Senior adviser to the president, U.S.; Peter Sutherland, Former director-general, GATT and WTO, Ireland; J. Martin Taylor, Chief executive, Barclays Bank, Britain; Alex Trotman, Chairman, Ford Motor, U.S.; John Whitehead, Former deputy secretary of state, U.S.; James Wolfensohn, World Bank president.
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"Register of Members' Interests". 9 June 1999. 3–6 June 1999, to Portugal, to attend Bilderberg meetings. I paid for my own air fare; the hotel accommodation for three nights was paid for by the organisers.
"Register of Members' Interests". 21 May 2003. 15–18 May 2003, to Versailles, France, to attend a Bilderberg Conference. I paid for my own air fare; the hotel accommodation for three nights was paid for by the organisers.
"Register of Members' Interests". 8 June 2004. 3–6 June 2004, to Stresa, Italy, to attend Bilderberg Conference. I paid for my own air fare; the hotel accommodation for three nights was paid for by the organisers.
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Ronson, Jon (10 March 2001). "Who pulls the strings? (part 3)". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 July 2009. During the Falklands war, the British government's request for international sanctions against Argentina fell on stony ground. But at a Bilderberg meeting in, I think, Denmark, David Owen stood up and gave the most fiery speech in favour of imposing them. Well, the speech changed a lot of minds. I'm sure that various foreign ministers went back to their respective countries and told their leaders what David Owen had said. And you know what? Sanctions were imposed.
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"Clinton; Tony and Gordon just have to work this out; The former president, who is expected to play a starring role at the Labour conference, talks to Toby Harnden about the party; its future and its leadership contest". The Spectator. 16 September 2006. p. 14. In fact, Clinton, then governor of Arkansas and considered a rank outsider for the 1992 presidential race, first met Brown in June 1991 at the Bilderberg conference in the Black Forest resort of Baden-Baden. By all accounts, the two clicked.
"Twenty-fifth Bilderberg meeting held". Facts on File World News Digest. 14 May 1977. Alec Douglas-Home, the former prime minister of Great Britain, chaired the conference, replacing Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, who had previously headed the Bilderberg invitation committee. (Prince Bernhard had resigned all public positions after the 1976 Lockheed scandal.)
"News in Brief". The Times. 26 April 1975. p. 5. Mrs Thatcher, the Conservative leader and Mr Healey, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, were among participants in the twenty second Bilderberg Conference.
Caroline Moorehead (18 April 1977). "Times Profile: The Bilderberg Group". The Times. p. 9. Henry Kissinger will be there. So will Helmut Schmidt, Baron Edmond de Rothschild, Joseph Luns, Giovanni Agnelli and Mrs Thatcher. This is the twenty-fifth Bilderberg meeting.
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"They are among 120 dignitaries from Europe and the United States meeting at a secluded resort in Georgia as part of an organization called the Bilderberg Group.
"For four days that began Thursday, the group's influential guests are part of an informal think tank on world issues."
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[TDN2007-1] "'High Priests of Globalization' In Istanbul". Turkish Daily News. 31 May 2007. The Turkish state minister and chief negotiator, Ali Babacan, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Administrator Kemal Dervis, the Association of Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen (Tusiad) Chairwoman Arzuhan Dogan Yalcindag, Koc Holding Executive Board President Mustafa Koc and the Bogazici University rector, Prof Dr Ayse Soysal, will attend the meeting on behalf of Turkey. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Queen Sofia of Spain, Crown Prince Philippe of Belgium, Greek National Economy and Finance Minister Yeoryios Alogoskoufis, former Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemao of Portugal, former Foreign Minister Michel Barnier of France, Foreign Minister Carl Bildt of Sweden, Finance Minister Anders Borg of Sweden, Foreign Trade Minister Frank Heemskerk of the Netherlands, Finance Minister Jyrki Katainen of Finland, former US secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, Agriculture Minister Christine Lagarde of France, Justice Minister Michael McDowell of Ireland, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato, the EU commissioner for enlargement, Olli Rehn, and the US ambassador to Turkey, Ross Wilson, are among foreign guests of the meeting. Meanwhile, tight security measures were taken in and around the Ritz Carlton Hotel, the venue of the meeting.

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[5] Stead, Jean (28 April 1986). "Prince Charles attends meeting on South Africa". The Guardian. London). The 34th Bilderberg conference ended at Gleneagles Hotel, Perthshire, yesterday after a debate on the South African crisis attended by Prince Charles. He arrived for the economic debate on Saturday and stayed overnight at the hotel.

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[TWP1978-83] "Western Issues Aired". The Washington Post. 24 April 1978. The three-day 26th Bilderberg Meeting concluded at a secluded cluster of shingled buildings in what was once a farmer's field. Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter's national security adviser, Swedish Prime Minister Thorbjorrn Falldin, former secretary of state Henry Kissinger and NATO Commander Alexander M. Haig Jr. were among 104 North American and European leaders at the conference.

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[88] Goslett, Miles (12 August 2007). "Taxpayers foot bill for Ed Balls 'junket'". The Daily Telegraph. London.

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[KC1993-90] "Memorandum submitted by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards – Complaint against Mr Kenneth Clarke". United Kingdom Parliament. 11 July 1997. Mr Clarke subsequently explained that he and Mr Blair considered that they were attending the conference as representatives of the Government and the Opposition respectively, and stated that 'I was quite confident that I was at the time meeting the rules applying to Ministers, and it did not occur to me that the new rules concerning registration could apply to this visit'.

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