List of independent wrestling promotions in the United States
This is a list of independent wrestling promotions in the United States, sorted by regional area, and lists both active and defunct "indy promotions" from the 1990s and 2000s. This list does not include pre-1980s regional territories or present-day promotions affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance.
There is no concrete definition on what constitutes an independent promotion. A general guideline would be that an independent promotion, as its name suggests, has no corporate sponsor or ownership providing funding for its operation. Ring of Honor and Impact Wrestling fall outside this definition, as both are subsidiaries of Sinclair Broadcast Group and Anthem Sports, respectively. Another guideline would be a restriction, either by choice or by financial or logistical circumstances, to a particular geographic area, be it a state, a metropolitan area, or even a single town or arena.
Of lesser consideration is the promotion's fanbase. Fan attendance at live shows can be a factor, but is by no means a definite consideration. Most shows hosted by independent promotions have attendances anywhere from under fifty to a thousand or more, but Extreme Championship Wrestling in its heyday in the 1990s regularly hosted events of several thousand fans. Media exposure is also considered. Most independent promotions have very limited television exposure, if any, as they lack equipment or infrastructure to produce broadcast-quality programming. None have had any national television contract since ECW in the late 1990s. The most successful televised promotions release shows as syndicated programming, aired by one or several network affiliates in their local area.
New England
Connecticut
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Assault Championship Wrestling | Waterbury | Jason Knight | 2000–2004 | [1][2] |
Massachusetts
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Century Wrestling Alliance | Revere | Ellen Magliaro Tony Rumble |
1989–2007 | Formerly known as NWA New England from 1998 to 2007. Is the longest-running independent promotion under a single owner in New England[1][3][4][5][6][7] |
Chaotic Wrestling | North Andover | Jamie Jamitowski Killer Kowalski |
2000–present | [8][9][10] |
International Wrestling Federation | Reading | Killer Kowalski | 1979–1995 | Associated with Kowalski's wrestling school, a number of his early students competed in the promotion such as Perry Saturn, Joanie Laurer (later to be known as Chyna) and Paul Levesque (now better known as Triple H); later relocated to Burlington, Vermont[1][3][4][5][11] |
International World Class Championship Wrestling | Boston | Joe Savoldi | 1984–1996 | Dominant independent promotion in New England during the 1980s; succeeded by Century Wrestling Alliance prior to its close in 1996[1][3][5][12] |
Millennium Wrestling Federation | Melrose | Dan Mirade Neil Manolian |
2001–2013 | [8][13][14] |
New England Championship Wrestling | Jamaica Plain | Sheldon Goldberg | 2000–( Last event was in 2018 so far) | [8][15][16][17] |
Top Rope Promotions | Fall River | Steve Ricard | 1984–(Last event was in 2017 so far) | Formerly known as Yankee Pro Wrestling[8][3][4] from 1997 to 2004 |
World Wrestling Stars | Rockland | Mike Sparta | 1998–2010 |
New Hampshire
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Front Row Wrestling | Rochester | Scott C. Despres | 2003–2010 | Announced a merger with NWA Liberty States Wrestling in Massachusetts[18] |
Rhode Island
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Power League Wrestling | Pawtucket | Jack Martin Ralph Adams |
1991–2016 | Oldest independent wrestling promotion in Rhode Island[8][3][19] |
East Coast
Delaware
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
East Coast Wrestling Association | Newark | Jim Kettner Mike Tartaglia[20] |
1967–present | Longest-running independent promotion in Delaware[3][4][5][21] |
Maryland
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maryland Championship Wrestling | Baltimore | Dan McDevitt Dick Caricofe Dennis Whipwrecht |
1998–2003 2006–present |
Founded by Dan McDevitt and Mark Shrader in 1998, it went on hiatus for three years before resuming operations in 2006[3][22] |
Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation | Essex | Dennis Wippercht Tim Burke |
1991–2004 | [3][4][11][23] |
National Wrestling League | Hagerstown | Dick Caricofe John Rambo |
1988–present | Also known as NWL/HoPWF in association with sister promotion House of Pain Wrestling Federation;[24] is the longest-running independent promotion in Maryland[3][11][25] |
New Jersey
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Wrestling Federation | Woodland Park | Kevin Knight | 1998–2017 | [3][26] |
Jersey All Pro Wrestling | Bayonne | Frank Iadeavia | 1997–2018 | [8][3][27][28] |
Phoenix Championship Wrestling | Toms River | Don Bucci | 2001–2003 | Promoted by the twin brother of Simon Dean, Donnie B, PCW was home to a number of future WWE stars, most notably, Mike Bucci[29] |
United Wrestling Coalition | Jobstown | Dave and Lois Thomas | 1998–present | First independent promotion invited to perform at Six Flags; one of the largest and most successful collectors for the "Toys for Tots" program[3][30] |
Women Superstars Uncensored | Lake Hiawatha | Sean Hansen | 2007–present |
New York
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family Wrestling Entertainment | Manhattan | Jordan Schneider | 2010–2015 | |
Northeast Wrestling | Newburgh | Mike Lombardi | 1994–present |
Pennsylvania
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
CHIKARA | Allentown | Mike Quackenbush | 2002–2020 | [8] |
Combat Zone Wrestling | Philadelphia | DJ Hyde | 1999–present | [3][31] |
Dragon Gate USA | Philadelphia | Satoshi Oji Gabe Sapolsky |
2009–2015 | American affiliate of the Japanese puroresu organization Dragon Gate |
Extreme Championship Wrestling | Philadelphia | Tod Gordon Paul Heyman |
1992–2001 | [3][15][4][5][11][32] |
Extreme Rising | Philadelphia | Shane Douglas Kevin Kleinrock Steve O'Neill |
2012–2014 | |
Keystone State Wrestling Alliance | Pittsburgh | Bobby O | 2000–present | |
Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling | Philadelphia | The Blue Meanie Jasmin St. Claire |
2002–2005 | Also known as 3PW; featured many former stars from Extreme Championship Wrestling following its close in 2001[33][34] |
Pro Wrestling eXpress | McKeesport | Jim Miller | 1994–present | [35] |
Steel City Wrestling | Pittsburgh | Norm Connors | 1994–2000 | Promotion closed after Conners entered the mortuary business; became promoter for the International Wrestling Cartel in 2001[3][4][5][36] |
World Xtreme Wrestling | Allentown | Afa Anoa'i | 1996–present | Associated with Afa Anoa'i's Wild Samoan Pro Wrestling Training Center[8][3][37] |
Midwest
Illinois
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
All American Wrestling | Berwyn
Chicago LaSalle |
Danny Daniels | 2004–present | In 2018 Began Branching out to Austin TX. |
American Wrestling Federation | Chicago | Paul Alperstein | 1994–1996 | Tito Santana and Sgt. Slaughter were bookers for the promotion[3][38] |
Shimmer Women Athletes | Berwyn | Dave Prazak Allison Danger |
2005–present | [39] |
Windy City Pro Wrestling | Chicago | Sam DeCero | 1988–2010 | [3][15][4][5] |
Indiana
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
IWA Mid-South | Clarksville | Ian Rotten | 1996–present | [8][3][40][41] |
Main Event Championship Wrestling | Evansville | Jason Daniel | 2009–present | |
Heartland Championship Wrestling | Mishawaka | John Rosetto and Dale Gibson | 2017–present |
Kansas
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metro Pro Wrestling | Kansas City | Chris Gough | 2010–2016 | Sold to the National Wrasslin' League in December of 2016 |
Michigan
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Juggalo Championship Wrestling | Detroit | Shaggy 2 Dope Violent J |
1999–present | [42] |
Minnesota
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pro Wrestling America | Minneapolis | Eddie Sharkey | 1985–1998 | [3][11][43][44] |
Missouri
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
National Wrasslin' League | Kansas City, Missouri | Major Baisden | 2016–2018 | |
World League Wrestling | Troy | Harley Race (former) | 1999–present | Associated with the Harley Race Wrestling Academy; formerly affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance[8][3][45] |
Ohio
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heartland Wrestling Association | Cincinnati | Cody Hawk
Jack Kimble Chad Dillefeld |
1996–2015 | Founded by Les Thatcher[8][3][46][47] |
World Wide Wrestling Alliance | Columbus | Richard Arpin Dave Nelson |
2004–2005 | Originally known as NWA Ohio[48] |
Southeast
Florida
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Full Impact Pro | Largo | Sal Hamaoui | 2004–present | Sister promotion of Ring of Honor from 2003 to 2009; talent exchange agreement with Dragon Gate USA[49][50] |
Future of Wrestling | Fort Lauderdale | Bobby Rogers | 1998–2003 | Associated with Rusty Brooks' School of Hard Knocks[3][51] |
Shine Wrestling | Tampa | Sal Hamaoui | 2012–present | Sister promotion of Shimmer Women Athletes. Runs events regularly on internet pay-per-view. |
Coastal Championship Wrestling | Fort Lauderdale |
Georgia
Name | Location | Owners | Years Active | Information |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deep South Wrestling | McDonough | Jody Hamilton | 2005–2007 | WWE developmental territory from 2005 to 2007[52][53] |
National Championship Wrestling | Cornelia | Steve Martin | 1997–1999 | Merged with NWA Georgia to form NWA Wildside[3][54] |
Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling | Marietta | Dusty Rhodes | 2000–2003 | Featured many former stars from World Championship Wrestling following its close in 2001[55] |
Kentucky
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ohio Valley Wrestling | Louisville | Al Snow | 1998–present | Affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance from 1998 to 2000 and a WWE developmental territory from 2000 to 2008; also has an affiliate promotion, Derby City Wrestling, which it used to train students as its wrestling facility[3][56][57] |
North Carolina
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
CWF-Mid Atlantic Wrestling | Burlington | Danny Wenkel | 2000–2019 | Also known as the Carolina Wrestling Federation; affiliated with AWA Superstars from 2005 until 2007, and Pro Wrestling International since 2009[8][3][58][59] |
OMEGA Championship Wrestling | Cameron | Matt Hardy Jeff Hardy |
1997–1999 2013–present |
Promotion closed when Matt and Jeff Hardy joined the World Wrestling Federation, later reopened |
South Atlantic Pro Wrestling | Winston-Salem | Paul Jones Frank Dusek |
1990–1992 | Founded as North American Wrestling Association by George Scott, John Ringley and Mike Lamberth[3][60] |
Premiere Wrestling Xperience | Charlotte | Brian Kanabroski | 2003–present | Founded in 2003 as Carolina Wrestling Association. Renamed in 2008 as Premiere Wrestling Showcase. Since 2010, it has been known as Premiere Wrestling Xperience. |
Tennessee
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Global Force Wrestling | Nashville | Jeff Jarrett & Karen Jarrett | 2014–2017 | |
Innovate Wrestling | Kingsport | Tony Givens | 2004–present | Was known as Championship Wrestling Alliance from 2004–2011 and NWA Smoky Mountain/NWA Smoky Mountain Wrestling from 2011–2017. |
Memphis Championship Wrestling | Memphis | Terry Golden | 2000–2001 | WWE developmental territory from 2000 to 2001; revived as Memphis Wrestling in 2003[61] |
Smoky Mountain Wrestling | Knoxville | Jim Cornette | 1991–1995 | [3][32][62][63] |
Southern States Wrestling | Kingsport | Beau James | 1991–present | Formerly known as NWA Championship Wrestling[8][3][4][5][64] |
United States Wrestling Association | Memphis | Jerry Jarrett Jerry Lawler |
1988–1997 | Promotion formed when regional promotions the Continental Wrestling Association and the Dallas-based World Class Wrestling Association merged in 1989[3][4][5][11][65][66] |
Virginia
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance | Arlington | Kevin Carson Cueball Carmichael |
1995–1999 | Also known as the Independent Pro Wrestling Alliance[3][4][67] |
West Virginia
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mason-Dixon Wrestling | Nutter Fort | Jim Hawkins | 1997–2010 | [3][68] |
South Central
Texas
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anarchy Championship Wrestling | Austin | Daryl Childress | 2006–present | |
Global Wrestling Federation | Dallas | Max Andrews Grey Pierson |
1991–1994 | [3][69][70] |
Reality of Wrestling | Houston | Booker T | 2006–present | |
Texas All-Star Wrestling | Humble | Bob Murphy | 1994–present | The first successful promotion since the close of World Class Championship Wrestling in 1990 and the Global Wrestling Federation in 1994, it is currently the oldest independent promotion in Texas[3][4] |
Texas Wrestling Alliance | San Antonio | Rudy Gonzales | 1999–present | Founded with Shawn Michaels as part of his Texas Wrestling Academy wrestling school[3][71] |
Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling | San Antonio | Curtis Stone | 1999–present |
West
California
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
All Pro Wrestling | Hayward | Roland Alexander | 1991–present[72] | Featured in the 1999 documentary Beyond the Mat[3][73][74] |
Empire Wrestling Federation | San Bernardino | Jesse Hernandez Bill Anderson |
1996–present | [3][73][75] |
Incredibly Strange Wrestling | San Francisco | Johnny Legend August Ragone |
1995–2003 | |
Pro Wrestling Guerrilla | Los Angeles | Excalibur Joey Ryan Scott Lost Super Dragon |
2003–present | [73][76] |
Ultimate Pro Wrestling | Los Angeles | Rick Bassman | 1998–2007 | The home promotion for many current stars of TNA, WWE and Zero One; as of 2005, is an official talent scout for the WWE[73][77][78] |
Wrestling Society X | Los Angeles | Kevin Kleinrock Cody Michaels Vampiro |
2006–2007 | Produced by Big Vision Entertainment, it was briefly aired on MTV in 2007[79] |
Xtreme Pro Wrestling | Sherman Oaks | Rob Zicari Tom Byron |
1999–2003 | [80][73][81] |
Nevada
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ring Warriors | Las Vegas | Howard Brody | www.facebook.com/ringwarriors |
Oregon
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
West Coast Wrestling Connection | Salem | Jeff Manning | 2005–present | Weekly television broadcast on KPDX-TV |
Utah
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ultra Championship Wrestling-Zero | Salt Lake City | Steve Neilson | 2003–present | Affiliated with AWA Superstars from 2005 to 2007[82][83] |
Washington
Name | Location | Owner(s) | Years active | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Defy Wrestling | Seattle | James Gilmer; Phantom Twin Entertainment, LLC | 2016-Present | Most shows hosted at Seattle's Washington Hall, or in nearby Tacoma. |
References
- "The New England Indy Graveyard". The New England Independent. Metrocast.net.
- Tsakiries, Phil; Westcott, Brian (2004). "Assault Championship Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
- Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
- Pro Wrestling Illustrated. "Promotional Directory." The 1997 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts. 2nd ed. Fort Washington, Pennsylvania: London Publishing Company, 1997. (pg. 190-193)
- Pro Wrestling Illustrated. "Promotional Directory." The 1996 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts. 1st ed. Fort Washington, Pennsylvania: London Publishing Company, 1996 (pg. 192–193)
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Century Wrestling Alliance". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Roelfsema, Eric; Westcott, Brian; Oliver, Earl; Marks, Mark; Dupree, Jim (2004). "NWA Cold Front (formerly New England/Century Wrestling Alliance)". Solie's Title Histories.
- Morgan, Adam; Stein, Nate (October 13, 2005). "Indy Contact Sheet". News. 411mania.com.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Chaotic Wrestling". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Palladino, Rich (2004). "Chaotic Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Macika, Dominic, ed. (May 26, 1996). "Pro Wrestling Frequently Asked Questions: Other North American Federations". Rec. Sport.Pro-Wrestling FAQ. Nick's Wrestling Spot.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "International Championship Wrestling". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Millennium Wrestling Federation". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Roelfsema, Eric (2005). "Millennium Wrestling Federation". Solie's Title Histories.
- "Wrestling Addresses". Resources: Products, Shows & Addresses. WrestlingMuseum.com. 2000.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "New England Championship Wrestling". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "New England Championship Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Despres, Scott (February 26, 2010). "BIG CHANGE AHEAD: NWA LIBERTY STATES". Front Row Wrestling Message Board.
- Oliver, Earl (2009). "Power League Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- 1Wrestling News Team (August 27, 2010). "ECWA Hails Birthday Number 43 Today!". 1wrestling.com.
- Dupree, Jim (2004). "East Coast Wrestling Association". Solie's Title Histories.
- Roelfsema, Eric; Westcott, Brian (2004). "Maryland Championship Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Roelfsema, Eric; Westcott, Brian; Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2004). "Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation (Maryland)". Solie's Title Histories.
- Tsakiries, Phil (2004). "House of Pain Wrestling Federation". Solie's Title Histories.
- Tsakiries, Phil (2004). "National Wrestling League". Solie's Title Histories.
- Tsakiries, Phil; Roelfsema, Eric (2004). "Independent Wrestling Federation". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Jersey All Pro Wrestling". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Tsakiries, Phil; Hisaharu Tanabe (2009). "Jersey All Pro Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "Phoenix Championship Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Oliver, Earl (2004). "United Wrestling Coalition". Solie's Title Histories.
- Westcott, Brian; Bish, Matt; Fenwick, Adam; Urbanavage, Michael (2004). "Combat Zone Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Macika, Dominic, ed. (May 26, 1996). "Pro Wrestling Frequently Asked Questions: How do I contact my favorite wrestlers or promotion?". Rec. Sport.Pro-Wrestling FAQ. Nick's Wrestling Spot.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "3PW – Pro Pain Pro Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- "3PW". Pro Wrestling History: The Independents. ProWrestlingHistory.com.
- Competes at the WrestlePlex in McKeesport, PA.
- Roelfsema, Eric; Westcott, Brian (2004). "Steel City Wrestling (Pennsylvania)". Solie's Title Histories.
- Westcott, Brian; Shaffer, Eric; Ziek, Ben; Lazarsky, John; Clemson, Mark; Cesare, Sam (2005). "World Xtreme Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- "Paul Alperstein's AWF". Pro Wrestling History: The Independents. ProWrestlingHistory.com.
- Fenwick, Adam (2008). "SHIMMER Women Athletes". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Independent Wrestling Association". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Eric Roelfsema; Brian Westcott; Adam Fenwick; Jeff Capo (2005). "Independent Wrestling Association (Indiana/Kentucky)". Solie's Title Histories.
- Tsakiries, Phil; Petrashek, Ethan (2004). "Juggalo Championsh*t Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Pro-Wrestling America". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Palma, Richard; Westcott, Brian (2004). "Pro-Wrestling America". Solie's Title Histories.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "World Legion/World League Wrestling (NWA)". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Heartland Wrestling Association". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "Heartland Wrestling Association". Solie's Title Histories.
- Oliver, Earl (2004). "World Wide Wrestling Alliance". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Full Impact Pro". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "Full Impact Pro". Solie's Title Histories.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "Future Of Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Deep South Wrestling". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Tanabe, Hisaharu; Westcott, Brian (2006). "Deep South Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Oliver, Earl (2004). "National Championship Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Westcott, Brian; Palma, Richard (2004). "Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Ohio Valley Wrestling". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Roelfsema, Eric; Westcott, Brian; Dupree, Jim (2007). "Ohio Valley Wrestling (NWA until 10/2001)". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Carolina Wrestling Federation". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Sawyer, Grant (2004). "CWF-Mid Atlantic Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- "North American Wrestling Association/South Atlantic Pro Wrestling". Pro Wrestling History: The Independents. ProWrestlingHistory.com.
- Westcott, Brian; Knight, Kris (2004). "Memphis Championship Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Smoky Mountain Wrestling". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Matt Benaka; Brian Westcott; Royal Duncan; Gary Will (2004). "Smoky Mountain Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Eric Roelfsema; Brian Westcott; Matt Benaka; Brett Williams; Royal Duncan; Gary Will (2004). "NWA Championship Wrestling (formerly SSW – Southern States Wrestling)". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "United States Wrestling Association". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Matt Benaka; Brian Westcott; Royal Duncan; Gary Will (2004). "United States Wrestling Association". Solie's Title Histories.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance". Solie's Title Histories.
- Roelfsema, Eric; Westcott, Brian (2004). "Mason-Dixon Wrestling (formerly Atlantic Coast Championship Wrestling)". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Global Wrestling Federation". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Matt Roelfsema; Brian Westcott; Royal Duncan; Gary Will (2004). "Global Wrestling Federation". Solie's Title Histories.
- Eanes, Samuel; Westcott, Brian (2004). "Texas Wrestling Alliance". Solie's Title Histories.
- https://www.pwinsider.com/article/81389/apw-promoter-roland-alexander-passes-away.html
- "SoCal Title Histories". Southern California Pro-Wrestling History. SoCalUncensored.com.
- Samuel Eanes, Brian Westcott & Earl Oliver (2004). "All Pro Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Empire Wrestling Federation". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Westcott, Brian (2004). "Pro Wrestling Guerrilla". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Ultimate Pro Wrestling". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Crane, David; Westcott, Brian (2004). "Ultimate Pro Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- "Wrestling Society X". Pro Wrestling History: The Independents. ProWrestlingHistory.com.
- Keith, Scott; Nemer, Paul; Michael, Luke (2002). "Independent Promotions – FAQ". Pro Wrestling FAQ. Wrestleview.com.
- Brian Westcott, Earl Oliver & Sam Falcitelli (2004). "Xtreme Pro Wrestling". Solie's Title Histories.
- Puroresu Dojo (2003). "Ultra Championship Wrestling Zero". Wrestling-Titles.com.
- Tanabe, Hisaharu (2006). "Ultra Championship Wrestling Zero". Solie's Title Histories.