List of gomphothere fossils in South America

This is a list of gomphothere fossils found in South America. Gomphotheres were elephant-like mammals that lived from the Middle Miocene (approximately 12 million years ago) to the Holocene (6000 years BP).

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, modern classification by Mothé et al[1]

Amahuacatherium peruvium

Cuvieronius hyodon

Notiomastodon platensis

Gomphotheriidae indet.

The following species have been described in twentieth and twenty-first century paleontological literature about South America.[2] An alternative proposal is considered within the scientific community,[3][4][5][6] listed below.

Modern classification

Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
- C. hyodon (Fischer 1814) (type)
Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
- N. platensis (Mothé et al. 2012) (type)

Former classification

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, as reported

Amahuacatherium peruvium

Cuvieronius hyodon

C. tropicus

Haplomastodon sp.

H. chimborazi

H. guayasensis

H. waringi

cf. Notiomastodon (platensis)

Stegomastodon sp.

S. platensis

S. superbus

S. waringi

Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon

Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon

Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon

Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon

Gomphotheriidae indet.

Original classification

Gomphotheriidae
- Cuvieroniinae
  - Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
    - C. arellanoi (Ochoterena & Silva 1970)
    - C. hyodon (=C. humboldti) (Fischer 1814) (type)
    - C. priestleyi (Hay & Cook 1930)
    - C. tarijensis (Cabrera 1929)
    - C. tropicus (Cope 1884) (=C. oligobunis (Cope 1893))
  - Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950)
    - H. chimborazi (Proaño 1922)
    - H. guayasensis (Hoffstetter 1952)
    - H. waringi (Holland 1920) (type)
  - Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
    - N. ornatus (=S. platensis)
    - N. platensis (Mothé et al. 2012) (type)
    - N. vidali (Castellanos 1948)
  - Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912)
    - S. mirificus (Leidy 1858) (= "S. successor, S. arizonae, S. texanus") (type)
    - S. platensis (Ameghino 1888)
    - S. primitivus (Osborn 1936) (=S. rexroadensis)
    - S. superbus (Casamiguela et al. 1996)
    - S. waringi (Hoffstetter 1950)

Gomphothere fossil finds

Formations are ordered according to their youngest age

Argentina

T

L

A

B

C

P

RD

SC

SN

PP

Q

PdB

RC

Ta

VR

AP

BS

AF

O

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Argentina

Notiomastodon (cf) platensis

Stegomastodon sp.

S. platensis (TL)

S. superbus

S. waringi

Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene	Urundel Fm.	Quebrada del Aguay, Salta	596 m (1,955 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[7]
		Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero	194 m (636 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[8] [note 1]
	Santa Clara Fm.	Santa Clara del Mar, Mar Chiquita Partido, Buenos Aires	1 m (3.3 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[9]
		San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires	10 m (33 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis (TL 1)	[9] [note 1]
Mid to Late Pleistocene	Yupoi Fm.	Arroyo Toropí-Level 3, Bellavista, Corrientes	61 m (200 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[10][11]
	Luján Fm.	Luján, Buenos Aires	21 m (69 ft)	Stegomastodon superbus	[12][13]
	Luján Fm.	Playa del Barco, Monte Hermoso, El Conglomerado, Cascada Paleolama, Pehuen Có, Buenos Aires	1 m (3.3 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis (TL 2)	[14][15] [note 1]
		Aviá Terai, Chaco	102 m (335 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[16][17]
		Barranqueras, Chaco	49 m (161 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[16][18]
		Charata, Chaco	100 m (330 ft)	Stegomastodon sp., Stegomastodon cf. platensis	[16][19]
		Castelli, Chaco	100 m (330 ft)	Stegomastodon cf. platensis	[16][20]
Pleistocene	El Palmar Fm.	Estancia El Palmar, Entre Ríos	29 m (95 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[21][22] [23][24]
		Punta Piedras, Punta Indio, Buenos Aires	1 m (3.3 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[25]
		Río Carcarañá, Río Tercero, Santa Fe	65 m (213 ft)	Mastodon sp.	[26][27] [note 1]
		Bajada de Santa Fe, Entre Ríos	12 m (39 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[27]
		Pampa de Olaen, Córdoba	900 m (3,000 ft)	cf. Notiomastodon platensis	[28]
	Arroyo Feliciano Fm.	San José de Feliciano, Entre Ríos	50 m (160 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[22][29]
		Tapalqué, Buenos Aires	95 m (312 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[22]
	Arroyo Perucho Verna Fm.	Villa Elisa, Entre Ríos	27 m (89 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[22]
	Charbonier Fm.	Valle de Los Reartes, Córdoba	870 m (2,850 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis ("=Notiomastodon sp.")	[30]
	Tafí del Valle Fm.	Tafí del Valle, Tucumán	2,000 m (6,600 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[31]

Bolivia

T

RR

U

Ñ

A

B

V

C

VM

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Bolivia

Cuvieronius hyodon (="C. andinum")

Notiomastodon platensis

Stegomastodon sp.

Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Pleistocene		Río Rujero, Tarija	1,718 m (5,636 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[32]
	Ulloma Fm.	Río Desaguadero, Ulloma, Oruro	3,880 m (12,730 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[33][34]
		Anzaldo, Cochabamba	3,038 m (9,967 ft)	Cuvieronius sp.	[35]
		Betanzos Basin, between Potosí and Sucre	3,390 m (11,120 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[33]
		Valle de Carohuaycho, between Camiri and Charagua	1,080 m (3,540 ft)	Cuvieronius "andinum"	[33]
		Chiquitos	167 m (548 ft)	Cuvieronius "andinum"	[36]
		Villa Montes, Tarija	413 m (1,355 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[37]
Mid Pleistocene	Ñuapua Fm.	Ñuapua 1, Chuquisaca	595 m (1,952 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[38][39]
Early Pleistocene	Tarija Fm.	Tarija, Tarija	973 m (3,192 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Notiomastodon sp., Stegomastodon sp.	[40] [41][42]

Brazil

BG

JB

G

B

O

S

J

GI

P

LP

LE

JF

TP

I

LG

It

A

TA

SN

SG

T

UR

Ac

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Brazil

Amahuacatherium peruvium

Haplomastodon sp.

H. chimborazi

Notiomastodon platensis

Stegomastodon waringi

Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon

Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon

Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Holocene		Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina, Baixa Grande, Bahia	400 m (1,300 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[43][44] [45]
Late Pleistocene		Garrincho, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí	390 m (1,280 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[46] [note 1]
		Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí	300 m (980 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[47][48] [note 1]
		Gruta dos Brejões, Morro do Chapéu, Bahia	500 m (1,600 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][50]
		Toca dos Ossos, Ourolândia, Bahia	770 m (2,530 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][51]
		Fazenda Suse II, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia	900 m (3,000 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[52]
		Janaúba, Minas Gerais	580 m (1,900 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][53]
		Gruta do Ingá, Pains, Minas Gerais	700 m (2,300 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[54][55] [56] [note 1]
		Poté, Minas Gerais	560 m (1,840 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][57]
		Lapa do Caetano, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais	685 m (2,247 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[58] [59][60] [note 1]
		Lajedo de Escada, Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte	122 m (400 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi ("= Notiomastodon platensis")	[61][62]
		Caverna do Japonês & Nascente do Formoso, Serra da Bodoquena, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul	373 m (1,224 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][63] [64]
		Picos II, Piranhas, Alagoas	255 m (837 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[65]
	Touro Passo Fm.	Touro Passo Creek, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul	52 m (171 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[66]
Pleistocene		Aguas do Araxá, Minas Gerais	973 m (3,192 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi, Stegomastodon waringi	[67] [68][69] [note 1]
	Inajá Fm.	Inajá, Pernambuco	355 m (1,165 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[70]
	Inajá Fm.	Lage Grande, Pesqueira, Pernambuco	740 m (2,430 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi, Notiomastodon vidali	[71][72] [73][74] [note 1]
		Roçado & Quixabinha, Petrolândia, Pernambuco	320 m (1,050 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[71]
		Santa Cruz do Capibaribe & Panelas, Pernambuco	440 m (1,440 ft)	Haplomastodon sp. (="Stegomastodon")	[71][75]
		Águas Belas & Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco	360 m (1,180 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[72]
		Lagoa das Pedras, Salgueiro, Pernambuco	430 m (1,410 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi	[72][76]
		Lagoa Lajinha, Petrolina, Pernambuco	390 m (1,280 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi "(=H. waringi)"	[72]
		Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco	470 m (1,540 ft)	Stegomastodon sp. "(=Haplomastodon sp.)", S. waringi, Notiomastodon platensis	[77][78] [79]
		Jirau & João Cativo, Itapipoca, Ceará	65 m (213 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[78]
		Taguara/Araras, Nova Mamoré & Porto Velho, Rondônia	150 m (490 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[78] [note 1]
		Sitio Novo, Matina, Bahia	490 m (1,610 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[44]
		Vitória da Conquista, Bahia	950 m (3,120 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[44]
		Fazenda Caraíba, Coronel João Sá, Bahia	266 m (873 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi, Notiomastodon platensis	[80][81]
		Serro do Gronda, Espírito Santo	25 m (82 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[82]
		Taperoá, Paraíba	530 m (1,740 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[83]
		Upper Ribeira, São Paulo	360 m (1,180 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[84][85]
Tortonian	Solimões Fm.	Río Acre, Acre	274 m (899 ft)	Amahuacatherium peruvium	[86]

Chile

RS

E

T

TB

P

O

RB

C

Pa

Te

Li

M

La

LP

Ch

T

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Chile

Cuvieronius hyodon

Stegomastodon sp.

Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Pleistocene		Taguatagua, O'Higgins	206 m (676 ft)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	[87][88] [note 1]
		Tierras Blancas & Los Vilos, La Ligua, Valparaíso	943 m (3,094 ft)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	[87][88] [note 1]
		Parral, Cauquenes, Maule	150 m (490 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		San Pablo de Tramalhué, Pilauco Bajo, Osorno	14 m (46 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87] [note 1]
		Río Bueno, Valdivia	10 m (33 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Paredones & Colchagua	55 m (180 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Alto de Boroa, Temuco	131 m (430 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Limahuida, Río Choapa	282 m (925 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Casablanca	313 m (1,027 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Chillán	138 m (453 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[89]
		Monte Verde	59 m (194 ft)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	[87][88] [note 1]
		Lagunillas, Valparaíso	212 m (696 ft)	cf. hyodon	[87]
		Catapilco, La Ligua	103 m (338 ft)	cf. hyodon	[87]
		Marchigüe, Colchagua	170 m (560 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[88] [note 1]
		El Trebal 1, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region	424 m (1,391 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[90]
		Río Salado 1, Chiu Chiu	3,012 m (9,882 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[91]
	Quebrada Quereo Fm.	Quereo	20 m (66 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87][92]
		Malloco, Santiago	482 m (1,581 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Algarrobo	5 m (16 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Melipilla	269 m (883 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Cerrillos, Santiago	516 m (1,693 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Chorro de la Vieja, Colchagua	1,813 m (5,948 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Cachagua	5 m (16 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Estero de Coyanco, Laja	121 m (397 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
Pliocene		Las Pozas/Chacabuco	695 m (2,280 ft)	C. tropicus (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	[88][93] [note 1]

Colombia

M

Sa

Ca

V

Cú

Y

Tu

R

Ti

C

S

To

A

M

Ta

Tr

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Colombia

Haplomastodon sp.

H. chimborazi

H. waringi

Stegomastodon sp.

S. waringi

Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon

Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Holocene	Quaternary alluvium	Yumbo, Valle del Cauca	855 m (2,805 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[94][95]
Holocene	Quaternary alluvium	Turbaná, Bolívar	80 m (260 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[96][97] [note 1]
Late Pleistocene (Lujanian)	Sabana Fm.	Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Pubenza & Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna, Cundinamarca	2,600 m (8,500 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi	[94][98] [99][100] [note 1]
		Curití, Santander	1,400 m (4,600 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[98][101]
	Soatá Fm.	Soatá, Boyacá	1,950 m (6,400 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi	[102][103] [104][105]
	Rotinet Fm.	Rotinet, Repelón, Atlántico	8 m (26 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi	[106][107] [108]
Middle Pleistocene		Tocaima, Cundinamarca	432 m (1,417 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi	[109][110] [note 1]
Pleistocene		Arboleda, Nariño	2,170 m (7,120 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[94] [note 1]
		Mercaderes, Cauca	1,170 m (3,840 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[94]
		El Remolino, Taminango, Nariño	1,470 m (4,820 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[94] [note 1]
		Toro, Valle del Cauca	970 m (3,180 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[94]
		Medellín, Antioquia	1,500 m (4,900 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		El Cocuy, Boyacá	2,750 m (9,020 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Duitama, Boyacá	2,600 m (8,500 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Sáchica, Boyacá	2,150 m (7,050 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[111]
		Socotá, Boyacá	2,440 m (8,010 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Tunja, Boyacá	2,820 m (9,250 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Villa de Leyva, Boyacá	2,150 m (7,050 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Salamina, Caldas	1,820 m (5,970 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca	1,750 m (5,740 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[112]
		Carrizal, Uribia, La Guajira	53 m (174 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja, Huila	430 m (1,410 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Cúcuta, Norte de Santander	320 m (1,050 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[113]
		Pamplona, Norte de Santander	2,340 m (7,680 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Agualinda, Lebrija, Santander	1,050 m (3,440 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[111]
		Vélez, Santander	2,050 m (6,730 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Ibagué, Tolima	1,280 m (4,200 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Ortega, Tolima	2,680 m (8,790 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		La Victoria, Valle del Cauca	900 m (3,000 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Zarzal, Valle del Cauca	900 m (3,000 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]

Ecuador

I

B

M

LP

H

P

Q

TL

LC

QP

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Ecuador

Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)

Haplomastodon chimborazi

H. guayasensis

Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Mid to Late Pleistocene	Tablazo Fm.	Río Cañas, Montecristi, Manabí	100 m (330 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[114][115]
Pleistocene		Imbabura, Imbabura	3,200 m (10,500 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)	[116]
		Region de La Paz, Carchi	2,690 m (8,830 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][118]
		Hacienca Pucará, Carchi	3,000 m (9,800 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][119]
		Calderón/Carapungo, Quito, Pichincha	2,630 m (8,630 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][120]
		Alangasí, Quito, Pichincha	2,539 m (8,330 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][121] [note 1]
		Punín, Chalán, Chimborazo	2,994 m (9,823 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][122] [note 1]
		Tumbaco, Pichincha	2,360 m (7,740 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][123]
		Llano Chico, Quito, Pichincha	2,610 m (8,560 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][124]
		Quebrada La Tola, Quito, Pichincha	2,343 m (7,687 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][125]
		Checa, Pichincha	2,520 m (8,270 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][126]
		La Carolina, Santa Elena	5 m (16 ft)	Haplomastodon guayasensis	[117][127] [note 1]
		Tanque Loma, Santa Elena	21 m (69 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet. (cf. N. platensis)	[128]
		Quebrada Pistud, Bolívar, Carchi	2,760 m (9,060 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[129] [note 1]
		Baños, Cuenca	2,760 m (9,060 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[130]

Paraguay

G

P

Location of gomphothere fossil finds in Paraguay

cf. Notiomastodon

Stegomastodon sp.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Pleistocene		General Bruguer/Riacho Negro, Presidente Hayes	55 m (180 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[131][132] [133][134] [note 1]
Pleistocene		Puerto Santa Rosa, San Pedro	72 m (236 ft)	cf. Notiomastodon	[135]

Peru

CC

S

T

H

Ce

Cu

O

J

A

Q

P

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Peru

Amahuacatherium peruvium

Cuvieronius hyodon

Stegomastodon sp. "=Haplomastodon"[136]

S. waringi

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene		La Brea, Talara, Piura	3 m (9.8 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136][137]
		Cupinisque Desert, La Libertad	2 m (6.6 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136]
		Ocucaje, Ica	500 m (1,600 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136]
		Quebrada El Jahuay, Arequipa	1 m (3.3 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136] [note 1]
		La Huaca, Piura	17 m (56 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136] [note 1]
		Ayusbamba, Cuzco	3,500 m (11,500 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[138]
		Quipan, Canta, Lima	2,200 m (7,200 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[139] [note 1]
		Pasamayo Quarry, Lima	10 m (33 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[140]
Pleistocene		Sacaco 2, Arequipa	750 m (2,460 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[141][142]
Pleistocene		Celendín, Cajamarca	2,500 m (8,200 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136][143]
Tortonian	Madre de Dios Fm.	Cerro Colorado, Madre de Dios	300 m (980 ft)	Amahuacatherium peruvium	[144]

Uruguay

V

C

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Uruguay

Stegomastodon waringi

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene	Dolores Fm.	Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo	105 m (344 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[145][146] [note 1]
Mid to Late Pleistocene	Dolores Fm.	Casil Quarry, Montevideo	17 m (56 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[147][148] [149]

Venezuela

MG

Gu

Z

PN

Co

Ca

EA

M

MN

O

Cm

SP

GS

Q

G

SJ

LG

C

T

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Venezuela

?Cuvieronius sp.

Haplomastodon chimborazi

H. sp. &/= Stegomastodon waringi

Stegomastodon sp.

Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene	Cucuruchú, Barquisimeto	566 m (1,857 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi ("=Stegomastodon")	[150][151]
	Taima-Taima, Falcón	40 m (130 ft)	Haplomastodon sp., (=)Stegomastodon waringi	[151][152] [153] [154][155] [note 1]
	San Miguel, Lara	998 m (3,274 ft)	?Stegomastodon sp.	[151]
	Quíbor, Lara	694 m (2,277 ft)	?Stegomastodon sp.	[151]
	Quebrada de Guadalupe, Lara	590 m (1,940 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[151]
	San Juan de los Morros, Guárico	450 m (1,480 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[151] [note 1]
	Los Guamos, Trujillo	1,200 m (3,900 ft)	?Cuvieronius sp.	[151]
	Minas de Guaniamo, Cedeño, Bolívar	250 m (820 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Los Guayos, Guacara, Carabobo	440 m (1,440 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Zanja de Lira, Cojedes	70 m (230 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	La Ciénega, Pueblo Nuevo, Falcón	60 m (200 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Coro, Falcón	28 m (92 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Camaguán, Guárico	50 m (160 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Barbacoas, Lara	1,500 m (4,900 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Carora, Lara	425 m (1,394 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	La Cruz, Guardagallos, Quebrada del Totumo, Urdaneta, Lara	185 m (607 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	El Anís, Mérida	499 m (1,637 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Maturín, Monagas	90 m (300 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Mundo Nuevo, Monagas	900 m (3,000 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Orocual, Monagas	145 m (476 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Cumanacoa, Sucre	231 m (758 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Agua Viva, Trujillo	120 m (390 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Serranía del Perijá, Zulia	175 m (574 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
	Minas de Guasare-Socuy, Zulia	26 m (85 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]

Proposed reclassification

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[3][4][5][6]

Stegomastodon (Pohlig, 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
Cuvieronius is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon, containing the single local species C. hyodon

Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into Notiomastodon, but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use Stegomastodon waringi for South American gomphotheres from Chile.[90]

Evolution

Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America[3]
Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves[156]

Gallery

Global distribution Gomphotheriidae
Cuvieronius hyodon
Haplomastodon
Notiomastodon
Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon
Reconstructed gomphotheres, Osorno, Chile

Notes and references

Notes

Reclassified as Notiomastodon platensis by Mothé et al. (2015)[1]

References

Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
Defler, Thomas. author. (2018-12-19). History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America How South American Mammalian Fauna Changed from the Mesozoic to Recent Times. ISBN 9783319984490. OCLC 1086568896.
Lucas, 2013
Mothé et al., 2012
Mothé et al., 2016a
Mothé et al., 2016b
Zacarías et al., 2012
Alberdi et al., 2008
Alberdi & Prado, 2008, p.179
Miño et al., 2005, p.2
Arroyo Toropí-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
Tonni et al., 1985, p.259
Luján at Fossilworks.org
Tomassini et al., 2010
Prado et al., 2012, p.624
Zurita et al., 2004
Aviá Terai at Fossilworks.org
Barranqueras at Fossilworks.org
Charata at Fossilworks.org
Castelli at Fossilworks.org
Tonni, 1987
Chimento & Agnolin, 2011
Isla et al., 2013, p.162
Estancia El Palmar at Fossilworks.org
Pomi, 2008
Iriondo & Kröhling, 2007, p.7
Fernicola et al., 2009
Krapovickas & Tauber, 2016
Isla et al., 2013, p.32
Isla et al., 2013, p.108
Isla et al., 2013, p.407
Río Rujero at Fossilworks.org
Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.644
Río Desaguadero at Fossilworks.org
Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
Pardo et al., 2003, pp.350-351
(in Spanish) Registran una nueva especie de mastodonte en Villa Montes
Ñuapua 1 at Fossilworks.org
Ñuapua 2 at Fossilworks.org
MacFadden & Shockey, 1997
Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
Tarija 2 at Fossilworks.org
Da Costa & De Souza, 2009
Souza Lobo et al., 2015, p.333
Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina at Fossilworks.org
Garrincho at Fossilworks.org
Guérin et al., 1999, p.136
Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao at Fossilworks.org
Alberdi et al., 2002, p.219
Gruta dos Brejoes at Fossilworks.org
Toca dos Ossos at Fossilworks.org
Fazenda Suse II at Fossilworks.org
Janauba at Fossilworks.org
Alberdi et al., 2002, p.218
De Oliveira et al., 2007, p.410
Gruta do Ingá at Fossilworks.org
Poté at Fossilworks.org
Alberdi et al., 2002, p.220
Lapa do Caetano at Fossilworks.org
(in Spanish) Fossils of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais – Pueblos Originarios
De Souza Barbosa, 2013, p.5
Lajedo de Escada at Fossilworks.org
Parisi et al., 2016, p.2
Bonito at Fossilworks.org
Asakura et al., 2014, p.5
Kerber et al., 2014, p.254
Simpson & De Couto, 1957
Aguas do Araxa at Fossilworks.org
Aguas do Araxá 2 at Fossilworks.org
Lage Grande Level 2, Penambuco at Fossilworks.org
Marinho da Silva et al., 2003, p.2
Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.46
Lage Grande Level 1 at Fossilworks.org
Lage Grande Level 2 at Fossilworks.org
Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.45
Guérin, 1993, p.17
Oliveira et al., 2009, p.81
De Araújo et al., 2012, p.99
Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.47
Trindade Dantas & Zucon, 2007, p.192
Fazenda Caraíba at Fossilworks.org
Serro do Gronda at Fossilworks.org
Taperoa at Fossilworks.org
Ghilardi et al., 2011
Upper Ribeira at Fossilworks.org
Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2000, p.207
Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2005, p.103
Pardo et al., 2003, p.353
Labarca et al., 2016
López et al., 2010, p.13
Labarca & Alcaraz, 2011, p.160
Las Pozas/Hacienda Chacabuco at Fossilworks.org
Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
Pardo Jaramillo, 2012
Turbaná at Fossilworks.org
De Porta, 1969, p.92
Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
Hammen, 1986, p.29
Curití at Fossilworks.org
Villarroel et al., 1996
Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
Soatá at Fossilworks.org
Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
De Porta, 1961, p.52
Bürgl, 1956
(in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
Cantalamessa et al., 2001
Río Canas at Fossilworks.org
Carrión, s.a.
Hoffstetter, 1952
Region de La Paz at Fossilworks.org
Hacienda Pucará at Fossilworks.org
Calderón/Carapungo at Fossilworks.org
Alangasí at Fossilworks.org
Punín, Chalán at Fossilworks.org
Tumbaco at Fossilworks.org
Llano Chico at Fossilworks.org
Quebrada La Tola at Fossilworks.org
Checa at Fossilworks.org
La Carolina at Fossilworks.org
Lindsey & López, 2015, p.70
Ferretti, 2010, p.667
Marshall et al., 1984, p.50
Hoffstetter, 1978
Ríos et al., 2013
Báez et al., 2004
General Bruguer/Riacho Negro at Fossilworks.org
Ríos et al, 2014
Pujos & Salas, 2004a
La Brea Talara at Fossilworks.org
Alberdi et al., 2004, p.428
Alberdi et al., 2004, p.446
Alberdi et al., 2004, p.426
Pujos & Salas, 2004b
Sacaco 2 at Fossilworks.org
Celendín at Fossilworks.org
Campbell et al., 2009, p.114
Alberdi et al., 2007
Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo at Fossilworks.org
Gutiérrez et al., 2005
Alvarenga et al., 2010
Casil Quarry at Fossilworks.org
Cucuruchu at Fossilworks.org
Carrillo et al., 2008, p.252
Morón, 2015
Bryan et al., 1978
Taima-Taima at Fossilworks.org
Taima-Taima Unit 1 at Fossilworks.org
Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33

Bibliography

Publications are in chronological order, most recent first, because of the advances in taxonomy and research

Publications South America

Prado, José Luis; María Teresa Alberdi; Beatriz Azanza; Begonia Sánchez, and Daniel Frassinetti. 2005. The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America. Quaternary International 126. 21–30. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Prado, José Luis; María Teresa Alberdi; Begonia Sánchez, and Beatriz Azanza. 2003. Diversity of the Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America. Deinsea 9. 347–363. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Alberdi, María Teresa, and José Luis Prado. 1995. Los mastodontes de América Del Sur. Monografías Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC 12. 277–292. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Marshall, Larry G.; Annalisa Berta; Robert Hoffstetter; Rosendo Pascual; Osvaldo A. Reig; Miguel Bombin, and Álvaro Mones. 1984. Mammals and stratigraphy: geochronology of the continental mammal bearing Quaternary of South America, 1–76.

Publications Argentina

Krapovickas, Jerónimo Matías, and Adan Alejo Tauber. 2016. Estratigrafía de las áreas cumbrales de las Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba: geocronología, modelo regional, paleoambiente y paleoclima en una región poco conocida de Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 33. _. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Fajardo, Dante; Federico Ignacio Isla; Martín Iriondo, and Daniela Kröhling. 2013. Lexico estratigráfico de la Argentina – Cuaternario, 1–460. . Accessed 2017-05-07.
Prado, José Luis; María Teresa Alberdi, and Vicente José Di Martino. 2012. Équidos y gonfoterios del Pleistoceno Tardío del sudeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ameghiniana 49. 623–641.
Zacarías, G.G.; A.R. Miño Boilini; A.E. Zurita, and A. Francia. 2012. Campamento Vespucio, una nueva localidad con mamíferos pleistocenos en la provincia de Salta, Argentina. Estudios Geológicos 68. 277–285. Accessed 2107-05-07.
Chimento, Nicolás R., and Federico L. Agnolin. 2011. Mamíferos del pleistoceno superior de santiago del estero (Argentina) y sus afinidades paleobiogeográficas. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 51. _. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Claudia I. Montalvo; Teresa Manera, and Cristian Oliva. 2010. Estudio tafonómico de los mamíferos pleistocenos del yacimiento de Playa del Barco (Pehuen Co), provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ameghiniana 47. 137–152. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Sergio F. Vizcaíno, and Gerardo De Iulliis. 2009. The fossil mammals collected by Charles Darwin in South America during his travels on board the HMS Beagle. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64. _. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Alberdi, María Teresa, and José Luis Prado. 2008. Presencia de Stegomastodon (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) en el Pleistoceno Superior de la zona costera de Santa Clara del Mar (Argentina). Estudios Geológicos 64. 175–185. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Alberdi, María Teresa; Esperanza Cerdeño, and José Luis Prado. 2008. Stegomastodon platensis (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Ameghiniana 45. _. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Pomi, Lucas Horacio. 2008. Una nueva asociación de vertebrados fósiles de Edad Ensenadense (Plioceno tardío-Pleistoceno medio) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ameghiniana 45. 503–510. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Vizcaíno, Sergio F., and Juan C. Fernicola. 2008. Las bestias fósiles de Mr. Darwin. Museo 3. 65–69. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Iriondo, Martín, and Daniela Kröhling. 2007. Geomorphology and sedimentology of the upper basin of the Salado River (Southern Santa Fe and NW Buenos Aires provinces; Argentina). Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 14. 1–23. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Miño Boilini, Ángel R.; Oscar A. Canteros; María A. Alcarez, and Alicia I. Lutz. 2005. Últimos hallazgos de mamíferos fósiles del Arroyo Toropí (Pleistoceno Tardío-Holoceno Temprano) y revisión sistemática de los Toxodontidae cuaternarios de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina, 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Zurita, Alfredo E.; Alfredo A. Carlini; Gustavo J. Scillato Yané, and Eduardo P. Tonni. 2004. Mamíferos extintos del Cuaternario de la Provincia del Chaco (Argentina) y su relación con aquéllos del este de la región pampeana y de Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 31. 65–87. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Tonni, Eduardo P. 1987. Stegomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) y la antigüedad de la Formación El Palmar en el Departamento Colon, Provincia de Entre Ríos, República de Argentina. Ameghiniana 2. 323–324.
Tonni, Eduardo P.; José Luis Prado; Adriana N. Menegaz, and Mónica G. Salemme. 1985. La Unidad Mamífero (Fauna) Lujanense. Proyección de la Estratigrafia Mamaliana al Cuaternario de la Región Pampeana. Ameghiniana 22. 255–261. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications Bolivia

MacFadden, Bruce J., and Bruce J. Shockey. 1997. Ancient Feeding Ecology and Niche Differentiation of Pleistocene Mammalian Herbivores from Tarija, Bolivia: Morphological and Isotopic Evidence. Paleobiology 23. 77–100.
Marshall, Larry G., and Thierry Sempere. 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context – A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Boule, Marcellin, and A. Thevenin. 1920. Mammifères fossiles de Tarija, 1–440. University of Toronto. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications Brazil

Parisi Dutra, Rodrigo; Rafaela Velloso Missagia; Fernando Araujo Perini; Mario Alberto Cozzuol; Germán Mariano Gasparini; Patricia Gonçalves Guedes, and Leandro De Oliveira Salles. 2016. Fossil peccaries of Late Pleistocene/Holocene (Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from underwater caves of Serra da Bodoquena (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil). Historical Biology 29. 1–8. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Souza Lobo, Leonardo; Carolina Saldanha Scherer, and Mário André Trindade Dantas. 2015. Megafauna do Pleistoceno Final de Matina, Bahia, Brasil: sistemática, cronologia e paleoecologia. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18. 325–338. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Asakura Bezerra de Oliveira, Yumi; Jorge Luiz Lopes da Silva; Ana Paula Lopes da Silva; Elaine Pollyanne Alves da Silva, and Érica Cavalcante Omena. 2014. Taphonomic and sedimentological aspects of the "Picos II" paleontological site, municipality of Piranhas, Alagoas, Brazil. PeerJ 644. 1–22. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Kerber, Leonardo; Vanessa Gregis Pitana; Ana María Ribeiro; Annie Schmaltz Hsiou, and Edison V. Oliveira. 2014. Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 31. 248–259. Accessed 2017-05-07.
De Souza Barbosa, Fernando Henrique. 2013. Análise paleopatológica em megafauna pleistocênica do Lajedo da Escada, Baraúna, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, 1–84. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Accessed 2017-05-07.
De Araújo Júnior, Hermínio Ismael; Marcos César Bissaro Júnior; Tirla Tavares dos Santos; Rosembergh Da Silva Alves, and Lílian Paglarelli Bergqvist. 2012. Tafonomia da megafauna Pleistocênica Brasileira: Fluvial Transport Index (FTI) em análises de representatividade óssea. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 15. 95–104. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Ghilardi, Aline Marcele; Marcelo Adorna Fernandes, and Maria Elina Bichuette. 2011. Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil. Quaternary International 245. 369–378.
Campbell, Kenneth E.; Carl D. Frailey, and Lidia Romero Pittman. 2009. In defense of Amahuacatherium (Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 252. 113–128. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Da Costa Ribeiro, Ricardo, and Ismar De Souza Carvalho. 2009. Megafauna do Quaternário tardio de Baixa Grande, Bahia, Brasil. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 32. _. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Alcina M. Franca Barreto, and Rosembergh Da Silva Alves. 2009. Aspectos sistemáticos, paleobiogeográficos e paleoclimáticos dos mamíferos quaternários de Fazenda Nova, PE, nordeste do Brasil. Gaea – Journal of Geoscience 5. 75–85. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Da Silva Alves, Rosembergh. 2007. Os mamíferos Pleistocênicos de Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco: aspectos tafonômicos, taxonômicos e paleoambientais, 1–139. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Accessed 2017-05-07.
De Oliveira Porpino, Kleberson; Valdeci Dos Santos Júnior, and Maria de Fátima Cavalcante Ferreira dos Santos. 2007. Lajedo do Soledade, Apodi-RN, Ocorrência peculiar de megafauna fóssil quaternária no nordeste do Brasil. SIGEP 127. 403–412. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Trindade Dantas, Mário André, and M.A. De L. Tasso. 2007. Megafauna do Pleistoceno final de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia: taxonomia e aspectos tafonômicos. Scientia Plena 3. 30–36.
Trindade Dantas, Mário André, and Maria Elena Zucon. 2007. Sobre a ocorrência de fósseis da megafauna do Pleistoceno final em Coronel João Sá, Bahia. Brasil. Revista UnG 6. 191–200. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Cozzuol, Mario. 2006. The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21. 185–203. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Marinho da Silva, Fabiana; Rosembergh Da Silva Alves; Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto; Fabrício Bezerra de Sá, and Ana Carolina Borges de Lins e Silva. 2006. A megafauna Pleistocênica do Estado de Pernambuco. Estudos Geológicos 16. 55–66. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Marinho da Silva, Fabiana; Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto; Fabrício Bezerra de Sá, and Ana Carolina Borges de Lins e Silva. 2003. Levantamento das ocorrências dos fósseis de mamíferos Quaternários do Estado de Penambuco – resultados preliminares, 1–3. IX Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Estudos do Quaternário. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Alberdi, María Teresa; José Luis Prado, and Cástor Cartelle. 2002. El registro de Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno superior de Brasil. Revista Española de Paleontología 17. 217–235. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Guérin, Claude; Martine Fauré; Paulo R. Simões; Marguerite Hugueney, and Cécile Mourer Chauvire. 1999. Toca da Janela da Barra do Antonião, São Raimundo Nonato, PI – Rica fauna pleistocênica e registro da Pré-história brasileira. SIGEP 69. 131–137. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Lessa, Gisele; Cástor Cartelle; Helen D. Farias, and Pablo R. Gonçalves. 1998. Novos achados de mamíferos carnívoros do Pleistoceno Final – Holoceno em grutas calcáreas do estado da Bahia. Acta Geologica Leopoldensia 21. 157–169. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Guérin, Claude. 1993. La faune pléistocène de la Lagoa da Pedra à Conceição das Creoulas / Salgueiro, Pernambouc, Brésil. CLIO Série Arqueológica 9. 15–20. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Simpson, George Gaylord, and Carlos de Paula Couto. 1957. The mastodonts of Brazil. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 112. 129–189.

Publications Chile

Labarca, Rafael; María Teresa Alberdi; José Luis Prado; P. Mansilla, and F.A. Mourgues. 2016. Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central. Estudios Geológicos 72. e046. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Labarca E., Rafael, and M. Alejandra Alcaraz. 2011. Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (=Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela) (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35ºS). Andean Geology 38. 156–170. Accessed 2017-05-07.
López Mendoza, Patricio; Osvaldo Rojas; Pablo Mansilla; Luis Olivares, and Ismael Martínez. 2010. Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos. Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona 17. 11–25. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Frassinetti, D., and María Teresa Alberdi. 2005. Presencia del género Stegomastodon entre los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae), Pleistoceno Superior. Estudios Geológicos 61. 101–107. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Frassinetti, D., and María Teresa Alberdi. 2000. Revisión y estudio de los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae): Cuvieronius hyodon, Pleistoceno superior. Estudios Geológicos 56. 197–208. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications Colombia

Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio. 2012. Reporte del hallazgo de un cráneo de Stegostadon (sic) waringi (Holland, 1920) juvenil (Mammalia, Proboscidea) en la zona rural del municipio de Turbaná, Bolívar, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 36. 203–210. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice, and Ingrid Carolina Escobar Quemba. 2010. Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia. Geología Colombiana 35. 50–57. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Rodríguez Flórez, Carlos David; Ernesto León Rodríguez Flórez, and Carlos Armando Rodríguez. 2009. Revision of Pleistocenic Gomphotheriidae Fauna in Colombia and case report in the Department of Valle Del Cauca. Scientific Bulletin 13. 78–85. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Villarroel A., Carlos S., and Jairo Clavijo. 2005. Los Mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la costa Caribe colombiana. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales XXIX. 345–356. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Villarroel A., Carlos S.; Jorge Brieva B., and Alberto Cadena. 1996. La Fauna de Mamíferos Fósiles del Pleistoceno de Jutua, Municipio de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia). Geología Colombiana 21. 81–87. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Correal Urrego, Gonzalo. 1990. Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia – Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia. Revista de Arqueología Americana 1. 69–89. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Van der Hammen, Thomas. 1986. Cambios medioambientales y la extinción del mastodonte en el norte de los Andes. Revista de Antropología, Universidad de los Andes II. 27–34.
Hoffstetter, Robert. 1971. Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-07.
De Porta, Jaime. 1969. Les vertébrés fossiles de Colombie et les problèmes posés par l'isolemant du continent Sud-Américain. Palaeovertebrata 2. 77–94. Accessed 2017-05-07.
De Porta, Jaime. 1961. La posición estratigráfica de la fauna de Mamíferos del pleistoceno de la Sabana de Bogotá. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 7. 37–54. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Bürgl, Hans. 1956. Restos de Megatherium y otros fósiles de Quipile, Cundinamarca, 1–14. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications Ecuador

Lindsey, Emily L., and Eric X. López R. 2015. Tanque Loma, a new late-Pleistocene megafaunal tar seep locality from southwest Ecuador. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 57. 61–82. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Ferretti, Marco P. 2010. Anatomy of Haplomastodon chimborazi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador and its bearing on the phylogeny and systematics of South American gomphotheres. Geodiversitas 32. 663–721. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Carrión, José Luis Ramón. s.a. La Paleontología en el Ecuador; Historia y perspectivas, 1–9. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Cantalamessa, G.; C. Di Celma; G. Bianucci; G. Carnevale; M. Coltorti; M. Delfino; G. Ficcarelli; M. Moreno Espinosa, and D. Naldini P. Pieruccini, L. Ragaini, L. Rook, M. Rossi, G. Tito, D. Torre, G. Valleri and W. Landini. 2001. A new vertebrate fossiliferous site from the Late Quaternary at San José on the north coast of Ecuador: preliminary note. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 14. 331–334.
Hoffstetter, Robert. 1952. Les mammifères pleistocènes de la République de l'Équateur. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France 66. 1–391. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications Paraguay

Ríos Díaz, Sergio D.; Carlos A. Luna; Ricardo Souberlich; Paula Aguilera; Ana M. Gadea de Campos Cevera, and Ana Godoy Araña. 2014. Mamíferos del Cuaternario de Puerto Santa Rosa, Departamento de San Pedro, Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 18. 67–76. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Ríos Díaz, S.D.. 2013. Una nueva localidad de vertebrados cuaternarios en Puerto Pinasco, Dpto. de Presidente Hayes, República del Paraguay, 1–2. XXVII Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Báez Presser, Jaime Leonardo; Emilio Buongermini; Víctor Orlando Fillipi Amábile; Víctor Fernández Crossas; Adolfo Benicio Báez Almadas; Pedro Ramón Zarza Limas, and Orlando Oporto Migone. 2004. Algunos antecedentes paleontológicos del Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 15. 95–110. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Hoffstetter, Robert. 1978. Une faune de Mammifères pleistocènes au Paraguay. Compte Rendu Sommaire des Séances de la Société Géologique de France 1. 32–33. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications Peru

Pujos, François, and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2004a. A systematic reassessment and paleogeographic review of fossil Xenarthra from Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines 33. 331–377. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Pujos, François, and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2004b. A new species of Megatherium (Mammalia : Xenarthra : Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco and Tres Ventanas, Peru. Palaeontology 47. 579–604. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Alberdi, María Teresa; José Luis Prado, and Rodolfo Salas. 2004. The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from Peru. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 231. 423–452. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications Uruguay

Alvarenga, Herculano; Washington William Jones, and Andrés Rinderknecht. 2010. The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 256. 229–234. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Alberdi, María Teresa; José Luis Prado; Daniel Perea, and Martín Ubilla. 2007. Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 243. 179–189. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Gutiérrez, Mercedes; José Luis Prado; Daniel Perea, and Martín Ubilla. 2005. Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2005. 641–662. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications Venezuela

Morón, Camilo. 2015. Panorama geológico, paleontológico, arqueológico, histórico y mitológico del estado Falcón. Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de los Andes 33. 104–126. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Carrillo B., Jorge; Edwin Chávez A., and Imerú Alfonzo H. 2008. Notas preliminares sobre los Mastodontes Gonfoterios (Mammalia: Proboscidea) del cuaternario venezolano. Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de los Andes 26. 233–263. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Bryan, Alan L.; Rodolfo M. Casamiquela; José M. Cruxent; Ruth Gruhn, and Claudio Ochsenius. 1978. An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Taima-taima, Venezuela. Science 200. 1275–1277. Accessed 2017-05-07.

Publications proposed reclassification

Mothé, Dimila; Leonardo Dos Santos Avilla; Lidiane Asevedo; Leon Borges Silva; Mariane Rosa; Ricardo Labarca Encina; Esteban Souberlich; José Luis Soibelzon, and Sergio Roman Carrion D. Ríos, Ascanio D. Rincón, Gina Cardoso de Oliveira and Renato Pereira Lopes. 2016a. Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae). Quaternary International _. 1–7. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Mothé, Dimila; Marco P. Ferretti, and Leonardo S. Avilla. 2016b. The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha. PLoS ONE 11. 1–19.
Mothé, Dimila, and Leonardo S. Avilla. 2015. Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Quaternary Science Reviews 110. 23–35. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Mothé, Dimila; Leonardo S. Avilla; Mário Cozzuol, and Gisele R. Winck. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands. Quaternary International 276-277. 2–7. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Lucas, Spencer G. 2013. The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres. Journal of Palaeogeography 2. 19–40. Accessed 2017-05-07.
Lucas, Spencer G. 2008. Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World. Neogene Mammals – New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 44. 409–415. Accessed 2017-05-07.

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[Mothe-9] Reclassified as Notiomastodon platensis by Mothé et al. (2015)[1]

[Mothe2015_pp25_27-1] Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27

[2] Defler, Thomas. author. (2018-12-19). History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America How South American Mammalian Fauna Changed from the Mesozoic to Recent Times. ISBN 9783319984490. OCLC 1086568896.

[Lucas2013-3] Lucas, 2013

[Mothe2012-4] Mothé et al., 2012

[Mothe2016a-5] Mothé et al., 2016a

[Mothe2016b-6] Mothé et al., 2016b

[Zacarias2012-7] Zacarías et al., 2012

[Alberdi2008-8] Alberdi et al., 2008

[AlberdiPrado2008_p179-10] Alberdi & Prado, 2008, p.179

[Mino2005_p2-11] Miño et al., 2005, p.2

[FWArroyoToropi-12] Arroyo Toropí-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org

[Tonni1985_p259-13] Tonni et al., 1985, p.259

[FWLujan-14] Luján at Fossilworks.org

[Tomassini2010-15] Tomassini et al., 2010

[Prado2012_p624-16] Prado et al., 2012, p.624

[Zurita2004-17] Zurita et al., 2004

[FWAviaTerai-18] Aviá Terai at Fossilworks.org

[FWBarranqueras-19] Barranqueras at Fossilworks.org

[FWCharata-20] Charata at Fossilworks.org

[FWCastelli-21] Castelli at Fossilworks.org

[Tonni1987-22] Tonni, 1987

[Chimento2011-23] Chimento & Agnolin, 2011

[Isla2013_p162-24] Isla et al., 2013, p.162

[FWEstanciaElPalmar-25] Estancia El Palmar at Fossilworks.org

[Pomi2008-26] Pomi, 2008

[Iriondo2007_p7-27] Iriondo & Kröhling, 2007, p.7

[Fernicola2009-28] Fernicola et al., 2009

[Krapovickas2016-29] Krapovickas & Tauber, 2016

[Isla2013_p32-30] Isla et al., 2013, p.32

[Isla2013_p108-31] Isla et al., 2013, p.108

[Isla2013_p407-32] Isla et al., 2013, p.407

[FWPRioRujero-33] Río Rujero at Fossilworks.org

[Marshall1991_p644-34] Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.644

[FWPRioDesaguadero-35] Río Desaguadero at Fossilworks.org

[Marshall1991_p643-36] Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643

[Pardo2003_pp350_351-37] Pardo et al., 2003, pp.350-351

[ElPais2015-38] (in Spanish) Registran una nueva especie de mastodonte en Villa Montes

[FWNuapua1-39] Ñuapua 1 at Fossilworks.org

[FWNuapua2-40] Ñuapua 2 at Fossilworks.org

[MacFadden1997-41] MacFadden & Shockey, 1997

[FWTarija-42] Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org

[FWTarija2-43] Tarija 2 at Fossilworks.org

[DaCosta2009-44] Da Costa & De Souza, 2009

[Souza2015_p333-45] Souza Lobo et al., 2015, p.333

[FWLagoaDoRumo-46] Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina at Fossilworks.org

[FWGarrincho-47] Garrincho at Fossilworks.org

[Guerin1999_p136-48] Guérin et al., 1999, p.136

[FWToca-49] Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao at Fossilworks.org

[Alberdi2002_p219-50] Alberdi et al., 2002, p.219

[FWGrutaDosBrejoes-51] Gruta dos Brejoes at Fossilworks.org

[FWTocaDosOssos-52] Toca dos Ossos at Fossilworks.org

[FWFazendaSuseII-53] Fazenda Suse II at Fossilworks.org

[FWJanauba-54] Janauba at Fossilworks.org

[Alberdi2002_p218-55] Alberdi et al., 2002, p.218

[Oliveira2007_p410-56] De Oliveira et al., 2007, p.410

[FWGrutaDoIngá-57] Gruta do Ingá at Fossilworks.org

[FWPote-58] Poté at Fossilworks.org

[Alberdi2002_p220-59] Alberdi et al., 2002, p.220

[FWLapaDoCaetano-60] Lapa do Caetano at Fossilworks.org

[PueblosLagoaSanta-61] (in Spanish) Fossils of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais – Pueblos Originarios

[Souza2013_p5-62] De Souza Barbosa, 2013, p.5

[FWLajedoDeEscada-63] Lajedo de Escada at Fossilworks.org

[Parisi2016_p2-64] Parisi et al., 2016, p.2

[FWBonito-65] Bonito at Fossilworks.org

[Asakura2014_p5-66] Asakura et al., 2014, p.5

[Kerber2014_p254-67] Kerber et al., 2014, p.254

[Simpson1957-68] Simpson & De Couto, 1957

[FWAguasDoAraxa-69] Aguas do Araxa at Fossilworks.org

[FWAguasDoAraxa2-70] Aguas do Araxá 2 at Fossilworks.org

[FWPernambuco-71] Lage Grande Level 2, Penambuco at Fossilworks.org

[Marinho2003_p2-72] Marinho da Silva et al., 2003, p.2

[DaSilvaAlves2007_p46-73] Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.46

[FWLageGrande1-74] Lage Grande Level 1 at Fossilworks.org

[FWLageGrande2-75] Lage Grande Level 2 at Fossilworks.org

[DaSilvaAlves2007_p45-76] Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.45

[Guerin1993_p17-77] Guérin, 1993, p.17

[Oliveira2009_p81-78] Oliveira et al., 2009, p.81

[DeAraujo2012_p99-79] De Araújo et al., 2012, p.99

[DaSilvaAlves2007_p47-80] Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.47

[Trindade2007_p192-81] Trindade Dantas & Zucon, 2007, p.192

[FWFazendaCaraiba-82] Fazenda Caraíba at Fossilworks.org

[FWSerroDoGronda-83] Serro do Gronda at Fossilworks.org

[FWTaperoa-84] Taperoa at Fossilworks.org

[Ghilardi2011-85] Ghilardi et al., 2011

[FWUpperRibeira-86] Upper Ribeira at Fossilworks.org

[FWRioAcre-87] Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org

[Frassinetti2000_p207-88] Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2000, p.207

[Frassinetti2005_p103-89] Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2005, p.103

[Pardo2003_p353-90] Pardo et al., 2003, p.353

[Labarca2016-91] Labarca et al., 2016

[Lopez2010_p13-92] López et al., 2010, p.13

[Labarca2011_p160-93] Labarca & Alcaraz, 2011, p.160

[FWLasPozas-94] Las Pozas/Hacienda Chacabuco at Fossilworks.org

[Rodriguez2009-95] Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009

[FWStegomastodon-96] Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org

[Pardo2012-97] Pardo Jaramillo, 2012

[FWTurbana-98] Turbaná at Fossilworks.org

[DePorta1969_p92-99] De Porta, 1969, p.92

[Correal_p77-100] Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77

[Hammen_p29-101] Hammen, 1986, p.29

[FWCuriti-102] Curití at Fossilworks.org

[Villarroel1996-103] Villarroel et al., 1996

[Hernandez1960_p46-104] Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46

[Hoffstetter_p54-105] Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54

[FWSoata-106] Soatá at Fossilworks.org

[Paramo2010_p55-107] Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55

[Villarroel2005_p353-108] Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353

[FWRotinet-109] Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org

[DePorta1961_p52-110] De Porta, 1961, p.52

[Buergl1956-111] Bürgl, 1956

[PaleoColombia-112] (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia

[Hoffstetter_p53-113] Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53

[Hoffstetter_p52-114] Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52

[Cantalamessa2001-115] Cantalamessa et al., 2001

[FWRioCanas-116] Río Canas at Fossilworks.org

[Carrion-117] Carrión, s.a.

[Hoffstetter1952-118] Hoffstetter, 1952

[FWRegionDeLaPaz-119] Region de La Paz at Fossilworks.org

[FWHaciendaPucara-120] Hacienda Pucará at Fossilworks.org

[FWCalderon-121] Calderón/Carapungo at Fossilworks.org

[FWAlangasi-122] Alangasí at Fossilworks.org

[FWPunin-123] Punín, Chalán at Fossilworks.org

[FWTumbaco-124] Tumbaco at Fossilworks.org

[FWLlanoChico-125] Llano Chico at Fossilworks.org

[FWQuebradaLaTola-126] Quebrada La Tola at Fossilworks.org

[FWCheca-127] Checa at Fossilworks.org

[FWLaCarolina-128] La Carolina at Fossilworks.org

[Linsey2015_p70-129] Lindsey & López, 2015, p.70

[Ferretti2010_p667-130] Ferretti, 2010, p.667

[Marshall1984_p50-131] Marshall et al., 1984, p.50

[Hoffstetter1978-132] Hoffstetter, 1978

[Rios2013-133] Ríos et al., 2013

[Baez-134] Báez et al., 2004

[FWGeneralBruguer-135] General Bruguer/Riacho Negro at Fossilworks.org

[Rios2014-136] Ríos et al, 2014

[PujosSalas2004a-137] Pujos & Salas, 2004a

[FWLaBreaTalara-138] La Brea Talara at Fossilworks.org

[Alberdi2004_p428-139] Alberdi et al., 2004, p.428

[Alberdi2004_p446-140] Alberdi et al., 2004, p.446

[Alberdi2004_p426-141] Alberdi et al., 2004, p.426

[PujosSalas2004b-142] Pujos & Salas, 2004b

[FWSacaco2-143] Sacaco 2 at Fossilworks.org

[FWCelendin-144] Celendín at Fossilworks.org

[Campbell2009_p114-145] Campbell et al., 2009, p.114

[Alberdi2007-146] Alberdi et al., 2007

[FWCampoVinoles-147] Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo at Fossilworks.org

[Gutierrez2005-148] Gutiérrez et al., 2005

[Alvarenga2010-149] Alvarenga et al., 2010

[FWCasilQuarry-150] Casil Quarry at Fossilworks.org

[FWCucuruchu-151] Cucuruchu at Fossilworks.org

[Carrillo2008_p252-152] Carrillo et al., 2008, p.252

[Moron2015-153] Morón, 2015

[Bryan1978-154] Bryan et al., 1978

[FWTaimaTaima1-155] Taima-Taima at Fossilworks.org

[FWTaimaTaima2-156] Taima-Taima Unit 1 at Fossilworks.org

[Mothe2015_p33-157] Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33

List of gomphothere fossils in South America

Former classification

Gomphothere fossil finds

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Paraguay

Peru

Uruguay

Venezuela

Proposed reclassification

Evolution

Gallery

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

Publications South America

Publications Argentina

Publications Bolivia

Publications Brazil

Publications Chile

Publications Colombia

Publications Ecuador

Publications Paraguay

Publications Peru

Publications Uruguay

Publications Venezuela

Publications proposed reclassification