Alexander Haig

Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. (/hɡ/; December 2, 1924  February 20, 2010) was the United States Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan and the White House chief of staff under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[1] Prior to these cabinet-level positions, he retired as a general from the United States Army, having been Supreme Allied Commander Europe after serving as the vice chief of staff of the Army.

Alexander Haig
59th United States Secretary of State
In office
January 22, 1981  July 5, 1982
PresidentRonald Reagan
DeputyWilliam P. Clark Jr.
Walter J. Stoessel Jr.
Preceded byEdmund Muskie
Succeeded byGeorge P. Shultz
7th Supreme Allied Commander Europe
In office
December 16, 1974  July 1, 1979
PresidentGerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
DeputyJohn Mogg
Harry Tuzo
Gerd Schmückle
Preceded byAndrew Goodpaster
Succeeded byBernard W. Rogers
5th White House Chief of Staff
In office
May 4, 1973  September 21, 1974
PresidentRichard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Preceded byH. R. Haldeman
Succeeded byDonald Rumsfeld
Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army
In office
January 4, 1973  May 4, 1973
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byBruce Palmer Jr.
Succeeded byFrederick C. Weyand
United States Deputy National Security Advisor
In office
June 1970  January 4, 1973
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byRichard V. Allen
Succeeded byBrent Scowcroft
Personal details
Born
Alexander Meigs Haig Jr.

(1924-12-02)December 2, 1924
Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedFebruary 20, 2010(2010-02-20) (aged 85)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)
Patricia Fox
(m. 1950)
Children3, including Brian
EducationUniversity of Notre Dame
United States Military Academy (BS)
Columbia University (MBA)
Georgetown University (MA)
Signature
Military service
AllegianceUnited States of America
Branch/service United States Army
Years of service1947–1979
Rank General
Battles/warsKorean War
Vietnam War
Awards
Major General Alexander Haig being presented with the Distinguished Service Medal by President Richard Nixon at the Oval Office White House, January 4, 1973.

Born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, Haig served in the Korean War after graduating from the United States Military Academy. In the Korean War, he served as an aide to General Alonzo Patrick Fox and General Edward Almond. After the war, he served as an aide to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. During the Vietnam War, Haig commanded a battalion and later a brigade of the 1st Infantry Division. For his service, Haig was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, and the Purple Heart.[2]

In 1969 Haig became an assistant to National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger. He became vice chief of staff of the Army, the second-highest-ranking position in the Army, in 1972. After the 1973 resignation of H. R. Haldeman, Haig became President Nixon's chief of staff. Serving in the wake of the Watergate scandal, he became especially influential in the final months of Nixon's tenure, and played a role in persuading Nixon to resign in August 1974. Haig continued to serve as chief of staff for the first month of President Ford's tenure. From 1974 to 1979, Haig served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, commanding all NATO forces in Europe. He retired from the Army in 1979 and pursued a career in business.

After Reagan won the 1980 presidential election, he nominated Haig to be his secretary of state. After the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, Haig asserted "I am in control here," allegedly suggesting (erroneously since 1947, when the Speaker of the House of Representatives was designated the second in the line of succession after the Vice President) that he served as acting president in Reagan's and Bush's absence, later iterating that he meant that he was functionally in control of the government. During the Falklands War, Haig sought to broker peace between the United Kingdom and Argentina. He resigned from Reagan's cabinet in July 1982. After leaving office, he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries. He also served as the head of a consulting firm and hosted the television program World Business Review.[3]

Haig was born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, the middle of three children of Alexander Meigs Haig Sr., a Republican lawyer of Scottish descent, and his wife, Regina Anne (née Murphy).[4] When Haig was 9, his father, aged 41, died of cancer. His Irish American mother raised her children in the Catholic faith.[5] Haig initially attended Saint Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on scholarship; when it was withdrawn due to poor academic performance, he transferred to Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1942.

Initially unable to secure his desired appointment to the United States Military Academy (with one teacher opining that "Al is definitely not West Point material"), Haig studied at the University of Notre Dame (where he reportedly earned a "string of A's" in an "intellectual awakening")[6] for two years before securing a congressional appointment to the Academy in 1944 at the behest of his uncle, who served as the Philadelphia municipal government's director of public works.[6]

Enrolled in an accelerated wartime curriculum that deemphasized the humanities and social sciences, Haig graduated in the bottom third of his class[7] (ranked 214 of 310) in 1947.[8] Although a West Point superintendent characterized Haig as "the last man in his class anyone expected to become the first general,"[9] other classmates acknowledged his "strong convictions and even stronger ambitions."[8] Haig later earned an M.B.A. from the Columbia Business School in 1955 and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1961. His thesis for the latter degree examined the role of military officers in making national policy.

Early military career

Korean War

As a young officer, Haig served as an aide to Lieutenant General Alonzo Patrick Fox, a deputy chief of staff to General Douglas MacArthur. In 1950 Haig married Fox's daughter, Patricia.[7] In the early days of the Korean War, Haig was responsible for maintaining General MacArthur's situation map and briefing MacArthur each evening on the day's battlefield events.[10] Haig later served (1950–51) with the X Corps, as aide to MacArthur's chief of staff, General Edward Almond,[2] who awarded Haig two Silver Stars and a Bronze Star with Valor device.[11] Haig participated in four Korean War campaigns, including the Battle of Inchon, the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, and the evacuation of Hŭngnam,[10] as Almond's aide.

Pentagon assignments

Haig served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations at the Pentagon (1962–64), and then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes in 1964. He then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, continuing in that service until the end of 1965.[12] In 1966, Haig graduated from the United States Army War College.

Vietnam War

In 1966 Haig took command of a battalion of the 1st Infantry Division during the Vietnam War. On May 22, 1967, Lieutenant Colonel Haig was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the U.S. Army's second highest medal for valor, by General William Westmoreland as a result of his actions during the Battle of Ap Gu in March 1967.[13] During the battle, Haig's troops (of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment) became pinned down by a Viet Cong force that outnumbered U.S. forces by three to one. In an attempt to survey the battlefield, Haig boarded a helicopter and flew to the point of contact. His helicopter was subsequently shot down. Two days of bloody hand-to-hand combat ensued. An excerpt from Haig's official Army citation follows:

When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force ... the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong ... HQ US Army, Vietnam, General Orders No. 2318 (May 22, 1967)[14]

Haig was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Purple Heart during his tour in Vietnam[13] and was eventually promoted to colonel as commander of 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam.

Return to West Point

Following his one-year Vietnam tour, Haig returned to the United States to become regimental commander of the Third Regiment of the Corps of Cadets at West Point under the newly appointed commandant, Brigadier General Bernard W. Rogers. (Both had previously served together in the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers as assistant division commander and Haig as brigade commander.)

Security adviser (1969–72)

Official portrait of Haig as White House chief of staff

In 1969, he was appointed military assistant to the assistant to the president for national security affairs, Henry Kissinger. A year later, he replaced Richard V. Allen as deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs. During this period, he was promoted to brigadier general (September 1969) and major general (March 1972).

In this position, Haig helped South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu negotiate the final cease-fire talks in 1972. Haig continued in this position until January 1973, when he became vice chief of staff of the Army. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in October 1972, thus skipping the rank of lieutenant general. By appointing him to this billet, Nixon "passed over 240 generals" who were senior to Haig.[15]

White House Chief of Staff (1973–74)

Nixon administration

A meeting of Nixon Administration economic advisors and cabinet members on May 7, 1974. Clockwise from Richard Nixon: George P. Shultz, James T. Lynn, Alexander M. Haig, Jr., Roy L. Ash, Herbert Stein, and William E. Simon.
Haig (far right) is seen meeting with (left to right) Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, President Richard Nixon, and Representative Gerald Ford (R-MI) on October 13, 1973, regarding Ford's upcoming appointment as vice president

After only four months as VCSA, Haig returned to the Nixon administration at the height of the Watergate affair as White House chief of staff in May 1973. Retaining his Army commission, he remained in the position until September 21, 1974, ultimately overseeing the transition to the presidency of Gerald Ford following Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974.

General Alexander Haig at his White House offices while still wearing his U.S. Army uniform, upon assuming the White House Chief of Staff position on May 4, 1973.
General Haig with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and his assistant Major George Joulwan (Seated, corner left) at Haig's office in the White House, August 8, 1974.

Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate[1] and was essentially seen as the "acting president" during Nixon's last few months in office.[16] During July and early August 1974, Haig played an instrumental role in finally persuading Nixon to resign. Haig presented several pardon options to Ford a few days before Nixon eventually resigned. In this regard, in his 1999 book Shadow, author Bob Woodward describes Haig's role as the point man between Nixon and Ford during the final days of Nixon's presidency. According to Woodward, Haig played a major behind-the-scenes role in the delicate negotiations of the transfer of power from President Nixon to President Ford.[17] Indeed, about one month after taking office, Ford did pardon Nixon, resulting in much controversy.

However, Haig denied the allegation that he played a key role in arbitrating Nixon's resignation by offering Ford's pardon to Nixon. One of the most crucial moments was, a day before Haig's departure to Europe to begin his tenure as NATO Supreme Allied Commander, when Haig was phoned by J. Fred Buzhardt who once served as special White House counsel for Watergate matters.[18][19] On the phone, Buzhardt told Haig about President Ford's upcoming speech to address the nation about pardoning former President Richard Nixon and Buzhardt told that the speech contain something that indicated Haig's role in Nixon's resignation and Ford's pardoning of Richard Nixon. According to his autobiography (Inner Circles: How America Changed the World), Haig who was furious after learning this fact from J. Fred Buzhardt and immediately got into his car and drove straight to the White House in order to determine the veracity of Buzhardt's claims. This was due to his concern that Ford's speech on the Nixon pardon would expose his role in negotiating Nixon's resignation in exchange for a pardon issued by the newly sworn in President.[18][19]

Ford administration

Following the transition, Haig was replaced by Donald Rumsfeld. Author and Haig biographer Roger Morris, a former colleague of Haig's on the National Security Council early in Nixon's first term, wrote that when Ford pardoned Nixon, he in effect pardoned Haig as well.[20] In December 1974, Haig was appointed as the next Supreme Allied Commander Europe by President Gerald Ford replacing General Andrew Goodpaster and return to active-duty within the United States Army. General Haig also became the top runner to be the 27th U.S. Army Chief of Staff, following the death of Army Chief of Staff General Creighton Abrams from complications of surgery to remove lung cancer on September 4, 1974. However it was General Frederick C. Weyand who later fulfilled the late General Abrams position as Army Chief of Staff instead of General Haig.[18]

NATO Supreme Commander (1974–79)

Haig as SACEUR

From 1974 to 1979 Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, the commander of NATO forces in Europe, and commander in chief of United States European Command. Haig took the same route to SHAPE every day—a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist groups. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the target of an assassination attempt in Mons, Belgium. A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig's car and wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car.[21] Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the Red Army Faction (RAF). In 1993 a German court sentenced Rolf Clemens Wagner, a former RAF member, to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt.[21] Haig retired from his position as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe in July 1979 and was succeeded by General Bernard W. Rogers.[18]

Civilian positions

Haig retired as a four-star general from the Army in 1979, and moved on to civilian employment. In 1979 he worked at the Philadelphia-based Foreign Policy Research Institute briefly and later served on that organization's board.[22] Later that year, he was named president and director of United Technologies Corporation under Chief Executive Officer Harry J. Gray, a job he retained until 1981.

Secretary of State (1981–82)

Haig (Seated, Left) with President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H.W. Bush and the rest of President Ronald Reagan's cabinet members, at the White House Oval Office, January 28, 1981.

Haig was the second of three career military officers to become secretary of state (George C. Marshall and Colin Powell were the others). His speeches in this role in particular led to the coining of the neologism "Haigspeak," described in a dictionary of neologisms as "Language characterized by pompous obscurity resulting from redundancy, the semantically strained use of words, and verbosity,"[23] leading Ambassador Nicko Henderson to offer a prize for the best rendering of the Gettysburg address in Haigspeak.[24]

Initial challenges

On December 11, 1980, president-elect Reagan was prepared to publicly announce nearly all of his candidates for the most important cabinet-level posts. Singularly absent from the list of top nominees was his choice for Secretary of State, presumed by many at the time to be Al Haig. Haig's prospects for Senate confirmation were clouded when Senate Democrats questioned his role in the Watergate scandal. In Haig's defense, North Carolina Senator Jesse Helms claimed to have phoned former President Nixon personally to inquire whether any material on Nixon's unreleased White House tapes could embarrass Haig. According to Helms, Nixon replied, "Not a thing."[25] Haig was eventually confirmed after hearings he described as an "ordeal," during which he received no encouragement from Reagan or his staff.[26]

Several days earlier, on December 2, 1980, as Haig faced these initial challenges to the next step in his political career, four American Catholic missionary women in El Salvador, two of whom were Maryknoll sisters, were beaten, raped, and murdered by five Salvadoran national guardsmen ordered to surveil them. Their bodies were exhumed from a remote shallow grave two days later in the presence of then–U.S. ambassador to El Salvador Robert White. Despite this diplomatically awkward atrocity, the Carter administration soon approved $5.9 million in lethal military assistance to El Salvador's oppressive right-wing regime,[27] a figure the incoming Reagan administration expanded to $25 million less than six weeks later.[28]

In justifying these arms shipments, the administration claimed that the regime had taken "positive steps" to investigate the murder of four American nuns, but this was disputed by US Ambassador, Robert E. White, who said that he could find no evidence the junta was "conducting a serious investigation." [72] White was dismissed from the foreign service by the Reagan Administration after he had refused to participate in a coverup of the Salvadoran military's responsibility for the murders at the behest of Secretary of State Alexander Haig.[29]

United States Secretary of State General Alexander Haig welcomed Israeli Prime Minister Menachin Begin at Andrews Air Force Base.

Throughout the 1980 U.S. presidential campaign, Reagan and his foreign policy advisers faulted the Carter administration's perceived over-emphasis on the human rights abuses committed by "authoritarian" regimes allied to the U.S., labeling it a "double standard" when compared with Carter's treatment of communist-bloc regimes. Haig, who described himself as the "vicar" of U.S. foreign policy,[30] believed the human rights violations of an American ally such as El Salvador should be given less attention than the ally's successes against American enemies, and thus found himself downplaying the nun killings before the House Foreign Affairs Committee in March 1981:

I'd like to suggest to you that some of the investigations would lead one to believe that perhaps the vehicle the nuns were riding in may have tried to run through a roadblock, or may have accidentally been perceived to have been doing so, and there may have been an exchange of fire, and then perhaps those who inflicted the casualties sought to cover it up.

Alexander Haig, Alexander Haig, House Foreign Affairs committee testimony, quoted by UPI, March 19, 1981[31]

The outcry that immediately followed Haig's insinuation prompted him to emphatically withdraw his speculative suggestions the very next day before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.[32] Similar public relations miscalculations, by Haig and others, continued to plague the Reagan administration's attempts to build popular American approval for its Central American policies.

Reagan assassination attempt: 'I am in control here'

Haig speaks to the press after the attempted assassination on President Ronald Reagan

In 1981, following the March 30 assassination attempt on Reagan, Haig asserted before reporters, "I am in control here"[33] as a result of Reagan's hospitalization, indicating that, while President Reagan had not "transfer[red] the helm," Haig was in fact directing White House crisis management until Vice President George Bush arrived in Washington to assume that role.

Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the president, the vice president, and the secretary of state in that order, and should the president decide he wants to transfer the helm to the vice president, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the vice president and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.

Alexander Haig, "Alexander Haig", autobiographical profile in Time magazine, April 2, 1984[34]

The U.S. Constitution, including both the presidential line of succession and the 25th Amendment, dictates what happens when a president is incapacitated. The Speaker of the House (at the time, Tip O'Neill, Democrat) and the president pro tempore of the Senate (at the time, Strom Thurmond, Republican), precede the secretary of state in the line of succession. Haig later clarified,

I wasn't talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, "Who is in line should the president die?"

Alexander Haig, "Alexander Haig" interview with 60 Minutes II April 23, 2001

Falklands War

Haig as Secretary of State with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher at Andrews Air Force Base in 1982.

In April 1982 Haig conducted shuttle diplomacy between the governments of Argentina in Buenos Aires and the United Kingdom in London after Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. Negotiations broke down and Haig returned to Washington on April 19. The British fleet then entered the war zone. In December 2012 documents released under the United Kingdom's 30 Year Rule disclosed that Haig planned to reveal British classified military information to Argentina in advance of the recapture of South Georgia Island. The information, which contained the United Kingdom's plans for the retaking of the island, was intended to show the Argentine military junta in Buenos Aires that the United States was a neutral player and could be trusted to act impartially during negotiations to end the conflict.[35] However, in 2012 it was revealed via declassified files from the Reagan Presidential Library that Haig attempted to persuade Reagan to side with Argentina.[36]

Secretary of State Alexander Haig accompanying President Ronald Reagan during a meeting with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and British Foreign Minister Francis Pym at 10 Downing Street, June 8, 1982.

1982 Lebanon War

Haig's report to Reagan on January 30, 1982, shows that Haig feared that the Israelis might start a war against Lebanon.[37] Critics accused Haig of "greenlighting" the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Haig denied this and said he urged restraint.[38]

Resignation

Haig caused some alarm with his suggestion that a "nuclear warning shot" in Europe might be effective in deterring the Soviet Union.[39] His tenure as secretary of state was often characterized by his clashes with the defense secretary, Caspar Weinberger. Haig, who repeatedly had difficulty with various members of the Reagan administration during his year-and-a-half in office, decided to resign his post on June 25, 1982.[40] President Reagan accepted his resignation on July 5.[41] Haig was succeeded by George P. Shultz, who was confirmed on July 16.[42]

1988 Republican presidential primaries

Haig ran unsuccessfully for the 1988 Republican Party presidential nomination. Although he enjoyed relatively high name recognition, Haig never broke out of single digits in national public opinion polls. He was a fierce critic of then–Vice President George H.W. Bush, often doubting Bush's leadership abilities, questioning his role in the Iran–Contra affair, and using the word "wimp" in relation to Bush in an October 1987 debate in Texas.[43] Despite extensive personal campaigning and paid advertising in New Hampshire, Haig remained stuck in last place in the polls. After finishing with less than 1 percent of the vote in the Iowa caucuses and trailing badly in the New Hampshire primary polls, Haig withdrew his candidacy and endorsed Senator Bob Dole.[44][45] Dole, steadily gaining on Bush after beating him handily a week earlier in the Iowa caucus, ended up losing to Bush in the New Hampshire primary by 10 percentage points. With his momentum regained, Bush easily won the nomination.

Later life, health, and death

In 1980 Haig had a double heart bypass operation.[46] In the 1980s and '90s, being the head of a consulting firm, he served as a director for various struggling businesses, the best-known probably being computer manufacturer Commodore International.[47] He also served as a founding corporate director of America Online.[48]

Haig was the host for several years of the television program World Business Review. At the time of his death, he was the host of 21st Century Business, with each program a weekly business education forum that included business solutions, expert interview, commentary, and field reports.[49] Haig served as a founding member of the advisory board of Newsmax Media, which publishes the conservative web site, Newsmax.com.[50] Haig was co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Stephen J. Solarz. A member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) board of advisers, Haig was also a founding board member of America Online.[51]

On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the White House of former secretaries of defense and state to discuss U.S. foreign policy with Bush administration officials.[52] On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second White House meeting with 10 former secretaries of state and defense. The meeting included briefings by Donald Rumsfeld and Condoleezza Rice and was followed by a discussion with President George W. Bush.[53] Haig's memoirs—Inner Circles: How America Changed The World—were published in 1992.

On February 19, 2010, a hospital spokesman revealed that the 85-year-old Haig had been hospitalized at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore since January 28 and remained in critical condition.[54] On February 20, Haig died at the age of 85, from complications from a staphylococcal infection that he had prior to admission. According to The New York Times, his brother, Frank Haig, said the Army was coordinating a mass at Fort Myer in Washington and an interment at Arlington National Cemetery, but both had to be delayed by about two weeks owing to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.[16] A Mass of Christian Burial was held at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., on March 2, 2010. Eulogies were given by Henry Kissinger and Sherwood D. Goldberg.[55]

President Barack Obama said in a statement that "General Haig exemplified our finest warrior–diplomat tradition of those who dedicate their lives to public service."[56] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton described Haig as a man who "served his country in many capacities for many years, earning honor on the battlefield, the confidence of presidents and prime ministers, and the thanks of a grateful nation."[57]

Family

Alexander Haig was married to Patricia (née Fox), with whom he had three children: Alexander Patrick Haig, Barbara Haig, and Brian Haig.[58] Haig's younger brother, Frank Haig, is a Jesuit priest and professor emeritus of physics at Loyola University in Baltimore, Maryland.[59] Alexander Haig's sister, Regina Meredith, was a practicing attorney licensed in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, was elected a Mercer County, New Jersey Freeholder, and was a co-founding partner of the firm Meredith, Chase and Taggart, located in Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey. She died in 2008.

Publications

Articles

Books

  • Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984. ISBN 978-0025473706. 367 pages.
  • Inner Circles: How America Changed the World: A Memoir. New York, NY: Warner Books, 1992. ISBN 978-0446515719 LCCN 91-50409. 650 pages.

Contributed works

Awards and decorations

Haig's awards and decorations include:

Combat Infantryman Badge
Distinguished Service Cross Defense Distinguished Service Medal
w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Navy Distinguished Service Medal Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star
w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster
Legion of Merit
w/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters
Distinguished Flying Cross
w/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters
Bronze Star
w/ Valor device and 2 bronze oak leaf clusters
Purple Heart Air Medal
w/ bronze award numerals 27
Army Commendation Medal
American Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal
National Defense Service Medal
w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster
Korean Service Medal
w/ 4 bronze campaign stars
Vietnam Service Medal
w/ 2 bronze campaign stars
National Order of Vietnam
(Commander)
National Order of Vietnam
(Knight)
Vietnam Cross of Gallantry
w/ Palm
Grand-Cross of the Portuguese Order of Christ[60] Order of Leopold (Officer) Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
(Grand Cross 1st Class)
United Nations Korea Medal Vietnam Campaign Medal Republic of Korea War Service Medal
Valorous Unit Award
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation
SHAPE Badge

Other honors

1976, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[61]

2009, General and Mrs. Haig were recognized for their generous gift in support of academic programs at West Point by being inducted into the Eisenhower Society for Lifetime Giving.[62]

References

  1. "Alexander Haig". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008.
  2. "Premier Speakers Bureau". Archived from the original on January 14, 2010.
  3. World Business Review (TV Series 1996–2006) - IMDb, retrieved October 20, 2020
  4. Hohmann, James (February 21, 2010). "Alexander Haig, 85; soldier-statesman managed Nixon resignation". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
  5. "Haig's Future Uncertain After a Shaky Start". Anchorage Daily News. April 11, 1981. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
  6. Bellow, Adam (July 13, 2004). In Praise of Nepotism. ISBN 9781400079025.
  7. Weiner, Tim (February 20, 2010). "Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents". The New York Times.
  8. Jackson, Harold (February 20, 2010). "Alexander Haig obituary". The Guardian.
  9. "Al Haig, the long goodbye".
  10. Alexander M. Haig, Jr. "Lessons of the forgotten war".
  11. "UT Biography". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013.
  12. Weiner, Tim (February 20, 2010). "Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  13. "West Point Citation". Archived from the original on May 16, 2006.
  14. "Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross, US Army Recipients – Vietnam".
  15. "4‐Star Diplomat in White House Alexander Meigs Haig Jr". The New York Times. May 5, 1973.
  16. Weiner, Tim (February 20, 2010). "Alexander M. Haig Jr., 85, Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  17. The Final Days, by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, 1976, New York, Simon & Schuster; Shadow, by Bob Woodward, 1999, New York, Simon & Schuster, pp. 4–38.
  18. Haig, Alexander M. (September 1, 1992). Inner Circles: How America Changed the World : A Memoir. Grand Central Publisher. ISBN 978-0446515719.
  19. Woodward, Robert Upshur (June 16, 1999). Shadow: Five Presidents And The Legacy Of Watergate. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0684852638.
  20. Haig: The General's Progress, by Roger Morris (American writer), Playboy Press, 1982, pp. 320–25.
  21. "German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig". The New York Times. November 25, 1993.
  22. Maykuth, Andrew (February 21, 2010). "Philadelphia dominated Haig's formative years". Philadelphia Inquirer.
  23. Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941–1991, John Algeo, p.231
  24. Financial Times, London, March 21, 2009
  25. "Reagan selects half of Cabinet-level staff". Gadsden Times. Associated Press. December 11, 1980.
  26. Chace, James (April 22, 1984). "The Turbulent Tenure of Alexander Haig". The New York Times.
  27. LeoGrande, William (1998). Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 70. ISBN 0807898805.
  28. LeoGrande 1998, p. 89.
  29. Bonner, Raymond (November 9, 2014). "Bringing El Salvador Nun Killers to Justice". The Daily Beast. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
  30. "Alexander Haig". The Economist. February 25, 2010.
  31. "Church Women Ran Roadblock, Haig Theorizes". Pittsburgh Press. UPI. March 19, 1981. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  32. Michaels, Leonard; Ricks, Christopher (1990). The State of the Language (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 261. ISBN 0520059069.
  33. Michael Goodwin | New York Post, The 'anonymous official op-ed' is less than it seems, https://nypost.com/2018/09/06/the-anonymous-official-op-ed-is-less-than-it-seems/, September 6, 2018
  34. "Alexander Haig". Time. April 2, 1984. p. 22 of 24 page article. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
  35. Tweedie, Neil (December 28, 2012). "US wanted to warn Argentina about South Georgia". Telegraph. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  36. O'Sullivan, John (April 2, 2012). "How the U.S. Almost Betrayed Britain". Washington Post. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  37. Ronald Reagan edited by Douglas Brinkley (2007) The Reagan Diaries Harper Collins ISBN 978-0-06-087600-5 p. 66 Saturday, January 30
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Further reading

Political offices
Preceded by
Richard V. Allen
Deputy National Security Advisor
1970–1973
Succeeded by
Brent Scowcroft
Preceded by
H. R. Haldeman
White House Chief of Staff
1973–1974
Succeeded by
Donald Rumsfeld
Preceded by
Edmund Muskie
United States Secretary of State
1981–1982
Succeeded by
George P. Shultz
Military offices
Preceded by
Bruce Palmer Jr.
Vice Chief of Staff of the Army
1973
Succeeded by
Frederick C. Weyand
Preceded by
Andrew Goodpaster
Supreme Allied Commander Europe
1974–1979
Succeeded by
Bernard W. Rogers
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