List of Nazi doctors
This is a list of notable Nazi medical doctors (physicians).
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When the Nazi government came to power it purged Germany of its 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish doctors.[1] Reportedly more than 7% of all German physicians became members of the Nazi party during World War II, a far higher percentage than the general population.[2] In 1942 more than 38,000 German doctors, half the total number of doctors, had joined the Nazi party.[3][4] While most of these doctors were physicians, some held doctorates (PhD.'s) in biology, anthropology, or similarly related fields.
Doctors who were working for the state, and not for their patient, using a Mendelian type of logic chart, saw extermination of their patients as the correct solution to the problem of mental illness and the genetically defective.[5][6][7][8]
"The participation in the ‘betrayal of Hippocrates’ had a broad basis within the German medical profession. Without the doctors' active help, the Holocaust could not have happened." wrote E Ernst in the International Journal of Epidemiology.[9]
Psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin was the founder of the psychiatric genetics field and was also a founder of the German racial hygiene movement.[10]
Killing and experimentation[11] became medical procedures as they were performed by licensed doctors. A doctor was present at all the mass killings for legal reasons.[12] During the Doctors' trial, the defense argued that there was no international law to distinguish between legal and illegal human experimentation,[13] which led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code (1947).
After the war, the German Medical Association blamed Nazi atrocities on a small group of 350 criminal doctors.[14][15][16]
After Nazi Germany surrendered, some doctors attempted to change names to escape capture and trial, such as Werner Heyde[17] and Robert Ley,[18] Other doctors, such as Walter Schreiber, were covertly moved to the United States during "Operation Paperclip" in 1951.
Alphabetical list of World War II Nazi physicians:
Doctors' trial, Nuremberg, 1946–1947
A
- Dr. Kurt Albrecht (Mediziner), psychiatrist. Germany
- Dr. Hans Asperger, Austrian psychiatrist, used human test subjects; Asperger syndrome named after him.
B
- Dr. Karl Babor. German Wikipedia entry on Karl Babor (German Wikipedia), Physician.
- Dr. Ernst Baumhard (Dr. Jäger), Physician.[19]
- Dr. Heinz Baumkötter. Tried in the Sachsenhausen trials.
- Dr. Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Physician.
- Dr. Wilhelm Beiglböck (Beiglboeck, Bleibeck), Physician. Defendant in the Doctors' trial.
- Dr. Friedrich Berner (Dr. Barth), Physician.
- Dr Hans Bertha Head psychiatrist of Am Steinhof, Vienna’s main wartime psychiatric hospital.[20]
- Dr. Otto Bickenbach
- Dr. Kurt Borm, Physician. T4 pseudonym “Dr Storm”. Killed or assisted in the deaths of 6,652 patients and acquitted 6 June 1972.
- Dr. Kurt Blome, Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial. Dr Walter Schreiber gave evidence against Blome.
- Dr. Karl Brandt, Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial.
- Dr. Heinrich Bunke (a.k.a. Dr. Rieper, Dr. Keller), Physician.
C
- Dr. Carl Clauberg, Gynecologist.
- Dr. Leonardo Conti, Physician. Accused of killing patients in Clemens August Graf von Galen August 3, 1941 sermon.[21]
- Dr. Fritz Cropp, Physician.
D
- Dr. Hans Delmotte Physician.
- Dr. Erwin Oskar Ding (alias Schuler), Physician.
E
- Dr. Irmfried Eberl (also known as Dr. Schneider, Dr. Meyer), psychiatrist, Austria
- Dr. Hans Ehlich
- Dr. Hans Eisele, Physician.
- Dr. Klaus Endruweit, Physician.
- Dr. Willi Enke [22]
- Dr. Friedrich Entress, Friedrich Entress (German Wikipedia), Physician.[23] Captured, tried and convicted in the Mauthausen Trial and executed in 1947.
- Dr. Hans Eppinger, Physician.
F
- Dr. Valentin Faltlhauser Valentin Faltlhauser, part of the T4-Gutachter program.
- Dr. Eugen Fischer (eugenics)
- Dr. Fritz Fischer
G
- Dr. Karl Franz Gebhardt, Physician.
- Dr. Emil Gelny Psychiatrist who killed patients with a modified ECT machine.[24][25]
- Dr. Karl August Genzken, Physician. Tried and convicted of war crimes; released in 1954.
- Dr. Hans Bodo Gorgaß Full name Hans Bodo Gorgaß/Gorgass (A.K.A. Dr. Kramer) Physician.
- Dr. Ernst-Robert Grawitz, Physician.
- Dr. Heinrich Gross psychiatrist, physician and neurologist, Austria
- Dr. Kurt Gutzeit, Gastroenterologist
H
- Dr. Eugen Haagen
- Dr. Julius Hallervorden
- Dr. Siegfried Handloser
- Dr. Ernst Hefter (psychiatrist)
- Dr. Aribert (Ferdinand) Heim (Dr Death)
- Dr. Hans Heinze, psychiatrist, Germany
- Dr. Martin Hellinger (dentist) was tried and convicted in the Hamburg Trials); released in 1955.[26]
- Dr. Günther Hennecke (Dr. Ott)
- Dr. Werner Heyde, Psychiatrist; after the war, known as Fritz Sawade, Germany
- Dr. Fritz Hintermayer
- Dr. Rudolf Hippius, psychologist
- Dr. Erich Hippke
- Dr. Alfred Erich Hoche, Psychiatrist
- Dr. Ernst Holzlöhner
- Dr. Waldemar Hoven
I
- Dr. Yusuf Bey Murad Ibrahim
- Dr. Ernst Illing, psychiatrist and neurologist
J
- Dr. Erwin Jekelius
- Dr. Wilhelm Jobst, Willy Jobst or William Jobst, Physician
K
- Dr. Emil Kaschub
- Dr. Bruno Kitt (executed on 8 October 1946)[27]
- Dr. Fritz Klein
- Dr. Hans Wilhelm König
- Dr. Eduard Krebsbach
- Dr. Johann Paul Kremer
L
- Dr Lemartin
- Dr. Herbert Linden
- Dr. Rudolf Lonauer
- Dr. Franz Lucas
M
- Dr. Friedrich Mauz, psychiatrist
- Dr. Josef Mengele, physician, conducted genetic research, primarily on twins, at Auschwitz
- Dr. Friedrich Mennecke, physician.
- Dr. Theodor Gilbert Morell
- Dr. Joachim Mrugowsky
- Dr. Heinrich Mückter, pharmacologist and chemist
N
- Dr. Hermann Paul Nitsche (psychiatrist)
O
- Dr. Herta Oberheuser . Defendant in the doctors trial
P
- Dr. Friedrich Panse
- Dr. Hermann Pfannmüller
- Dr. Alfred Ploetz
- Dr. Adolf Pokorny
- Dr. Helmut Poppendick
R
- Dr. Roche
- Dr. Sigmund Rascher
- Dr. Hans Conrad Julius Reiter
- Dr. Georg Renno
- Dr. Hans Richter[28]
- Dr. Heinrich Rindfleisch
- Dr. Robert Ritter (psychiatrist)
- Dr. Hans-Wolfgang Romberg . Defendant in the doctors trial
- Dr. Gerhard Rose AKA Gerhard August Heinrich Rose, Gerhard Rose at German Wikipedia
- Dr. Paul Rostock
- Dr. Rolf Rosenthal
- Dr. Siegfried Ruff
- Dr. Ernst Rüdin, psychiatrist, Germany, Switzerland, USA
- Dr. Helmut Rühl
S
- Dr. Fritz Sawade see Dr Werner Heyde, Psychiatrist
- Dr. Gerhard Schiedlausky
- Dr. Curt Schmalenbach
- Dr. Ernst Heinrich Schmidt
- Dr. Carl Schneider, psychiatrist, Germany
- Dr. Walter Paul Emil Schreiber
- Dr. Oskar Schröder
- Dr. Horst Schumann (Dr. Keim)
- Dr. Heinrich Schütz was convicted of war crimes; sentenced to 10 years prison in 1975, but never served due to medical reasons.
- Dr. Hubertus Strughold
T
- Dr. Heinz Thilo
- Dr. Percival Treite, Gynecologist, tried at the Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
- Dr. Alfred Trzebinski
- Dr. Marianne Türk, pediatrician
- Dr. Erich Traub
U
- Dr. Aquilin Ullrich
- Dr. Hellmuth Unger (AKA Friedrich Hermann, Fritz Herrmann, Hans Holm)
V
- Dr. Carl Peter Værnet
- Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
- Dr. Werner Villinger, psychiatrist, Germany
- Dr. Helmut Vetter
W
- Dr. Gerhard Wagner
- Dr. Erich Wasicky
- Dr. Bruno Nikolaus Maria Weber
- Dr. Friedrich Wegener
- Dr. Georg August Weltz
- Dr. Ernst Wentzler Full name Ernst Albert Max Wentzler
- Dr. Adolf Winkelmann
- Dr. Eduard Wirths
- Dr. Gerhard Wischer, psychiatrist, Germany
- Dr. Wilhelm Witteler
- Dr. Waldemar Wolter
- Dr. Ewald Wortmann also known as Hannes Wortmann
Other doctors
- Viktor Brack
- Dering v Uris trial
- Dr. Otto Ambros, chemist
- Dr. Klaus Schilling
- Dr. Gustav Wilhelm Schübbe
- Dr. Hans Münch
- Dr. Hermann Stieve
- Dr Shirō Ishii
- Dr Otto Georg Thierack
- Dr Karl/Carl Krauch
- Dr Albert Widmann, chemistry. "Dr Widmann operated the gassing apparatus."
See also
- Action 14f13
- Action T4
- Glossary of Nazi Germany
- Grafeneck Euthanasia Centre
- Josef Kramer
- List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes
- List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
- List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations
- List of Nazi concentration camps
- List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
- Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany
- Nazi human experimentation
- Responsibility for the Holocaust
References
- "Germany looks for way out of war". The Southeast Missourian. 17 September 1938.
- Colaianni, Alessandra (2012). "A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture". Journal of Medical Ethics. 38 (7): 435–438. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100372. PMID 22556311.
- The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Oxford University Press. May 7, 1992. p. 19. ISBN 9780199772261.
- Leary, Warren E. (1992-11-10). "Exhibition Examines Scientists' Complicity in Nazi-Era Atrocities". The New York Times.
- Strous, Rael D. (2007). "Psychiatry during the Nazi era: Ethical lessons for the modern professional". Annals of General Psychiatry. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-6-8. PMC 1828151. PMID 17326822.
- "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science" authors Akua F. Abu and Zhanrui Kuang. April 15, 2011]. "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science".
- "...carried out only by physicians." Book "Human Subjects Research after the Holocaust" authors Sheldon Rubenfeld, Susan Benedict. Year 2014. Page 10.
- Torrey, E. F.; Yolken, R. H. (2009). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
- Ernst, E. (2001). "Commentary: The Third Reich—German physicians between resistance and participation". International Journal of Epidemiology. 30 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.37. PMID 11171848.
- Joseph, J.; Wetzel, N. A. (2013). "Ernst Rüdin: Hitler's Racial Hygiene Mastermind". Journal of the History of Biology. 46 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1007/s10739-012-9344-6. PMID 23180223. S2CID 207150510.
- "Nazi Sterilization Experiments" Author Genevieve Payzer. 2017
- "History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church" Author David Cymet. Page 262. Told by Dr Hans Wilhelm Münch in 1981.
- "As Other Editors See it : The Nazi Doctors" Schenectady Gazette. November 27, 1946
- Kolb, Stephan; Weindling, Paul; Roelcke, Volker; Seithe, Horst (2012). "Apologising for Nazi medicine: A constructive starting point". The Lancet. 380 (9843): 722–723. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61396-8. PMC 4365922. PMID 22928190.
- Strous, Rael D. (2006). "Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (1): 27. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27. PMID 16390885.
- Müller-Hill, Benno (1988-04-28). Murderous science. ISBN 9780192615558.
- Schneider, Frank (2011). "Psychiatry under National Socialism: Remembrance and Responsibility". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 261: 111–118. doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1. PMID 21959914.
- "Robert Ley is in hands of yankees" Lawrence Daily Journal World. May 17, 1945
- Roelcke, Volker; Lepicard, Etienne; Topp, Sascha (2014). Silence, Scapegoats, Self-reflection: The Shadow of Nazi Medical Crimes on Medicine and Bioethics. p. 109. ISBN 9783847103653.
- "Vienna buries last remains of victims of Nazi medical mistreatment" newspaper national post. may 9, 2012.
- "The Murder of Unproductive Persons"
- [The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution By Henry Friedlander pg 92]
- The Dachau Trials:Mauthausen-Gusen Cases
- Gazdag G, Ungvari GS, Czech H (2017). "Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry". Hist Psychiatry. 28 (4): 482–488. doi:10.1177/0957154X17724037. PMID 28829187. S2CID 9732068.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- "Abusive Medical Practices on “Euthanasia” Victims in Austria during and after World War II" Author Herwig Czech. Page 112. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-05702-6_9
- "Nazi War Crimes Trials:Ravensbrück Trial"
- Nazi War Crimes Trials
- p.17, "The Eternal Nazi" by Nicholas Kulish and Souad Mekhennet, 2014
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