List of biologists

This is a list of notable biologists with a biography in Wikipedia. It includes zoologists, botanists, ornithologists, entomologists, malacologists, naturalists and other specialities.

A
  • Erik Acharius (1757–1819), Swedish botanist who studied lichens
  • Arthur Adams (1820–1878), English physician and naturalist who classified crustaceans and molluscs
  • Michel Adanson (1727–1806), French naturalist (abbr. in botany: Adans.) who studied the plants and animals of Senegal
  • Monique Adolphe (born 1932), French cell biologist, pioneer of cell culture
  • Edgar Douglas Adrian (1st Baron Adrian) (1889–1977), British electrophysiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1932) for research on neurons
  • Adam Afzelius (1750–1837), Swedish botanist who collected botanical specimens later acquired by Uppsala University
  • Carl Adolph Agardh (1785–1859), Swedish botanist who classified plant orders and classes
  • Jacob Georg Agardh (1813–1901), Swedish botanist known for classification of algae
  • Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), Swiss zoologist who studied the classification of fish; opponent of natural selection
  • Alexander Agassiz (1835–1910), American zoologist, son of Louis Agassiz, expert of marine biology (and on mining)
  • Nikolaus Ager (also Nicolas Ager, Agerius) (1568–1634), French botanist, author of De Anima Vegetativa
  • William Aiton (1731–1793), Scottish botanist (abbr. in botany: Aiton), director of the botanical garden at Kew
  • Bruce Alberts (born 1938), American biochemist, former President of the United States National Academy of Sciences, known for studying the protein complexes involved in chromosome replication, and for the book Molecular Biology of the Cell
  • Nora Lilian Alcock (1874–1972), British pioneer in plant pathology who did research on fungal diseases
  • Boyd Alexander (1873–1910), English ornithologist who made surveys of birds in the Gold Coast (now Ghana), and the Bonin Islands
  • Richard D. Alexander (1929–2018), American evolutionary biologist whose scientific pursuits integrated systematics, ecology, evolution, natural history and behaviour.
  • Alfred William Alcock (1859–1933), British systematist of numerous species, aspects of biology and physiology of fishes
  • Salim Ali (1896–1987), Indian ornithologist who conducted systematic bird surveys across India
  • Frédéric-Louis Allamand (1736–1809), Swiss botanist who described several plant genera (abbr. in botany: F.Allam.)
  • Warder Clyde Allee (1885–1955), American zoologist and ecologist, identified the Allee effect (correlation between population density and individual fitness)
  • Joel Asaph Allen (1838–1921), American zoologist who studied birds and mammals, known for Allen's rule
  • George James Allman (1812–1898), British naturalist who did important work on the gymnoblasts
  • June Dalziel Almeida (1930–2007), Scottish virologist who pioneered techniques for chacterizing viruses, and discovered Coronavirus
  • Tikvah Alper (1909–1995), South African radiobiologist, but outspoken opponent of Apartheid, who showed that the infectious agent of scrapie contains no nucleic acid
  • Prospero Alpini (1553–1617), Italian botanist, the first in Europe to describe coffee and banana plants
  • Sidney Altman (born 1939), Canadian-born molecular biologist, winner of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on RNA
  • Bruce Ames (born 1928), American biochemist, inventor of the Ames test for mutagenicity (sometimes regarded as a test for carcinogenicity)
  • José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta (1832–1897), Portuguese naturalist who identified many new species of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles
  • Jakob Johan Adolf Appellöf (1857–1921), Swedish marine zoologist who made important contributions to knowledge of cephalopods
  • Agnes Robertson Arber (1879–1960), British plant morphologist and anatomist, historian of botany and philosopher of biology
  • Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC), Greek philosopher, sometimes regarded as the first biologist, he described hundreds of kinds of animal
  • Emily Arnesen (1867–1928), Norwegian zoologist who worked on sponges
  • Ruth Arnon (born 1933), Israeli biochemist, who works on anti-cancer and influenza vaccinations. She participated in developng the multiple sclerosis drug Copaxone.
  • Peter Artedi (1705–1735), Swedish naturalist who developed the science of ichthyology.
  • Gilbert Ashwell (1916–2014), American biochemist, pioneer in the study of cell receptor
  • Ana Aslan (1897–1988), Romanian biologist who studied arthritis and other aspects of aging
  • David Attenborough (born 1926), British natural history broadcaster
  • Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759–1800), French naturalist. Primarily an artist, he illustrated books of natural history, including Histoire naturelle des singes, des makis [lemurs] et des galéopithèques
  • Jean Victoire Audouin (1797–1841), French zoologist: entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist and malacologist
  • John James Audubon (1786–1851), French and American ornithologist and illustrator, who identified 25 new species
  • Charlotte Auerbach (1899–1994), German and British geneticist, founded the discipline of mutagenesis after discovering the effect of mustard gas on fruit flies
  • Richard Axel (born 1946), American Nobel Prize–winning physiologist who discovered how to insert foreign DNA into a host cell
  • Julius Axelrod (1912–2004), American biochemist, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on catecholamine neurotransmitters
  • William Orville Ayres (1817–1887), American physician and ichthyologist with publications in popular sources
  • Félix de Azara (1746–1811), Spanish naturalist who described more than 350 South American birds

B

Ba-Bi
  • Churchill Babington (1821–1889), British classical scholar, archaeologist and botanist
  • John Bachman (1790–1874), American ornithologist; also one of the first scientists to argue that blacks and whites are the same species
  • Curt Backeberg (1894–1966), German horticulturist, known for classification of cacti. (abbr. in botany: Backeb.)
  • Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), German naturalist (in Estonia), biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and a founding father of embryology
  • Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858–1954), American botanist (abbr. in botany: L.H.Bailey), one of the first to recognize the importance of Gregor Mendel's work
  • Donna Baird, American epidemiologist and evolutionary-population biologist, concerned with women's health
  • Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823–1887), American naturalist, ornithologist, ichthyologist and herpetologist who collected and classified many species
  • Scott Baker (born 1954), American marine biologist, cetacean expert
  • John Hutton Balfour (1808–1884), Scottish botanist (abbr. in botany: Balf.), Author of numerous books, including Manual of Botany
  • David Baltimore (born 1938), American biologist, known for work on viruses. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975
  • Outram Bangs (1863–1932), American zoologist who collected many bird species; author of more than 70 books and articles, 55 of them on mammals
  • Joseph Banks (1743–1820), English naturalist, botanist (abbr. in botany: Banks). He collected 30,000 plant specimens and discovered 1,400.
  • Robert Bárány (1876–1936), Austro-Hungarian (later Swedish) physician. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1914) for studies of the vestibular system
  • Ben Barres (1954–2017), American neurobiologist who studied mammalian glial cells of the central nervous system
  • Benjamin Smith Barton (1766–1815), American botanist (abbr. in botany: Barton), author of Elements of botany, or Outlines of the natural history of vegetables, the first American textbook of botany
  • John Bartram (1699–1777), American botanist (abbr. in botany: Bartram), described by Carl Linnaeus as the "greatest natural botanist in the world."
  • William Bartram (1739–1823), American botanist, ornithologist, natural historian, and explorer (abbr. in botany: W.Bartram), author of Bartram's Travels (as now known)
  • Anton de Bary (1831–1888), German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist, considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology.
  • Henry Walter Bates (1825–1892), English naturalist who gave the first scientific account of mimicry.
  • Patrick Bateson (1938–2017), English biologist and science writer, President of the Zoological Society of London
  • August Johann Georg Karl Batsch (1762–1802), German botanist, mycologist who discovered almost 200 species of mushrooms
  • Gaspard Bauhin (1560–1624), Swiss botanist who introduced binomial nomenclature into taxonomy, foreshadowing Linnaeus (abbr. in botany: C.Bauhin)
  • Johann Matthäus Bechstein (1757–1822), German naturalist, ornithologist, entomologist and herpetologist known for his treatise on singing birds Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel. (abbr. in botany: Bechst.)
  • Rollo Beck (1870–1950), American ornithologist known for collecting birds and reptiles, including three of the last four individuals of the Pinta Island tortoise
  • Charles William Beebe (1877–1962), American biologist, known for work on pheasants, and numerous books on natural history
  • Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931), Dutch microbiologist and botanist who discovered viruses and investigated nitrogen fixation by bacteria
  • Thomas Bell (1792–1880), English zoologist, surgeon and writer who described and classified Darwin's reptile specimens and crustaceans
  • David Bellamy (1933–2019), English broadcaster, activist and ecologist
  • Edward Turner Bennett (1797–1836), English zoologist who described a new species of African crocodile
  • George Bentham (1800–1884), English botanist (abbr. in botany: Benth.), known for his taxonomy of plants, written with Joseph Dalton Hooker, Genera Plantarum
  • Robert Bentley (1821–1893), English botanist (abbr. in botany: Bentley), known for Medicinal Plants (four volumes)
  • Jacques Benveniste (1935–2004), French immunologist, proponent of "water memory" as the basis of homeopathy.
  • Wilson Teixeira Beraldo (1917–1998), Brazilian physician and physiologist, codiscoverer of bradykinin
  • Hans Berger (1873–1941), German neuroscientist, one of the founders of electroencephalography
  • Carl Bergmann (1814–1865), German anatomist, physiologist and biologist who developed Bergmann's rule relating population and body sizes with ambient temperature
  • Rudolph Bergh (1824–1909), Danish physician and zoologist who studied sexually transmitted diseases, and also molluscs
  • Claude Bernard (1813–1878), French physiologist, father of the concepts of the milieu intérieur and homeostasis
  • Samuel Stillman Berry (1887–1984), American zoologist who established 401 mollusc taxa, and worked on chitons, cephalopods, and also land snails.
  • Thomas Bewick (1753–1828), English ornithologist and illustrator, author of A General History of Quadrupeds
  • Gabriel Bibron (1806–1848), French zoologist, expert on reptiles and author (with André Marie Constant Duméril) of Erpétologie Générale
  • Ann Bishop (1899–1990), English biologist who specialized in protozoology and parasitology
  • Biswamoy Biswas (1923–1994), Indian ornithologist who studied, in particular, the birds of Nepal and Bhutan

Bl-Bu
  • Elizabeth Blackburn (born 1948), Australian/US Nobel Prize–winning researcher in the field of telomeres and the "telomerase" enzyme
  • John Blackwall (1790–1881), British entomologist, author of A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland
  • Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850), French zoologist, taxonomic authority on numerous zoological species, including Blainville's beaked whale
  • Albert Francis Blakeslee (1874–1954), American botanist, best known for research on Jimsonweed and the sexuality of fungi
  • Thomas Blakiston (1832–1891), English naturalist. "Blakiston's Line" separates animal species of Hokkaidō and northern Asia, from those of Honshū and southern Asia.
  • William Thomas Blanford (1832–1905), English geologist and naturalist, editor of The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma.
  • Pieter Bleeker (1819–1878), Dutch ichthyologist whose papers described 511 new genera and 1,925 new species.
  • Günter Blobel (1936–2018), German Nobel Prize-winning biologist who discovered that newly synthesized proteins contain "address tags" which direct them to the proper location within the cell.
  • Steven Block (born 1952), American biophysicist who measured the mechanical properties of single bio-molecules
  • Carl Ludwig Blume (Karel Lodewijk Blume, 1789–1862), German-Dutch botanist (abbr. in botany: Blume) who studied the flora of southern Asia, particularly Java
  • Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), German physiologist and anthropologist who classified human races on the basis of skull structure
  • Edward Blyth (1810–1873), English zoologist who classified many birds of India
  • José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823–1907), Portuguese zoologist with many papers on mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and others
  • Pieter Boddaert (1730–1795/1796), Dutch physician and naturalist who named many mammals, birds and other animals
  • Brendan J. M. Bohannan, American microbial and evolutionary biologist, expert on the microbes of Amazonia
  • Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1803–1857), French naturalist who coined Latin names for many bird species.
  • James Bond (1900–1989), American ornithologist, author of Birds of the West Indies
  • Franco Andrea Bonelli (1784–1830), Italian ornithologist, author of a Catalogue of the Birds of Piedmont, which described 262 species.
  • August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard (1786–1839), German botanist in St Petersburg, one the first botanists to describe the plants of Alaska
  • John Tyler Bonner (1920–2019), American developmental biologist, expert on slime moulds
  • Charles Bonnet (1720–1793), Genevan naturalist who published work on many subjects, including insects and plants
  • Aimé Bonpland (1773–1858), French explorer and botanist (abbr. in botany: Bonpl.) who collected and classified about 6,000 plants unknown in Europe
  • Jules Bordet (1870–1961), Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, winner of the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the complement system in the immune system
  • Antonina Georgievna Borissova (1903–1970), Russian botanist who specialized on the flora of the deserts and semi-desert of central Asia.
  • Norman Borlaug (1914–2009), American agricultural scientist, humanitarian, Nobel Peace Prize, and the father of the Green Revolution
  • Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc (1759–1828), French botanist, invertebrate zoologist, and entomologist, who made a systematic examination of the mushrooms of the southern United States
  • George Albert Boulenger (1858–1937), Belgian and British zoologist, author of 19 monographs on fishes, amphibians, and reptiles
  • Jules Bourcier (1797–1873), French ornithologist, expert on hummingbirds
  • Margaret Bradshaw (born 1941), New Zealand Antarctic researcher who has worked on Devonian invertebrate palaeontology
  • Johann Friedrich von Brandt (1802–1879), German-Russian naturalist (abbr. in botany: Brandt) who described various birds; also an entomologist, specialising in beetles and millipedes.
  • Sara Branham Matthews (1888–1962), American microbiologist and physician best known for her research into the isolation and treatment of Neisseria meningitidis
  • Christian Ludwig Brehm (1787–1864), German ornithologist who described many German species of birds
  • Alfred Brehm (1829–1884), German zoologist, author of many works on animals and especially birds
  • Sydney Brenner (1927–2019), British molecular biologist who worked on the genetic code, and later established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for developmental biology. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2002)
  • Thomas Mayo Brewer (1814–1880), American naturalist, specializing in ornithology and oology (the study of birds' eggs).
  • William Brewster (1851–1919), American ornithologist, curator of mammals and birds at Harvard.
  • Mathurin Jacques Brisson (1723–1806), French zoologist, author of Le Règne animal and Ornithologie.
  • Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859–1934), American botanist (abbr. in botany: Britton), coauthor of Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada, and the British Possessions.
  • Thomas D. Brock (born 1926), American microbiologist who discovered of hyperthermophiles such as Thermus aquaticus.
  • Adolphe Theodore Brongniart (1801–1876), French botanist (abbr. in botany: Brongn.), author of many works, including Histoire des végétaux fossiles.
  • Robert Broom (1866–1951), South African paleontologist, author many many papers and books, including The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals.
  • James H. Brown (born 1942), American ecologist known for his metabolic theory of ecology
  • Robert Brown (1773–1858), botanist (abbr. in botany: R.Br.) known for pioneering use of the microscope in botany.
  • David Bruce (1855–1931), Scottish pathologist and microbiologist who investigated Malta fever (now called brucellosis) and discovered trypanosomes.
  • Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1750–1798), French naturalist, mainly interested in molluscs and other invertebrates
  • Morten Thrane Brünnich (1737–1827), Danish zoologist, author of Ornithologia Borealis and Ichthyologia Massiliensis.
  • Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1762–1829), Scottish zoologist and botanist who studied plants and fishes in India
  • Linda B. Buck (born 1947), American physiologist noted for work on the olfactory system. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2004).
  • Buffon (Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, 1707–1788), French naturalist (abbr. in botany: Buffon). Author of many works in evolution, including Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière.
  • Walter Buller (1838–1906), New Zealand naturalist, a dominant figure in New Zealand ornithology. Author of A History of the Birds of New Zealand.
  • Alexander G. von Bunge (1803–1890), German-Russian botanist who studied Mongolian flora.
  • Luther Burbank (1849–1926), American horticulturalist who developed more than 800 strains and varieties of plants, many of commercial importance.
  • Hermann Burmeister (1807–1892), German Argentinian zoologist, entomologist, herpetologist, and botanist, who described many new species of amphibians and reptiles.
  • Carolyn Burns (born 1942), New Zealand ecologist who studies the physiology and population dynamics of southern hemisphere zooplankton and food-web interactions
  • Carlos Bustamante (born 1951), Peruvian-American biophysicist who uses "molecular tweezers" to manipulate DNA for biochemical experiments
  • Ernesto Bustamante (born 1950), Peruvian biochemist, specialist in mitochondria demonstrated the importance of mitochondrial hexokinase in glycolysis in rapidly growing malignant tumour cells. He currently works on DNA paternity testing.

C
  • Jean Cabanis (1816–1906), German ornithologist, founder of the Journal für Ornithologie.
  • Ángel Cabrera (1879–1960), Spanish zoologist, author of South American Mammals.
  • George Caley (1770–1829), Explorer and botanist, discoverer of Mount Banks, Australia
  • Rudolf Jakob Camerarius (1665–1721), German botanist, chiefly known for studies of reproductive in plants
  • Frederick Campion Steward (1904–1993), British botanist, pioneer of plant tissue culture, genetic engineering and plant biotechnology
  • Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778–1841), Swiss botanist who documented many plant families and created a new plant classification system.
  • Philip Pearsall Carpenter (1819–1877), British conchologist, author of Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells, in the British Museum: collected by Frederick Reigen.
  • Alexis Carrel (1873–1944), French biologist and surgeon, winner of the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on sutures and organ transplants, advocate of eugenics.
  • Elie-Abel Carrière (1818–1896), French botanist, an authority on conifers who described many new species.
  • Clodoveo Carrión Mora (1883–1957), Ecuadorian paleontologist and naturalist who discovered many species and one genus.
  • Sean B. Carroll (born 1960), American evolutionary development biologist, author of The Making of the Fittest: DNA and the Ultimate Forensic Record of Evolution and other books.
  • Rachel Carson (1907–1964), American marine biologist, author of Silent Spring
  • George Washington Carver (1860–1943), American agriculturist, author of bulletins on crop production, including How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption.
  • John Cassin (1813–1869), American ornithologist, who named many birds not described in the works of his predecessors.
  • Alexandre de Cassini (1781–1832), French botanist (abbr. in botany: Cass.),who named many flowering plants and new genera in the sunflower family, many of them from North America.
  • Amy Castle (1880–1971), New Zealand entomologist, who worked primarily on the Lepidoptera.
  • William E. Castle (1867–1962), American geneticist who contributed to the mathematical foundations of Mendelian genetics, and anticipated what is now known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.
  • Mark Catesby (1683–1749), English naturalist who studied flora and fauna in the New World. Author of Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.
  • Andrea Cesalpino (1519–1603), Italian botanist who classified plants according to their fruits and seeds, rather than alphabetically or by medicinal properties.
  • Francesco Cetti (1726–1778), Italian zoologist, author of Storia Naturale di Sardegna (Natural History of Sardinia).
  • Carlos Chagas (1879–1934), Brazilian physician who identified Trypanosoma cruzi as cause of Chagas disease
  • Adelbert von Chamisso (Louis Charles Adélaïde de Chamissot, 1781–1838), German botanist, whose most important contribution was the description of many Mexican trees.
  • Min Chueh Chang (1908–1991), Chinese-American reproductive biologist who studied the fertilisation process in mammalian reproduction, with work that led to the first test tube baby.
  • Frank Michler Chapman (1864–1945), American ornithologist, who promoted the use of photography in ornithology, especially in his book Bird Studies With a Camera.
  • Martha Chase (1927–2003), American biologist who carried out the Hershey–Chase experiment, which showed that genetic information is held and transmitted by DNA, not by protein.
  • Thomas Frederic Cheeseman (1846–1923), New Zealand botanist and naturalist with wide-ranging interests, including sea slugs.
  • Sergei Chetverikov (1880–1959), Russian population geneticist who showed how early genetic theories applied to natural populations, and thus contributed towards the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory.
  • Charles Chilton (1860–1929), New Zealand zoologist with 130 papers on crustaceans, mostly amphipods, isopods and decapods, from all around the world, but especially from New Zealand.
  • Carl Chun (1852–1914), German marine biologist specializing in cephalopods and plankton. He discovered and named the vampire squid.
  • Nathan Cobb (1859–1932), American biologist who described over 1000 different nematode species and laid the foundations of nematode taxonomy.
  • Leonard Cockayne (1855–1934), New Zealand botanist especially active in plant ecology and theories of hybridisation
  • Alfred Cogniaux (1841–1916), Belgian botanist (abbr. in botany: Cogn.) who worked especially with orchids.
  • Stanley Cohen (1922–2020), American biochemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1986) for his discovery of growth factors.
  • James J. Collins (born 1965), American biologist, synthetic biology and systems biology pioneer
  • Timothy Abbott Conrad (1803–1877), American paleontologist and naturalist who studied the shells of the Tertiary and Cretaceous formations, as well as existing species of molluscs.
  • James Graham Cooper (1830–1902), American surgeon and naturalist who contributed to both zoology and botany.
  • Edward Drinker Cope (1840–1897), American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, also a herpetologist and ichthyologist, and founder of the Neo-Lamarckism school of thought.
  • Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984), Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist, 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on the Cori cycle.
  • Gerty Cori (1886–1957), Czech-American biochemist, first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in science (Physiology or Medicine, 1947), for unraveling the mechanism of glycogen metabolism.
  • Charles B. Cory (1857–1921), American ornithologist, who collected many birds. Author of The Birds of Haiti and San Domingo and other books.
  • Emanuel Mendez da Costa (1717–1791), English botanist, naturalist, philosopher, author of A Natural History of Fossils, British Conchology, and other books.
  • Elliott Coues (1842–1899), American army surgeon, historian, ornithologist, and author of Key to North American Birds, did much to promote the systematic study of ornithology.
  • Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer (1907–2004), South African zoologist who discovered the Coelacanth.
  • Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910–1997), French naval officer, explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water.
  • Miguel Rolando Covian (1913–1992), Argentine-Brazilian neurophysiologist known for research on the neurophysiology of the limbic system, regarded as the father of Brazilian neurophysiology
  • Frederick Vernon Coville (1867–1937), American botanist, author of Botany of the Death Valley Expedition.
  • Robert K. Crane, (1919–2010), American biochemist who discovered sodium-glucose cotransport
  • Lucy Cranwell (1907–2000), New Zealand botanist who organized the Cheeseman herbarium of about 10,000 specimens in Auckland.
  • Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar (1786–1845), German physician and zoologist (especially birds and mammals).
  • Francis Crick (1916–2004), British molecular biologist, biophysicist and neuroscientist, best known for discovering the structure of DNA (with James Watson).
  • Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse (1826–1898), French conchologist, expert on molluscs, co-editor of the Journal de Conchyliologie
  • Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654), English botanist, author of The English Physitian.
  • Allan Cunningham (1791–1839), English botanist, "King's Collector for the Royal Garden at Kew" (in Australia).
  • Gordon Herriot Cunningham (1892–1962), New Zealand mycologist who published extensively on the taxonomy of fungi
  • Kathleen Curtis (1892–1993), New Zealand mycologist and plant pathologist, a founder of plant pathology in New Zealand
  • William Curtis (1746–1799), English botanist, author of Flora Londinensis
  • Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), French naturalist, author of Le Règne Animal (the Animal Kingdom), the "founding father of paleontology"

D
  • Valerie Daggett, American bioengineer who simulates proteins and other biomolecules by molecular dynamics
  • Anders Dahl (1751–1789), Swedish botanist whose name is recalled in the Dahlia, author of Observationes botanicae circa systema vegetabilium divi a Linne Gottingae 1784 editum, quibus accedit justae in manes Linneanos pietatis specimen
  • William Healey Dall (1845–1927), malacologist, one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska. He described many mollusks of the Pacific Northwest of America
  • Jivanayakam Cyril Daniel (1927–2011), Indian naturalist, director of the Bombay Natural History Society, author of The Book of Indian Reptiles
  • Charles Darwin (1809–1882), British naturalist, author of The Origin of Species, in which he expounded the theory of natural selection, the starting point of modern evolutionary biology
  • Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), doctor, naturalist, founding member of the Lunar Society, grandfather of Charles Darwin.
  • Charles Davenport (1866–1944), American biologist and eugenicist, founded the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
  • Armand David (Père David) (1826–1900), French zoologist and botanist, commissioned by the Jardin des Plantes to undertake scientific journeys through China
  • Bernard Davis (1916–1994), American biologist who worked on microbial physiology and metabolism
  • Richard Dawkins (born 1941), British evolutionary biologist and writer of popular science, author of The Selfish Gene, The Blind Watchmaker, The God Delusion and other influential books.
  • Pierre Antoine Delalande (1787–1823), French naturalist employed by the National Museum of Natural History to collect natural history specimens
  • Max Delbrück (1906–1981), German-American physicist and biologist who demonstrated that natural selection acting on random mutations applied to bacteria, one of the creators of molecular biology
  • Richard Dell (1920–2002), New Zealand malacologist, author of The Archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand
  • Stefano Delle Chiaje (1794–1860), Italian zoologist, botanist, anatomist and physician who worked on medicinal plants and on the taxonomy of invertebrates
  • Paul Émile de Puydt (1810–1888), Belgian botanist, author of Les Orchidées, histoire iconographique ..., active in political philosophy as well as botany
  • René Louiche Desfontaines (1750–1833), French botanist and ornithologist who collected many plants in Tunisia and Algeria
  • Gérard Paul Deshayes (1795–1875), French geologist and conchologist, distinguished for research on mollusc fossils
  • Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1784–1838), French zoologist, author of Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers (natural history of various birds)
  • Ernst Dieffenbach (1811–1855), German naturalist, one of the first scientists to work in New Zealand
  • Johann Jacob Dillenius (1684–1747), German botanist who worked in England on rare plants and mosses
  • Lewis Weston Dillwyn (1778–1855), British botanist and conchologist, also active in porcelain manufacture and politics, author of The British Confervae, an illustrated study of British freshwater algae
  • Joan Marjorie Dingley (1916–2008), New Zealand mycologist, world authority on fungi and New Zealand plant diseases
  • Walter Dobrogosz (born 1933), American microbiologist, discoverer of Lactobacillus reuteri
  • Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900–1975), American geneticist of Ukrainian origin, one of the leading evolutionary biologists of his time
  • Rembert Dodoens (1517–1585), Flemish botanist who classified plants according to their properties and affinities (rather than listing them alphabetically)
  • Anton Dohrn (1840–1909), German marine biologist, Darwinist, founder of the world's first zoological research station, in Naples
  • David Don (1799–1841), British botanist who described major conifers discovered in his time, including the Coast Redwood.
  • James Donn (1758–1813), English botanist, Curator of the Cambridge University Botanic Gardens, and author of Hortus Cantabrigiensis
  • Jean Dorst (1924–2001), French ornithologist, authority on bird migration and one of the writers of Le Peuple Migrateur (Winged Migration)
  • Henry Doubleday (1808–1875), British entomologist, author of the first catalogue of British butterflies and moths, Synonymic List of the British Lepidoptera
  • David Douglas (1799–1834), Scottish botanist who studied conifers. The Douglas-fir is named after him.
  • Patricia Louise Dudley (1929–2004) American zoologist who studied copepods (small crustaceans)
  • Peter Duesberg (born 1936) German-American virologist who discovered the first retrovirus, and expert on genetic aspects of cancer, but his research contributions are overshadowed by his unpopular views on AIDS
  • Félix Dujardin (1802–1860), French zoologist who studied protozoans, and also the structure of the insect brain
  • Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012), Italian-American virologist awarded the Nobel Prize for work on oncoviruses
  • Ronald Duman (1954–2020), American neuroscientist whose work in Biological psychiatry concerned the biological mechanisms behind antidepressants.
  • André Marie Constant Duméril (1774–1860), French zoologist at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, who worked on herpetology and ichthyology.
  • Charles Dumont de Sainte-Croix (1758–1830), French lawyer, but also an amateur ornithologist who described a number of Javanese bird species.
  • Michel Felix Dunal (1789–1856), French botanist known for work on the genus Solanum
  • Robin Dunbar (born 1947), British anthropologist and evolutionary psychologist, a specialist in primate behaviour.
  • Gerald Durrell (1925–1995), British naturalist, writer, zookeeper, conservationist, and television presenter, writer of popular books, such as My Family and Other Animals

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  • Sylvia Earle (born 1935), American oceanographer, author of Blue Hope: Exploring and Caring for Earth's Magnificent Ocean
  • John Carew Eccles (1903–1997), Australian neurophysiologist and winner of the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse
  • Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1795–1868), Danish botanical collector and apothecary
  • Gerald Edelman (1929–2014), American immunologist (Nobel Prize)
  • George Edwards (1693–1773), British naturalist and ornithologist
  • Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876), German zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist
  • Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), German Nobel Prize-winning immunologist
  • Karl Eichwald (1795–1876), Baltic German geologist, physician, and naturalist
  • Theodor Eimer (1843–1898), German professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at Tübingen
  • George Eliava (1892–1937), Georgian-Soviet microbiologist who worked with bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
  • Daniel Giraud Elliot (1835–1915), American zoologist, founder of the American Ornithologist Union
  • Günther Enderlein (1872–1968), German zoologist, entomologist, microbiologist, physician and manufacturer of pharmaceutical products
  • Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher (1804–1849), Austrian botanist, numismatist and Sinologist, director of the Botanical Garden of Vienna
  • Michael S. Engel (born 1971), American paleontologist and entomologist who works on insect evolutionary biology and classification
  • George Engelmann (1809–1884), German-American botanist who described the flora of the west of North America, especially in the Rocky Mountains and northern Mexico
  • Adolf Engler (1844–1930), German botanist who worked on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, author of Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
  • Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben (1744–1777), German naturalist, author of Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre and Systema regni animalis, founder of the first academic veterinary school in Germany
  • Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz (1793–1831), Baltic German biologist and explorer. The Latin name (Eschscholtzia californica) of the California poppy was given to commemorate him
  • Constantin von Ettingshausen (1826–1897), Austrian botanist known for his palaeobotanical studies of flora from the Tertiary era.
  • Warren Ewens (born 1937), Australian-American mathematical population geneticist working on the mathematical, statistical and theoretical aspects of population genetics
  • Thomas Campbell Eyton (1809–1880), English naturalist who studied cattle, fishes and birds, author of History of the Rarer British Birds

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  • Zbigniew Kabata (1924–2014), Polish parasitologist
  • Pehr Kalm (1716–1779), Swedish botanist
  • Eric R. Kandel (born 1929), Austrian-born American neuroscientist. Winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the neural correlates of memory
  • Ferdinand Karsch (1853–1936), German arachnologist, entomologist, and anthropologist
  • Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten (1817–1908), German botanist
  • Rudolf Kaufmann (1909–c. 1941), trilobitologist known for his contributions to allopatric speciation and punctuated equilibrium.
  • Stuart Kauffman (born 1939), biologist widely known for his promotion of self-organization as a factor in producing the complexity of biological systems and organisms
  • Johann Jakob Kaup (1803–1873), German naturalist
  • Janet Kear (1933–2004), English ornithologist
  • Gerald A. Kerkut (1927–2004), British zoologist and physiologist
  • Anton Kerner von Marilaun (1831–1898), Austrian botanist
  • Robert Kerr (1755–1813), Scottish surgeon who published The Animal Kingdom in 1792
  • Warwick Estevam Kerr (1922–2018), Brazilian geneticist, specialist in bee genetics, introducer of African bees in Brazil
  • Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska (1925–2015), Polish paleontologist, led several paleontological expeditions to the Gobi desert
  • Motoo Kimura (1924–1994), Japanese mathematical biologist, working in the field of theoretical population genetics
  • Carolyn King, New Zealand zoologist, professor at the University of Waikato, specialising in mammals, particularly small rodents and mustelids
  • Norman Boyd Kinnear (1882–1957), Scottish zoologist
  • William Kirby (1759–1850), English entomologist
  • Heinrich von Kittlitz (1799–1874), German naturalist
  • Wilhelm Kobelt (1840–1916), German zoologist and malacologist
  • Fritz Köberle (1910–1983), Austrian-Brazilian physician and pathologist, student of Chagas disease
  • Karl Koch (1809–1879), German botanist
  • Robert Koch (1843–1910), German Nobel Prize-winning physician and bacteriologist, who introduced Koch's postulates
  • Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917), German physician, winner of the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"
  • Alexander Koenig (1858–1940), German naturalist
  • Albert von Kölliker (1817–1905), Swiss physiologist
  • Charles Konig (1774–1851), German naturalist
  • Arthur Kornberg (1918–2007), American biochemist who discovered DNA polymerase
  • Adriaan Kortlandt (1918–2009), Dutch ethologist
  • Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927), German physician and winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research in cell biology
  • Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981), German biochemist and winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration
  • Gerard Krefft (1830–1881), German-born Australian zoologist and palaeontologist
  • Eduardo Krieger (born 1930), Brazilian physician and physiologist
  • Kewal Krishan (born 1973), biological anthropologist, specialized in forensic anthropology, serving at Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  • Schack August Steenberg Krogh (1874–1949), Danish physiologist, winner of the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the mechanism of regulation of the capillaries in skeletal muscle
  • Heinrich Kuhl (1797–1821), German zoologist

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