List of eponymous medical signs

Eponymous medical signs are those that are named after a person or persons, usually the physicians who first described them, but occasionally named after a famous patient. This list includes other eponymous entities of diagnostic significance; i.e. tests, reflexes, etc.

Sign Name Specialty Associated conditions External link
(if no internal link)
Descriptor
Aaron signCharles Dettie Aaronsurgeryappendicitisepigastric pain with pressure on McBurney's point
Abadie's signJean Marie Charles AbadieendocrinologyGraves' diseaselevator palpebrae superioris spasm
Abadie's symptomJoseph Louis Irenée Jean Abadieneurologytabes dorsalisabsence of pain on Achilles tendon pressure
Abderhalden reactionEmil Abderhaldenobstetricspregnancyserum reaction;obsolete
Abelin reactionIsaak Abelininfectious diseasesyphilispresence of arsenical anti-syphilitic;obsolete
Addis countThomas Addisnephrologypyelonephritisquantitative cells and casts in 24hr. urine
Adie pupilWilliam John Adieneurologyciliary nerve damagedilated pupil, poorly reactive but with normal near accommodation
Adson's signAlfred Washington Adsonvascular surgerythoracic outlet syndromeobliteration of radial pulse with manoeuvres
Alexander's lawGustav Alexanderneurology, neurosurgery, ENTvestibular lesionsdescribes nystagmus in vestibular lesions
Allen's testEdgar Van Nuys Allenvascular surgery, critical care[1]arterial supply of the handtests for presence of palmar ulnar-radial anastomosis (palmar arch)
Apgar scoreVirginia Apgarobstetrics, pediatricsassess health of newborn
Apley grind testAlan Graham Apleyorthopaedic surgerymeniscal lesionsmanoeuvres to elicit knee pain
Argyll Robertson pupilsDouglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertsonneurologyneurosyphilis[2]light-near dissociation
Arneth countJosef Arnethhaematology, nutritionfolate deficiencylobulation of neutrophil nuclei
Asboe-Hansen signGustav Asboe-Hansendermatologybullaeextension of a blister to adjacent unblistered skin when pressed
Aschheim–Zondek testSelmar Aschheim, Bernhard Zondekobstetricsnormal pregnancysynd/1834 at Who Named It?oestral reaction in mouse injected with pregnant urine
Aschoff bodyKarl Albert Ludwig Aschoffrheumatology, pathologyrheumatic feverfoci of interstitial inflammatiuon in the myocardium and elsewhere
Ashby techniqueWinifred Ashbyhaematology, pathologyhaemolysissynd/233 at Who Named It?agglutination test for erythrocyte survival
Auberger's blood groupAuberger (patient)haematologynormal physiologysynd/283 at Who Named It?Aua antigen
Auenbrugger's signJosef Leopold Auenbruggercardiologypericardial effusionsynd/284 at Who Named It?bulging epigastrium
Auer rodsJohn Auerhematologyacute myeloid leukemiacytoplasmic inclusions in myeloblasts
Auspitz's signHeinrich Auspitzdermatologypsoriasispinpoint bleeding when scales are removed from psoriasis or warts
Austin Flint murmurAustin Flintcardiologyaortic insufficiencymid-diastolic rumble heard at apex
Babinski signJoseph Babinskineurologyabnormal plantar reflexKumar SP, Ramasubramanian D (December 2000). "The Babinski sign—a reappraisal". Neurol India. 48 (4): 314–8. PMID 11146592. Retrieved 13 April 2009.dorsiflexion of the hallux with fanning of the remaining phalanges upon soft stimulation of the lateral plantar surface of the foot
Bainbridge reflexFrancis Arthur Bainbridgecardiologynormal physiologyincrease in heart rate with increase in circulating blood volume
Balbiani ringsEdouard-Gérard BalbianigeneticsRNA transcriptionsynd/601 at Who Named It?large chromosome puff indicating site of RNA transcription
Ballance's signCharles Alfred Ballancegeneral surgeryabdominal/splenic traumapercussive dullness left flank, LUQ, percussive resonance right flank
Bancroft's signJoseph Bancroftvascular medicinedeep vein thrombosispain on anterior, but not lateral, compression of calf
Bárány testRobert BárányENT, neurologyvertigo, vestibular dysfunctionsynd/595 at Who Named It?nystagmus elicited by hot or cold irrigation of ear canal
Barlow's maneuverThomas Geoffrey Barlow, English Pediatric Orthopedist, (19151975)paediatrics, orthopaedic surgeryhip dysplasiadislocation on adduction of hip
Bart hemoglobinBarts HospitalObstetrics, pathologyindicates a specific cause of death in some stillbornsLoss of all four alpha-globin genes (total alpha-thalassemia) leads to severely anemic stillborn babies with small amounts of an abnormal hemoglobin composed of four gamma sub-units (Bart's Hemoglobin)
Bastian–Bruns signHenry Charlton Bastian, Ludwig Brunsneurologyspinal cord transectionloss of muscle tone and reflexes below lesion level
Battle's signWilliam Henry Battleneurosurgery/traumatologybasal skull fracturemastoid ecchymosis
Beau's linesJoseph Honoré Simon Beaudermatology, internal medicinemultiple, including traumatransverse ridges on nails
Beck's triadClaude Schaeffer Beckcardiologycardiac tamponadehypotension, increased central venous pressure (JVP), distant heart sounds
Becker's signOtto Heinrich Enoch Beckerophthalmology, endocrinologythyrotoxicosisvisible pulsation of retinal arteries
Beevor's signCharles Edward Beevorneurology, neurosurgeryspinal trauma at T10, als, fsmdcaudal movement of navel on cervical flexion
Bekhterev–Jacobsohn reflexVladimir Bekhterev, Louis Jacobsohn-Laskneurologypyramidal tract lesionsstroking dorsal radial skin, with forearm in supination, elicits wrist and finger flexion
Bekhterev–Mendel reflexVladimir Bekhterev, Kurt Mendelneurologypyramidal tract lesionstoe flexion on percussion of dorsum of foot
Bence Jones proteinHenry Bence Joneshematologymultiple myeloma
Benedict solutionStanley Rossiter Benedictendocrinologydiabetes mellitusreagent for presence of monosaccharides
Berger wave (rhythm)Hans Bergerneurologynormal physiologyelectroencephalographic alpha wave
Bezold–Jarisch reflexAlbert von Bezold, Adolf Jarischpharmacology, toxicologyeffect of certain alkaloidsapnea, bradycardia, hypotension
Bielschowsky's head tilt testAlfred Bielschowskyneurology, ophthalmologylesions of cranial nerve IVtest for palsy of superior oblique muscle
Bing's signPaul Robert Bingneurologypyramidal tract lesionsextension of the great toe on pricking the dorsum of the foot with a pin
Biot's respirationCamille Biotneurologybrain stem herniationquick shallow respirations followed by period of apnea
Bitot's spotsPierre Bitôtophthalmologyvitamin A deficiencyspots of keratin deposition in the conjunctiva
Bjerrum scotomaJannik Peterson Bjerrumophthalmologyglaucomacomet shaped visual field defect, extending temporally from the physiological blind spot
Blumberg signJacob Moritz Blumbergsurgeryperitonitisrebound tenderness
Boas' pointIsmar Isidor Boasgastroenterologygastric ulcerdermal hyperaesthesia just left of T12
Boas' signIsmar Isidor Boasgastroenterologyacute cholecystitisdermal hyperaesthesia at inferior angle of R scapula
Bodansky unitAaron Bodanskyclinical chemistryunit of alkaline phosphatase concentration in blood
Boston's signLeonard N. Bostonophthalmology, endocrinologythyrotoxicosisspasmodic ptosis on downward gaze
Bouchard's nodesCharles-Joseph Bouchardrheumatologyosteoarthritisbony outgrowths on dorsa of proximal interphalangeal joints
Bracht–Wachter bodiesErich Franz Eugen Bracht, Hermann Julius Gustav Wächtercardiologyinfective endocarditisyellow-white spots in the myocardium
Branham's signHenry Branhampressing on proximal portion of AV fistula results in bradycardia
Braxton Hicks contractionJohn Braxton Hicksobstetricsnormal pregnancy"false labour". sporadic contractions beginning as early as mid 1st trimester
Brewer infarctsGeorge Emerson Brewernephrology, pathologypyelonephritisdark red wedge shaped areas on kidney section resembling infarcts
Brissaud's reflexÉdouard Brissaudneurologypyramidal tract lesionsplantar stimulation elicits contraction of tensor fasciae latae
Broadbent inverted signSir William Broadbent, 1st BaronetcardiologyL atrial hypertrophysystole palpable in posterior chest wall
Broadbent signWalter Broadbentcardiologyadhesive pericarditisrecession of L inferior intercostal spaces
Broca aphasiaPaul Brocaneurology, neuropsychologydevelopmental or other pathology of various frontal cortical areasexpressive aphasia
Brodie–Trendelenburg percussion testSir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, Friedrich Trendelenburggeneral medicine, surgeryvaricose veinssuperficial vein is percussed proximally; if impulse is felt over vein distally, valvular incompetence is present
Budin's signPierre-Constant Budinsurgery, obstetricssuppurative mastitisif breast milk flown into a sterile pad is mixed with pus (brown, yellow or bloody traces), mastitis may be present
Brodie–Trendelenburg testSir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, Friedrich Trendelenburggeneral medicine, surgeryvaricose veinsidentifies level of valvular incompetence
Brudziński neck signJózef Brudzińskineurologymeningitisneck flexion elicits hip and knee flexion
Brudziński cheek signJózef Brudzińskineurologymeningitispressure beneath zygoma elicits flexion of forearm
Brudziński symphyseal signJózef Brudzińskineurologymeningitispressure over symphisis pubis elicits knee, hip flexion and leg abduction
Brudziński reflexJózef Brudzińskineurologymeningitispassive flexion of knee to abdomen elicits flexion of contralateral hip and knee
Bruit de RogerHenri-Louis Rogerpaediatric cardiologyventricular septal defectloud pansystolic murmur
Bruns ataxiaLudwig Brunsneurologyfrontal lobe lesionsdifficulty moving feet in contact with floor, tendency to fall backwards
Bruns nystagmusLudwig Brunsneurologycerebellopontine angle tumor, vestibular schwannomanystagmus that coarsens in amplitude on lateral gaze
Brushfield spotsThomas Brushfieldophthalmology, geneticsDowns' syndrome or non-pathologicalgreyish-white spots at periphery of iris
Buerger's test?general medicine, surgeryperipheral artery disease(needed)pallor of the leg upon elevation
Burton lineHenry Burtontoxicologylead poisoningNEJM 354:e21 5/18/06blue discolouration of the gingival border
Cabot ringsRichard Cabothematologylead poisoning, anaemiasthreadlike strands in erythrocytes
Caput medusaeMedusagastroenterology, surgeryportal hypertensiondistended veins radiating from umbilicus
Cardarelli's signAntonio Cardarellicardiology, thoracic surgeryaortic arch dilatation or aneurysm, mediastinal tumourleft displacement of trachea elicits palpable pulsation of same
Carey Coombs murmurCarey Coombscardiology, rheumatologyrheumatic fevermid-diastolic rumble
Carnett's signJohn Berton Carnettprimary care, surgeryabdominal mass and/or painAm J Med Sci 174 (1927): 579–599supine patient lifts head from bed;↑ pain – abdominal wall ;↓ pain – intraperitoneal
Carvallo's signJosé Manuel Rivero Carvallocardiologytricuspid regurgitationincrease in volume of murmur on inspiration
Casal collarGaspar Casalnutritionpellagra (niacin deficiency)Casal collar at Medscapewidely variable collar of dermatitis characteristically in c3,c4 dermatomes
Casoni testTomaso Casoniinfectious disease, tropical medicinehydatid diseaseintradermal injection of hydatid fluid causing wheal
Celsus signs of inflammationAulus Cornelius Celsusvariousinflammation1. Rubor (redness) 2. Tumor (swelling)3. Calor (heat) 4. Dolor (pain)
Chaddock reflexCharles Gilbert Chaddockneurologypyramidal lesions, corticospinal tract lesionsextension of big toe with stimulation of skin over lateral malleolus
Chadwick signJames Read Chadwickobstetricspregnancycyanosis of vulva, vagina and cervix
Charcot's triadJean-Martin Charcotsurgeryascending cholangitisjaundice, fever and chills, RUQ pain
Charcot's triadJean-Martin Charcotneurologymultiple sclerosisnystagmus, intention tremor, staccato speech
Charcot–Leyden crystalsJean-Martin Charcot, Ernst Viktor von Leydenpathologyany disorder characterized by eosinophil proliferation, e.g. ascariasislysophospholipase crystals in various tissues
Cheyne–Stokes respirationJohn Cheyne, William Stokespalliative carerespiratory center damagefluctuation between apnoea and tachypnoea
Churchill–Cope reflexEdward Delos Churchill, Oliver Copecardiologyheart failuredistension of pulmonary vascular bed causes tachypnoea
Chvostek signFrantišek Chvostekendocrinologyhypocalcemiatapping over facial nerve elicits abnormal muscle contraction(s)
Claybrook signEdwin Claybrookemergency medicine, surgeryblunt abdominal traumaheart and/or breath sounds heard through abdominal wall indicate rupture of viscus
Clutton's jointsHenry Hugh Cluttonpaediatricscongenital syphilispainless symmetrical hydrarthroses, particularly of the knees
Codman's triangleErnest Codmanoncology, orthopaedic surgery, radiologyosteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcomatriangular subperiosteal growth
Comby signJules Combypaediatricsrubeolawhitish patches on gingiva and buccal mucosa
Comolli's signAntonio ComolliOrthopaedic surgeryScapular fracture"Comolli's sign". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 29 May 2013.triangular swelling corresponding to the outline of the scapula
Coombs testRobin Coombshematologyhemolytic anemia
Coons fluorescent antibody methodAlbert CoonsimmunologyAlbert Coons at National Academies Pressdetection of antibodies by fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein-labelled antibodies
Cornell's signEthel L. Cornell, American Neuropsychologist and Psychiatrist, Columbia University NY (1882-1972)neurologypyramidal tract lesionsThe Babinski sign – a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.scratching alongside big toe extensor tendon elicits an extensor plantar response
Corrigan pulseDominic John Corrigancardiologyaortic insufficiencycarotid pulsations with abrupt ascending and descending phases
Councilman bodyWilliam Thomas Councilmaninfectious diseaseyellow fever, viral haemorrhagic feverseosinophilic globules in liver
Courvoisier's lawLudwig Georg Courvoisiergastroenterologyobstructive jaundicepalpable gall bladder w/ painless jaundice unlikely to be cholelithiasis
Crichton-Browne signSir James Crichton-Browneneuropsychiatry'general paresis'tremor at corners of mouth and of outer canthus
Crowe signFrank W. Crowedermatologyneurofibromatosis type Iaxillary freckling
Cruveilhier–Baumgarten bruitJean Cruveilhier, Paul Clemens von BaumgartenhepatologyCruveilhier–Baumgarten diseasebruit around the umbilicus
Cullen's signThomas S. Cullensurgery, obstetricsintra-abdominal haemorrhage, ectopic pregnnacyecchymosis around umbilicus predicts onset of acute pancreatitis
Curschmann spiralsHeinrich Curschmannpulmonologyasthmaspiral mucus plugs found in sputum
Cushing's triadHarvey Cushingneurologyraised intracranial pressureelevated systolic bp, bradycardia, irregular respiration
Dagher ManeuverNabil Daghertrauma surgerypenetrating pelvic traumabimanual palpation of foreign object lodged in pelvis with one digit in an incision lateral to the anus and the other digit inserted in the rectum
Dahlén–Fuchs nodulesJohan Dahlén, Ernst Fuchsophthalmologysympathetic ophthalmiagranulocytic infiltrate of the uvea
Dahl's signK.V. DahlpulmonologyCOPDpigmented calluses on anterior surface of thighs (from leaning on elbows)
Dalrymple signJohn Dalrympleophthalmology, endocrinologythyrotoxicosissynd/494 at Who Named It?widened palpebral opening
Dance's signJean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance(paediatric)surgeryileo-cecal intussusceptionsynd/3355 at Who Named It?empty RLQ (retracted right iliac fossa)
Darier's signFerdinand-Jean Darierallergy, dermatologyurticaria pigmentosadermatographia
Dawson's fingersJames Walker Dawsonneurologymultiple sclerosis characteristic fingerlike appearance of lateral ventricle on mri, ct, or at autopsy
De Musset's signAlfred de Mussetcardiologyaortic insufficiencyhead nodding in time with heartbeat
Dennie–Morgan foldCharles Clayton Dennie
DB Morgan
dermatologyatopic dermatitisDennie's line at TheFreeDictionary.comaccentuated fold below the lower eyelid
Destot's signEtienne Destotorthopaedic surgerypelvic fractureecchymosis superior to inguinal ligament, in scrotum or of thigh
Dix–Hallpike testMargaret R. Dix, Charles Skinner HallpikeOtolaryngologyBenign paroxysmal positional vertigosynd/3615 at Who Named It?Elicitation of extreme vertigo upon lateral movement of a patient's head when lying in a supine position
Döhle bodiesKarl Gottfried Paul Döhlepathologyvarious including trauma and neoplasmbasophilic inclusions in peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils
Doi's signHitoka DoineurologyEaton–Lambert syndromereappearance of absent deep tendon reflexes after short period of maximal muscle contraction
Dunphy signOsborne Joby Dunphysurgeryappendicitisincrease in abdominal pain on coughing
Duroziez's signPaul Louis Duroziezcardiologyaortic insufficiencydouble bruit heard over femoral artery when it is compressed distally (see Traube's sign)
Elschnig spotsAnton Elschnigophthalmologyhypertensive retinopathy
Epstein's pearlsAlois Epsteinpaediatricsnormal newborncystic papules on palate
Ewart's signWilliam Ewartcardiologypericardial effusionpercussive dullness, aegophony and bronchial breath sounds at L scapular tip
Faget signJean-Charles Fagetinfectious diseaseYellow fever Typhoid Fever tularaemia brucellosis othersFaget's sign at Who Named It?the unusual constellation of fever and bradycardia
Finkelstein's testHarry FinkelsteinrheumatologyDeQuervain's tenosynovitis
Forchheimer spotsFrederick Forchheimerpaediatricsrubellasmall red spots on the soft palate
Fothergill's signJohn Fothergillsurgeryrectus sheath hematomaanterior abdominal mass which does not cross the midline and is still palpable when abdominal wall muscles are tensed
Fox's signGeorge Henry Foxgastroenterologyhaemorrhagic pancreatitisecchymosis of inguinal ligament (blood tracks retroperitoneally)
Frank's signSanders T. Frankcardiologyischaemic heart diseaseear crease indicating risk of heart disease (disputed)
Friedreich's signNikolaus Friedreichcardiologyconstrictive pericarditis, tricuspid insufficiencycollapse of distended neck veins in diastole
Froment's signJules Fromentneurologyulnar nerve palsypatient required to hold paper between thumb and palm (against attempt to withdraw);ability to do so is assessed
Gallavardin phenomenonLouis Gallavardincardiologyaortic stenosisdissociation of musical and noisy elements in ejection murmur
Gamna–Favre bodiesCarlos Gamna,
Maurice Favre
histologylymphogranuloma venereumGamna-Favre bodies at Who Named It?basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
Gandy–Gamna nodulesCharles Gandy,
Carlos Gamna
histologysplenomegaly due to portal hypertension and sickle cell diseaseGandy-Gamna bodies at Who Named It?small yellow-brown foci in the spleen
Garrod's padsArchibald Garroddermatologyrepeated extreme tension of extensor tendon in interphalangeal jointthickening of skin and tissue over interphalangeal joint
Gerhardt's signCarl Jakob Adolf Christian GerhardtGerhardt's sign at Who Named It?
http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?Biermer's+sign
controversial: see references
Glasgow Coma ScaleGlasgowneurologyA neurological scale which aims to give a reliable and objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment.The sum of Eye, Motor and Verbal responses.
Goetz signRobert H. GoetzPatent Ductus ArteriosusSeen during right ventriculography in the setting of a patent ductus arteriosus, the Goetz sign refers to the negative contrast effect seen in the pulmonary artery from non-contrast enhanced blood shunting left to right from the aorta
Gonda's signViktor Gonda, Ukrainian Neuropsychiatrist, (1889-1959)neurologypyramidal tract lesionsThe Babinski sign – a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.flexing then suddenly releasing the 4th toe elicits an extensor plantar response
Goodell's signWilliam Goodellobstetricspregnancysoftening of the vaginal part of the cervix during the first trimester
Goodsall's ruleDavid Henry Goodsallgastroenterology, general surgeryanal fistulaanatomical relationships, differentiation of fistula types
Gordon's signAlfred Gordonneurologypyramidal tract lesionsThe Babinski sign – a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.squeezing the calf muscle elicits an extensor plantar response
Gottron's papulesHeinrich Adolf GottronrheumatologydermatomyositisPathologic Basis of Disease (8th Ed), Robbins & CotranScaling, erythematous eruption or dusky red patches over the knuckles, elbows and knees
Gowers' sign[3]William Richard Gowersneurologymuscular dystrophy
Graham Steell murmurGraham Steellcardiologymitral stenosispulmonary regurgitation murmur in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral stenosis
Grey Turner's signGeorge Grey Turnersurgeryretroperitoneal hemorrhageflank ecchymosis
Griffith's signAlexander Hill Griffith, Scottish Ophthalmologist, Manchester (1858-1937)endocrinologyGraves' ophthalmopathy(needed)lid lag of the lower eyelid on upward eye movement
Gunn's signRobert Marcus GunnophthalmologyhypertensionGunn's sign at Who Named It?AV "nicking" or "nipping" in hypertensive retinopathy
Hamman's signLouis Hammanthoracic surgeryoesophageal perforation w/ pneumomediastinumcrepitus in sync w/ heartbeat but not respiration
Hampton's humpAubrey Otis Hamptonpulmonology, radiologypulmonary embolus with infarctHampton's hump at Who Named It?wedge shaped consolidation at periphery with base on the pleura
Hampton's lineAubrey Otis Hamptonradiology, gastroenterologypeptic ulcerHampton's line at Who Named It?line on barium meal indicating mucosal oedema associated with ulcer
Hannington-Kiff signJohn G. Hannington-Kiffgeneral surgeryobturator herniaabsent thigh adductor reflex with positive patellar reflex
Harrison's grooveEdward Harrisoninternal medicinericketsHarrison's sulcus at Who Named It?rib deformity at the lower thorax
Hatchcock's sign?paediatrics, infectious diseasemumps(needed)tenderness behind angle of jaw (typically before swelling is evident)
Heberden's nodeWilliam Heberdenrheumatologyosteoarthritissame as bouchard's nodes, but over dip joints
Hegar's signErnst Ludwig Alfred Hegarobstetricsnormal pregnancysoftening of cervical isthmus appearing between 4th and 6th weeks (usually)
Hess testAlfred Fabian Hessinternal medicinecapillary fragilityRumpel-Konchalevskii-Leede phenomenon or sign at Who Named It?appearance of petechiae after compression of arm by bandage or blood pressure cuff
Hildreth's signDH Hildrethdermatologyglomus tumorRelief of pain at tumor site upon vascular occlusion of limb, with acute return of pain on reperfusion
Hippocratic faceHippocratespalliative careimpending death
Hippocratic fingersHippocratespulmonary medicinechronic hypoxiaclubbing of distal phalanges
Hirschberg testJulius Hirschbergophthalmologystrabismuscorneal reflection centred (-) or not centred (+) on pupil
Hoffmann's signJohann Hoffmannneurologycorticospinal tract lesionstapping distal phalanx of 3rd or 4th finger elicits flexion of same in thumb
Hollenhorst plaqueRobert Hollenhorstophthalmologyhypertension, coronary artery disease, and/or diabetescholesterol embolus(i) of retinal artery(ies)
Homans' signJohn Homansthrombosisdeep venous thrombosisknee bent, ankle abruptly dorsiflexed, popliteal pain
Hoover's sign (leg paresis)Charles Franklin Hooverneurology, psychiatrylower extremity paresisdifferentiates organic from non-organic etiology
Hoover's sign (pulmonary)Charles Franklin HooverpulmonologyCOPDinward movement of lower ribs during inspiration
Howship–Romberg signJohn Howship,
Moritz Heinrich Romberg
surgeryobturator herniaHowship's syndrome at Who Named It?pain from an obturator hernia radiating to knee
Hutchinson's freckleSir Jonathan HutchinsondermatologymelanomaHutchinson's freckle at Who Named It?precancerous facial pigmentation
Hutchinson's pupilSir Jonathan Hutchinsonneurologyoculomotor nerve lesionHutchinson's pupil at Who Named It?dilated pupil on the side of an intracranial lesion due to IIIrd nerve compression
Hutchinson's signSir Jonathan Hutchinsonophthalmologyherpes zosterHutchinson's sign 2 at Who Named It?lesion on tip of the nose which can presage ocular herpes zoster
Hutchinson's teeth[4]Sir Jonathan Hutchinsonpediatricscongenital syphilissmall, widely spaced incisors with notched biting surfaces
Hutchinson's triadSir Jonathan Hutchinsonpediatricscongenital syphilisinterstitial keratitis, nerve deafness, Hutchinson's teeth
Janeway lesionTheodore Caldwell Janewaycardiologyinfective endocarditispalmar or plantar erythematous or haemorrhagic papules
Jendrassik maneuverErnő Jendrassikneurologyhyporeflexiacompares patellar reflex w/ and w/o distraction
Jobe's relocation test Christopher Jobe orthopedics
Joffroy's signAlexis Joffroyendocrinologyexophthalmos in Graves diseaseJoffroy's sign I at Who Named It?lack of forehead wrinkling when patient looks up with head bowed
Jolly's testFriedrich Jollyneurologymyasthenia gravis or Eaton–Lambert syndromeelectromyography test using repeated stimuli to show fatiguability in myasthenia
Jones criteriaT. Duckett Jonesrheumatologyrheumatic fevercriteria used to diagnose rheumatic fever
Kanavel's signAllen B. Kanavelorthopedics, rheumatologytenosynovitis of flexor digitorum tendonhttp://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/TOPIC97.HTM(1) finger held in slight flexion, (2) fusiform swelling, (3) tenderness along the flexor tendon sheath, and (4) pain with passive extension of the digit.
Kayser–Fleischer ringBernhard Kayser,
Bruno Fleischer
neurology, gastroenterologyWilson's disease(hepatolenticular degeneration)ring of brownish copper deposit at corneo-scleral junction
Kehr's signHans Kehrtrauma surgeryruptured spleenreferred pain to L shoulder
Kelly's signHoward Atwood Kellysurgery, urologyvisible response of ureter when touched (means of identifying same)
Kerley linesPeter Kerleyradiologypulmonary edema
Kernig's signWoldemar Kernigneurologymeningism, meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhagesynd/2200 at Who Named It?hip and knee fully flexed, extension of knee elicits pain and/or opisthotonus
Kocher's signEmil Theodor Kocherophthalmology, endocrinologyHyperthyroidism, Basedow's disease,In fixation on a fast upwards movement there occurs a convulsive retraction of the eyelid
Koebner's phenomenonHeinrich Koebnerdermatologyvarious conditions
Koeppe's nodulesLeonhard Koeppeophthalmologyuveitisgranulomatous nodules at pupillary margin
Koplik's spotsHenry Koplikpediatricsmeasles
Korotkoff soundsNikolai Korotkovcardiologyauscultatory sphygmomanometryKorotkov described 5 sounds. Only the first (the onset of audible sound, and corresponding to systolic pressure) and the fifth (sound becomes inaudible, corresponding to diastolic pressure) are of practical clinical significance (however, see:Auscultatory gap)
Kussmaul breathing[5]Adolph Kussmaulendocrinologymetabolic acidosislaboured deep breathing with normal or reduced frequency
Kussmaul's signAdolph Kussmaulcardiologyvarious, including right side failureincreased jugular distension on inspiration
Kveim testMorten Ansgar Kveimpulmonary medicinesarcoidosisintradermal injection of lymphatic extract from known sufferer; obsolete
Lachman maneuverJohn Lachmanorthopedic surgeryanterior cruciate ligament injurymodified anterior drawer test with knee in less flexion
Ladin's signLouis Julius Ladin, Lithuanian-American Gynecologist, (1862-1951)obstetricsnormal pregnancy(needed)softening of uterus; similar to Hegar's sign
Lancisi's signGiovanni Maria Lancisicardiologytricuspid regurgitationgiant v-wave in seen in jugular vein
Larrey's signDominique Larreyrheumatologysacroiliitispain in sacroiliac area on sitting down on hard chair
Lasègue's signCharles Lasègueneurosurgery, orthpaedic surgerylumbar disc lesions, sciaticabetter known as straight leg raise test
Leopold's maneuverChristian Gerhard LeopoldobstetricsLeopold's maneuver at Who Named It?determination of fetal lie
Leser–Trélat signEdmund Leser,
Ulysse Trélat
oncologymalignant neoplasmLeser-Trélat sign at Who Named It?sudden onset of multiple pruritic seborrheic keratoses
Levine's signSamuel A. Levinecardiologymyocardial infarctionpatient clenches fist over chest when asked to describe pain
Lhermitte's signJean Lhermitteneurologylesions of cervical cord dorsal columns or caudal medulla, MS, chemotherapy, Behçet's diseaseelectrical sensation down the back and into limbs with neck flexion or extension
Liebermeister's ruleCarl von Liebermeisterinternal medicineLiebermeister's rule at Who Named It?For each fever degree Celsius an increase of 8 beats per minute in cardiac frequency
Lisch noduleKarl Lischophthalmologytype I neurofibromatosisyellow brown hamartomata on iris
Lisker's sign?internal medicinedeep venous thrombosis(needed)tenderness on percussion of antero-medial tibia
Litten's signMoritz Littencardiologyinfective endocarditiseMedicinecotton-wool exudate in the retina
Lombard effectÉtienne Lombardpsychiatrymalingering due to simulated deafnessautomatic rise in the loudness of a person's voice when they speak in noise
Louvel's sign?internal medicinedeep venous thrombosis(needed)increased pain along vein with valsalva; proximal pressure prevents this
Lowenberg's sign?vascular medicinedeep vein thrombosis(needed)immediate pain on inflating blood pressure cuff around calf
MacDonald triadJohn M. MacDonaldpsychiatrysociopathic personality disordereneuresis, firesetting and animal torture predictive of future criminal behaviour
Macewen's signSir William Macewenneurology, neurosurgeryhydrocephalus, brain abscessresonance on percussion of fronto-temporo-parietal suture
Magnan's signValentin Magnanaddiction medicinecocaine dependenceMagnan's sign at Who Named It?feeling of moving foreign body under the skin
Mantoux testCharles Mantouxinfectious diseasetuberculosisintradermal protein derivative – diameter of wheal evaluated
Marcus Gunn pupilRobert Marcus Gunnophthalmology, neurologysevere retinal disease, lesion of optic nerve anterior to chiasmGunn's pupillary phenomenon at Who Named It?Relative pupil dilatation when light swings to the affected side
Markle sign?surgeryappendicitis(needed)RLQ pain on dropping from standing on toes to heels
Mayne's sign?cardiologyaortic insufficiency(needed)diastolic blood pressure drop of >15mmHg on raising arm
McBurney's pointCharles McBurneysurgeryappendicitis2/3 of the way lateral on a line from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine (corresponds to junction of vermiform appendix and cecum)
McConnell's signM.V. McConnellcardiologypulmonary embolismechocardiography finding of akinesia of the mid-free wall of the right ventricle but normal motion of the apex
McMurray testThomas Porter McMurrayorthopaedicsmeniscal tearMcMurray's sign at Who Named It?knee extended, valgus stress applied, leg rotated produces palpable or audible click
Means–Lerman scratchJ. Lerman, J.H. Meansendocrinologyhyperthyroidismsystolic heart murmur similar to pericardial rub
Mees' linesR.A. Meestoxicologyarsenic or heavy metal poisoningtransverse white lines across the nails
Mellinghoff's signKarl Hermann Mellinghoff, German Endocrinologist, (1908-1967)hyperbaric medicinecutaneous decompression sicknesscoughing or Valsalve accentuates the venous markings of an erysipeloid rash
Mentzer indexWilliam C. Mentzer Jr.hematologymicrocytic anemiadifferentiates iron deficiency anaemia from beta thalassaemia
Miller Fisher testC. Miller Fisherneurologynormal pressure hydrocephalusImprovement in cognitive function after withdrawal of CSF during lumbar puncture used to confirm diagnosis
Moniz signAntónio Egas Monizneurologypyramidal tract lesionsThe Babinski sign – a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.forceful plantar flexion of the ankle elicits an extensor plantar response
Möbius signPaul Julius MöbiusendocrinologythyrotoxicosisMöbius sign at TheFreeDictionary.cominability to maintain convergence of eyes
Muehrcke's linesRobert C. Muehrckenephrology, oncologyhypoalbuminaemia, chemotherapypaired transverse white lines on nail bed
Mulder's signJacob D. Mulderneurology, podiatryMorton's neuromatransverse compression of the forefoot elicits pain in the distribution of the affected nerve
Müller's maneuverJohannes Peter Müllerpulmonologycollapsed section of airwaypatient attempts to breathe in with nose and mouth closed (opposite of Valsalva maneuver)
Müller's signFriedrich von Müllercardiologyaortic insufficiencyMüller's sign at Who Named It?visible pulsation or bobbing of uvula
Murphy's punch signJohn B. Murphyurologyperinephric abscessMurphy's punch at Who Named It?punch tenderness at the costovertebral angle
Murphy's signJohn B. MurphysurgerycholecystitisMurphy's sign at Who Named It?hesitation on inspiration while gall bladder is palpated
Myerson's signAbraham MyersonneurologyParkinson's diseaseinability to resist blinking when glabella is percussed
Naegele's ruleFranz Karl Naegelegynecologygestationmethod of estimating due date
Nardi testGeorge Nardigastroenterologydysfunction of sphincter of Oddiadministration of morphine and neostigmine reproduces sharp LUQ pain; not in general use
Nikolsky's signPyotr Nikolskydermatologyvarious, including pemphigus vulgarisshearing of epidermis under pressure
O'Brien's test?(needed)
O'Donoghue's triadD. O'Donoghueorthopaedics, sports medicineknee injurycoincidence of anterior cruciate injury, medial collateral injury and meniscal tear
Oliver's signWilliam Silver Olivercardiologyaortic arch aneurysmcaudal movement of trachea with systole
Oppenheim's signHermann Oppenheimneurologypyramidal tract lesionsOppenheim's reflex at Who Named It?irritation downward of the medial tibia causes dorsiflexion of big toe
Ortolani testMarino Ortolanipediatrics & orthopedicscongenital hip dislocationOrtolani's sign and test at Who Named It?palpable clunk on moving hip
Osborn waveJohn Jay Osborncardiology, emergency medicinehypothermiapositive deflection at QRS-ST junction
Osler's nodeSir William Oslerinternal medicinevarious, including SBE and SLEpainful red lesions on the pads of the fingers and plantar surfaces
Osler's signSir William Oslerinternal medicineatherosclerosisfalsely elevated bp reading due to incompressibility of calcified vessels
Palla's sign?internal medicinepulmonary embolismPulmonary embolism at Merck Manual onlineenlarged right descending pulmonary artery on chest x-ray
Pastia's signConstantin Chessec Pastiapediatricsscarlet feverPastia's sign at Who Named It?lines of confluent petechiae in skin creases (associated with Scarlatiniform rash and strep pyogenes)
Patrick's testHugh Talbot PatrickrheumatologysacroiliitisPatrick's test at Who Named It?external rotation of the hip causes pain
Peabody's signC.N. Peabodyinternal medicinedeep vein thrombosiscalf muscle spasm when raising the affected leg with the foot extended
Pemberton's signHugh Pembertonthoracic surgeryretrosternal mass with superior vena cava syndromearms elevated over head elicits facial plethora, distended neck veins and inspiratory stridor
Phalen's maneuverGeorge S. Phalenrheumatology, hand surgerycarpal tunnel syndrome30–60 seconds of full forced flexion of wrist elicits symptoms
Piskaçek's signLudwig Piskaçekobstetricsnormal pregnancyPiskaçek's sign at Who Named It?palpable lateral bulge at tubal-uterine junction; present at 7–8 weeks
Plummer's nailHenry Stanley PlummerendocrinologythyrotoxicosisPlummer's nail at Who Named It?onycholysis especially of ring and little fingers
Pratt's signGerald H. Prattinternal medicinedeep venous thrombosispain elicited by compression of posterior calf
Queckenstedt's maneuverHans Heinrich Georg Queckenstedtneurologyspinal stenosisQueckenstedt's phenomenon at Who Named It?bilateral jugular vein pressure during lumbar puncture causes sudden rise in CSF pressure
Quincke's signHeinrich Irenaeus Quinckecardiologyaortic insufficiencyQuincke's capillary pulse at Who Named It?visible pulsation in ungual capillary bed
Reynolds' pentadB.M. Reynoldsgastroenterologyascending cholangitisReynold's pentad at Who Named It?Charcot's triad + hypotension and altered mental state
Riesman's signDavid Riesmanendocrinologythyrotoxicosisbruit over globe of the eye
Rigler's sign[6]Leo George Riglerradiology, abdominal surgerypneumoperitoneumRigler's sign at Who Named It?gas outlines both mucosal and serosal surfaces of bowel
Rinne testHeinrich Adolf RinneENT, neurology, audiometryhearing impairmentRinne's test at Who Named It?comparison of air conduction to bone conduction differentiates sensorineural from conductive deafness
Romaña's signCecilio Romañatropical medicineChagas' diseaseRomaña's sign at Who Named It?painless unilateral periorbital swelling
Romberg testMoritz Heinrich Rombergneurologydorsal column lesions, cerebllar lesions, alcohol intoxicationRomberg's sign at Who Named It?inability to maintain posture with eyes closed
Rose's sign?vascular medicinedeep vein thrombosis(needed)Warm, stiff feeling of skin when affected leg is pinched
Rosenbach's testOttomar Rosenbachclinical chemistrybilirubinuriaRosenbach's test at Who Named It?colour produced on addition of nitric acid
Rosenstein's signPaul Rosensteingeneral surgeryappendicitisAdvances in Pediatrics. JP Medical Ltd. p. 1432. ISBN 978-93-5025-777-7.tenderness in the right lower quadrant increases when the patient moves from the supine position to a recumbent posture on the left side
Rossolimo's signGrigory Ivanovich Rossolimoneurologypyramidal tract lesionsThe Babinski sign – a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.percussion of the tips of the toes causes exaggerated flexion of the toes
Roth's spotsMoritz Rothophthalmology, internal medicinevarious, including SBE and systemic vasculitidesRoth's spot at Who Named It?retinal haemorrhages with pale centres seen at fundoscopy
Rovsing's signNiels Thorkild Rovsinggeneral surgeryappendicitisRovsing's sign at Who Named It?palpation of LLQ elicits pain in RLQ
Rumpel–Leede signTheodor Rumpel,
Carl Stockbridge Leede
haematologycapillary fragilityRumpel-Leede test at Who Named It?petechiae seen after compression by tourniquet
Russell's signGerald Russellpsychiatrybulimia nervosascarring of the dorsum of one hand (contact with incisors when purging)
Salus's signRobert SalusophthalmologyhypertensionHypertension at Medscapedeflection of retinal veins at right angle junctions due to elongation or shortening of connected arterioles
Schaeffer's signMax Schaefferneurologypyramidal tract lesionsSchäffer's reflex at Who Named It?squeezing the Achilles tendon elicits an extensor plantar response
Schamroth's window testLeo Schamrothpulmonology, cardiologychronic hypoxiaidentifies clubbing of distal phalanges
Schiller's testWalter Schillergynecologycervical cancerSchiller's test at Who Named It?affected areas of cervix fail to stain brown with iodine solution
Schilling testRobert F. Schillinginternal medicinepernicious anaemia, coeliac disease, other malabsorption disordersB12 radioassay; rare
Schirmer's testOtto Schirmerophthalmologykeratoconjunctivitis sicca, as in Sjögren's syndromequantifies lacrimal secretion
Schober testPaul Schoberphysiatry, rheumatology, orthopaedicsvarious disorders of lumbar vertebraeSchober's sign at Who Named It?quantifies lumbar flexion
Sherren's triangleJames SherrensurgeryappendicitisSherren's triangle at Who Named It?area of hyperaesthesia over the right lower abdomen
Shone's complexJohn D. Shonecardiologycongenital heart defectsupravalvular mitral ring, parachute deformity of mitral valve, subaortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta
Siegrist streaksAugust Siegristophthalmologymalignant hypertensionhyperpigmented sreaks parallel to choroidal vessels
Simmonds' testFranklin Adin SimmondsorthopaedicsAchilles tendon rupturesqueezing of calf fails to produce plantar flexion
Sims–Huhner testHarry M. Sims, Max Huhnerreproductive medicineinfertilitySims-Huhner test at Who Named It?determination of sperm count and motility in a sample taken from the cervical canal within an hour of intercourse
Sister Mary Joseph nodule[7]Sister Mary Joseph Dempsey (born Julia Dempsey)oncologyvarious abdominal malignanciespalpable lymph node in the umbilicus
Spurling's testRoy Glenwood Spurlingneurologycervical radiculopathySpurling's manoeuvre and sign at Who Named It?axial compression and rotation of cervical spine to the side of symptoms causes pain
Stellwag's signKarl Stellwag von Carionendocrinologythyrotoxicosisinfrequent and/or incomplete blinking, accompanied by Dalrymple's sign
Still's murmurSir George Frederick Stillpaediatric cardiologysubaortic stenosis, small Ventricular septal defectStill's mmurmur at Who Named It?systolic ejection sound ; vibratory/musical; best heard at left lower sternal border
Stransky's sign?neurologypyramidal tract lesionsThe Babinski sign – a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–18.sudden abduction and release of little toe causes extensor plantar response
Stroop testJohn Ridley Stroopneuropsychologyvarious, including ADHD and schizophreniareaction times for incongruent stimuli (e.g., word red printed in blue)
Strümpell's signAdolph Strümpellneurologyspastic pareses of the lower extremityStrümpell's sign I at Who Named It?failure of abrupt passive flexion of the hip and/or knee to elicit dorsiflexion and adduction of foot
Terry's nailsR. Terryinternal medicinevarious including hepatic failurewhite 'ground glass' nails;absence of lunula
Terry Thomas signTerry-ThomasOrthopaedicsScapho-lunate dissociationAtlas of Signs in Musculoskeletal RadiologyGap between the scaphoid and lunate bones on AP wrist radiograph
Thomas testHugh Owen ThomasOrthopaedicsFixed flexion deformity of hipSupine patient flexes one hip whilst keeping other leg flat; back arches if flexion deformity is present
Throckmorton's reflexTom Bentley Throckmortonneurologypyramidal tract lesionsThe Babinski sign – a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.pressure over dorsal big toe MTP joint elicits an extensor plantar response
Tinel's signJules Tinelneurologyneuritis, compression disorders'DTP' – distal tingling on percussion
Todd's paresisRobert Bentley Toddneurologyseizure disordersfocal weakness for as much as 48 hours after seizure
Traube's signLudwig Traubevarioussplenomegalydull percussion sound over Traube's space
Trendelenburg's signFriedrich Trendelenburgneurologyinferior gluteal palsy, other causes of hip abductors weaknesspelvic tilt contralateral to 'stance leg'
Troisier's signCharles Emile Troisierinternal medicine, oncologyVarious abdominal malignancies, especially stomach cancerTroisier's node or sign at Who Named It?Enlargement of the left supraclavicular lymph node (=Virchow's node)
Trousseau's sign of malignancyArmand Trousseauinternal medicinevarious malignancies, including pancreaticspontaneous thrombosis of multiple veins, including portal circulation
Trousseau's sign of latent tetanyArmand Trousseauinternal medicine, endocrinologyhypocalcaemiaTrendelenburg's phenomenon at Who Named It?in hypocalcaemia, occlusion of brachial artery induces carpal spasm
Uhthoff's phenomenonWilhelm Uhthoffneurologymultiple sclerosisUhthoff's symptom at Who Named It?↑ in neurological symptoms with exercise or other increase in body temperature
Unterberger testSiegfried Unterbergerneurology, ENTvestibular lesionspatient walks in place with eyes closed;direction of rotation indicates vestibular lesion on that side
Virchow's nodeRudolf Virchowinternal medicine, oncologyVarious abdominal malignancies, especially stomach cancerVirchow's node at Who Named It?Enlargement of the left supraclavicular lymph node (=Troisier's sign)
Virchow's triadRudolf Virchowhematologyetiology of thrombosisHypercoagulability, Hemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence) and Endothelial injury/dysfunction
Von Braun-Fernwald's signKarl von Braun-Fernwaldobstetricspregnancysoftening of the uterine fundus at the site of implantation at 4–5 weeks gestation
Von Graefe signAlbrecht von GraefeendocrinologyGraves' disease' lid lag'; immobility of upper lid on downward gaze
Wada testJuhn Atsushi Wadaneurologyepilepsy, anatomical lesions of cerebrumWada's test at Who Named It?short acting barbiturate injected in internal carotid; lateralizes language function
Waddell's signsG. Waddellprimary care, psychiatrychronic painidentify non-organic sources of low back pain
Waddell's triadJ.P. Waddellpaediatric traumachild pedestrian struck by motor vehicleHead trauma, thoracic and/or abdominal trauma, femoral fracture
Watson's water hammer pulseThomas Watsoncardiologyaortic regurgitationJ. Suvarna Watson's water hammer pulse Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2008-04-01bounding forceful pulse elicited with postural manoeuvres
Wellens' sign or warningHein Wellenscardiologysevere stenosis of LADcharacteristic ekg changes
Westermark signNils Westermarkpulmonologypulmonary embolismArea of oligaemia on chest x-ray
Whipple's triadAllen Whippleendocrinologyhypoglycemia1.symptoms associated with hypoglycaemia 2. measured low serum glucose 3. relief of symptoms with administration of glucose p.o. or iv
Wickham's striaeLouis Frédéric Wickhamdermatologylichen planuswhite or greyish lines on the lichen planus lesions
Widal testGeorges-Fernand Widalmicrobiologyenteric feverserum agglutination; obsolete(?)
Winterbottom's signThomas Masterman Winterbottomtropical medicinetrypanosomiasisposterior cervical chain adenopathy
Wolff–Parkinson–White triadSir John Parkinson,
Paul Dudley White,
Louis Wolff
cardiologysupraventricular tachycardiaWolff-Parkinson-White syndrome at Who Named It?pre-excitation on ECG
Wright's maneuver?(needed)
Yeoman's test?rheumatologysacroiliitis(needed)sacroiliac pain on rotation of ilium and extension of hip
Yergason's test?orthopedic surgerybicipital tendinitisanterior shoulder pain with resisted supination of the forearm

Numerous additional signs can be found for Graves disease under Graves' ophthalmopathy.

See also

References

  1. if the palmar arch is not present, radial artery stick for blood gases is contraindicated
  2. Goldman, Lee. Goldman's Cecil Medicine (24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 2446. ISBN 1437727883.
  3. also called Gowers' manoeuvre
  4. also called Hutchinson's incisors
  5. or Kussmaul respiration
  6. also called the double wall sign
  7. also Sister Mary Joseph sign
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