List of fossil primates of South America

Various fossil primates have been found in South America and adjacent regions such as Panama and the Caribbean.[1] Presently, 78 species of New World monkeys have been registered in South America.[2] Around the middle of the Cenozoic, approximately 34 million years ago,[3] two types of mammals appeared for the first time in South America: rodents and primates. Both of these groups had already been inhabiting other continents for millions of years and they simply arrived in South America rather than originated there. Analyses of evolutionary relationships have shown that their closest relatives were living in Africa at the time. Therefore, the most likely explanation is that they somehow crossed the Atlantic Ocean, which was less wide than today, landed in South America, and founded new populations of rodents and primates.[4]

Locations of primate fossil finds in South America and the Caribbean
Divisaderan
Deseadan
Hemingfordian & Colhuehuapian
Santacrucian-Friasian
Laventan
Huayquerian
Pleistocene
Holocene

The first South American primates gave rise to an impressive evolutionary radiation: more than 120 species in five families. These primates are known as platyrrhine (flat-nosed) primates and are closely related to Old World apes and monkeys (catarrhine primates). Platyrrhines include some of the most popular and acrobatic monkeys such as spider monkeys (Ateles) and capuchins (Cebus), both of which have grasping (prehensile) tails that can be used as a fifth limb. Platyrrhines also include a wide variety of colorful tamarins and marmosets (family Callitrichidae). The platyrrhine primate fossil record is relatively sparse, quite unlike that of caviomorph rodents.[4]

The presently oldest New World monkey is Perupithecus ucayaliensis from Amazonian Peru, described in 2015.[5] A 2017 study of the fossils estimated the body mass for the various fossil primate species.[6] However, the Ucayalipithecus who might have rafted across the Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago, are nested within the Parapithecoidea from the Eocene of Afro-Arabia.[7]

List of fossil primates of South America

Note: some authors, among others Fossilworks, consider Killikaike synonymous with Homunculus and Szalatavus with Branisella, while other researchers consider the genera as different.
The Panamanian and Caribbean fossil primates have been included for completeness.

Age
(SALMA/NALMA)		 Formation Country Family Subfamily Genus Species
bold is type		 Estimated
body mass		 Notes
DivisaderanYahuarango Fm. Peruincertae sedisincertae sedisPerupithecusP. ucayaliensis400 g (0.88 lb)
[6][8]
DeseadanChambira Fm.CanaanimicoC. amazonensis2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][9]
[10]
Salla Fm. BoliviaBranisellaB. boliviana1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][11]
SzalatavusS. attricuspis550 g (1.21 lb)
[6][11]
HemingfordianLagunitas Fm. CubaPitheciidaeCallicebinaeParalouattaP. marianae4,708 g (10.38 lb)
[12]
[13][14]
Las Cascadas Fm. PanamaCebidaeCebinaePanamacebusP. transitus2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][15]
[16]
ColhuehuapianSarmiento Fm. ArgentinaDolichocebusD. gaimanensis2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][17]
PitheciidaeAotinaeTremacebusT. harringtoni1,800 g (4.0 lb)
[6][18]
PitheciinaeMazzonicebusM. almendrae1,602 g (3.532 lb)
[6][19]
Abanico Fm. Chileincertae sedisincertae sedisChilecebusC. carrascoensis1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][20]
SantacrucianSanta Cruz Fm. ArgentinaCebidaeCebinaeKillikaikeK. blakei2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][21]
PitheciidaeHomunculinaeHomunculusH. patagonicus2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][21]
Pinturas Fm.CarlocebusC. carmenensis3,500 g (7.7 lb)
[6][22]
C. intermedius
[23]
PitheciinaeSoriacebusS. adrianae
[24]
S. ameghinorum1,483 g (3.269 lb)
[6][25]
FriasianCollón Cura Fm.ProteropitheciaP. neuquenensis1,600 g (3.5 lb)
[6]
LaventanHonda Gp. ColombiaAtelidaeAlouattinaeStirtoniaS. tatacoensis5,513 g (12.154 lb)
[6][26]
S. victoriae10,000 g (22 lb)
[6][27]
CebidaeCebinaeSaimiriS. annectens605 g (1.334 lb)
[6][28]
S. fieldsi768 g (1.693 lb)
[6][29]
PatasolaP. magdalenae480 g (1.06 lb)
[6][30]
CallitrichinaeLagonimicoL. conclucatus595 g (1.312 lb)
[6][31]
MicodonM. kyotensis400 g (0.88 lb)
[6][32]
PitheciidaeAotinaeAotusA. dindensis1,054 g (2.324 lb)
[6][33]
HomunculinaeMiocallicebusM. villaviejai1,500 g (3.3 lb)
[6][34]
PitheciinaeCebupitheciaC. sarmientoi1,602 g (3.532 lb)
[6][35]
NuciruptorN. rubricae2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][36]
incertae sedisincertae sedisMohanamicoM. hershkovitzi1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][37]
HuayquerianSolimões Fm. BrazilAtelidaeAlouattinaeSolimoeaS. acrensis8,000 g (18 lb)
[6][38]
 Brazil
 Bolivia		CebidaeCebinaeAcrecebusA. fraileyi12,000 g (26 lb)
[6][39]
PleistoceneCueva del Mono CubaPitheciidaeCallicebinaeParalouattaP. varonai8,444 g (18.616 lb)
[6][40]
 BrazilAtelidaeAlouattinaeCartellesC. coimbrafilhoi23,500 g (51.8 lb)
[6]
CaiporaC. bambuiorum24,000 g (53 lb)
[6][41]
[42]
ProtopithecusP. bonaeriensis22,600 g (49.8 lb)
[43]
P. brasiliensis
[41][44]
[45]
AlouattaA. mauroi
[46][47]
HoloceneLa Jeringa Cave Dominican RepublicPitheciidaeCallicebinaeAntillothrixA. bernensis1,500 g (3.3 lb)
[6]
Long Mile Cave JamaicaXenothrixX. mcgregori5,720 g (12.61 lb)
[6][48]
Trouing Jérémie HaitiAotidaeAotini (tribe)InsulacebusI. toussentiana4,805 g (10.593 lb)
[6][49]

See also

References
  1. Tejedor et al., 2013, p.22
  2. Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p.2
  3. Lynch Alfaro et al., 2015, p.519
  4. South American Fossil Mammals
  5. Bond et al., 2015, p.538
  6. Silvestro et al., 2017, p.14
  7. Seiffert et al., 2020, pp.194–197
  8. Perupithecus at Fossilworks.org
  9. Marivaux et al., 2016
  10. Canaanimico at Fossilworks.org
  11. Branisella boliviana at Fossilworks.org
  12. Püschel et al., 2017
  13. MacPhee et al., 2003, p.6
  14. Paralouatta marianae at Fossilworks.org
  15. Bloch et al., 2016a, p.243
  16. Panamacebus at Fossilworks.org
  17. Dolichocebus at Fossilworks.org
  18. Tremacebus at Fossilworks.org
  19. Mazzonicebus at Fossilworks.org
  20. Chilecebus at Fossilworks.org
  21. Homunculus at Fossilworks.org
  22. Carlocebus carmenensis at Fossilworks.org
  23. Carlocebus intermedius at Fossilworks.org
  24. Soriacebus adrianae at Fossilworks.org
  25. Soriacebus ameghinorum at Fossilworks.org
  26. Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
  27. Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
  28. Saimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
  29. Saimiri fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  30. Patasola magdalenae in the Paleobiology Database
  31. Lagonimico conclucatus at Fossilworks.org
  32. Micodon kiotensis at Fossilworks.org
  33. Aotus dindensis at Fossilworks.org
  34. Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
  35. Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
  36. Nuciruptor rubricae in the Paleobiology Database
  37. Luchterhand et al., 1986, p.1753
  38. Solimoea at Fossilworks.org
  39. Acrecebus at Fossilworks.org
  40. Horovitz & MacPhee, 1999, p.37
  41. Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
  42. Caipora bambuiorum at Fossilworks.org
  43. Protopithecus bonaeriensis at Fossilworks.org
  44. Halenar & Rosenberger, 2013
  45. Protopithecus brasiliensis at Fossilworks.org
  46. Tejedor et al., 2008
  47. Alouatta mauroi at Fossilworks.org
  48. Xenothrix at Fossilworks.org
  49. Insulacebus at Fossilworks.org

General

Specific

Further reading
  • Croft, Darin A. 2016. Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 1–320. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253020949. Accessed 2017-10-21.
  • Fleagle, John G., and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 2013. The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN 9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21.
  • Hartwig, W.C., and D.J. Meldrum. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24.
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