Rochester, New Hampshire

Rochester is a city in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 29,752,[3] and in 2019 the estimated population was 31,526.[4] The city includes the villages of East Rochester, Gonic, and North Rochester. Rochester is home to Skyhaven Airport.

Rochester, New Hampshire
City
View of downtown Rochester from Central Square
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Lilac City
Coordinates: 43°18′7″N 70°58′23″W
CountryUnited States
StateNew Hampshire
CountyStrafford
Settled1722
Incorporated1728
VillagesEast Rochester
Gonic
North Rochester
Government
 • MayorCaroline McCarley
 • City Council
 • City ManagerBlaine Cox
Area
 • Total45.44 sq mi (117.68 km2)
 • Land45.02 sq mi (116.60 km2)
 • Water0.42 sq mi (1.08 km2)
Elevation
225 ft (69 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total29,752
 • Estimate 
(2019)[2]
31,526
 • Density700.27/sq mi (270.37/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
03839, 03866–03868
Area code(s)603
FIPS code33-65140
GNIS feature ID0869554
Websitewww.rochesternh.net

History

Origins

Rochester was once inhabited by Abenaki Indians of the Pennacook tribe. They fished, hunted and farmed, moving locations when their agriculture exhausted the soil for growing pumpkins, squash, beans and maize. Gonic was called Squanamagonic, meaning "the water of the clay place hill."[5]

The town was one of four granted by Colonial Governor Samuel Shute of Massachusetts and New Hampshire during his brief term. Incorporated in 1722, it was named for his close friend, Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester and brother-in-law to King James II.[5] As was customary, tall white pine trees were reserved for use as masts by the Royal Navy. But hostility with the Abenaki delayed settlement until 1728, although attacks would continue until 1748.[5] Early dwellings clustered together for protection, beginning near Haven Hill. Due to warfare or disease, after 1749 Native American numbers dwindled, although many descendants remain in or around Rochester communities. The community at that time included Farmington, which would be incorporated in 1798, and Milton, in 1802.

Rochester Common

In 1737, the Reverend Amos Main became the first settled pastor of the Congregational Church, located on Rochester Hill. The building would be moved to Rochester Common, which then encompassed 250 acres (1.0 km2) and was called Norway Plain Mille Common after its abundant Norway pines. At the time, the Common extended into what is now downtown Rochester. By 1738, the farming community contained 60 families. A statue of Parson Main, sculpted by Giuseppe Moretti, today presides over the town square.

By 1780 the area surrounding the Common was the most thickly settled part of town, so a meeting house/church was erected on the east end of the Common with the entrance facing what is now South Main Street. A cemetery was also established near the new meeting house, but the ground was found to be too wet, and the bodies were removed to the Old Rochester Cemetery. In 1842 the Meeting House/church was moved to the present-day location at the corner of Liberty and South Main streets. As the years went by the size of the Common would shrink as more of it was sold off for development. A bandstand was constructed in 1914. Today, the Common is used for community activities such as Memorial Day events and for concerts throughout the summer months, in addition to having a walking track.

During the Revolutionary War the Common was used as the meeting place for soldiers before going off to war. The common is also the location of the city's Civil War monument which bears the names of the 54 men who died then. The monument was dedicated in the 1870s, and in the 1880s the statue was added to the monument. Four Civil War cannons also decorated the monument, but during World War II the cannon were melted down for use in the war. They were replaced by World War II guns.

The bandstand was built in 1914 by Miles Dustin; before then band concerts were held on the square. The flag pole was donated by J. Frank Place in 1917. He was the former publisher of the Rochester Courier.

Early education

In 1750, Rochester voted at a town meeting to establish a public school to teach writing and reading to the town's children. The vote was quickly overturned, which violated state laws mandating schools in each community. In 1752 the first public schooling began. The school lasted for 16 weeks and the school master was named John Forst. He was paid a salary of 15 pounds and boarded with a different family each month (this family received 30 cents a week from the city).[5]

For many years the city followed the pattern of the first school by opening one and closing it shortly after. Eventually the citizens realized a school was necessary but funding one was an issue. In 1783 the state demanded that schools were opened permanently or else the state would penalize them. A year later permanent schools were established. Corporal punishment was commonly used by the school masters.[5]

In 1806 the school system was divided into districts in accordance with the state law, which was passed in 1805. This system of districts remained in place until 1884 when laws regarding districts changed. The schools in this system often lacked the necessary educational materials. Eventually the number of students attending school across the state diminished. This led to the abolishment of this system because communities across the state including Rochester had many schools with extremely low numbers of students.[5]

In 1850 the city voted to allow high schools and the funding of them. However money wasn't actually raised for high schools until 1868. The first high school did not open until 1857. The principal and teacher was William A. Kimball. At that time a school year lasted for 22 weeks. High school attendance was relatively low and most dropped out before graduating.[5]

Growth through the 19th century

Mail service was established in 1768 when a post rider traveled from Portsmouth through Berwick, Dover and Rochester bringing gazettes. In 1792 this improved when Joseph Paine would deliver and pick up mail once a week. When he arrived in town a horn would blow to inform the town of his presence. A regular post office was established on March 26, 1812, in the Barke Tavern. The first postmaster in Rochester was William Barker.

The Cocheco River provided power for the city's early factories and mills.

The first large business was lumbering, although it would be overtaken by other industries as Rochester developed into a mill town with the Cochecho River to provide water power. In 1806, 6 tanneries were operating, along with a sawmill, fulling mill, and 2 gristmills. By the 1820s-1830s, the town had a cabinet maker and clockmaker. The Mechanics Company was established in 1834, producing woolen blankets which would win the premium quality award at the 1853 New York World's Fair. The Norway Plains Woolen Company manufactured blankets used by the Union Army in the Civil War, and in 1870 wove 1,600,000 yards (1,500,000 m) of textiles, but by century's end was out of business. Shoe manufacturing had surpassed textiles as Rochester's dominant industry by 1880.[6]

In 1854, the E.G. & E. Wallace Shoe Company was established, eventually becoming the city's largest employer, with over 700 workers in 1901. Its name changed to the Rochester Shoe Corporation in the 1920s. The Wallace brothers died in the 1890s,[7] and other shoe factories opened, including Perkins, Linscott & Company (later the Linscott, Tyler, Wilson Company) off Wakefield Street and N. B. Thayer & Company, Inc., in East Rochester.[8] In the early twentieth century, more people were employed in shoe manufacturing than in all other local industries combined. Rochester contributed to New Hampshire's position as the nation's third largest shoe-producing state.[7] The Kessel Fire Brick Company was established in 1889, and at one time bricks for new buildings at Harvard University were made in Gonic. Carrying the freight were four railroads which once passed through Rochester, a major junction between Haverhill, Massachusetts and Portland, Maine. Agriculture continued to be important, and in 1875 the Rochester Fair was established. In 1891, Rochester was incorporated as a city.

The first telephone was installed in 1885 in the K.C. Sanborn Drug Store, the phone was connected to the Dover Telephone Exchange. By the early 1900s there were 1200 local calls and 400 toll calls a day made from Rochester.

In 1889 and 1900 Jonas Spaulding and his three sons Leon, Huntley, and Rolland, built a leatherboard mill at North Rochester. Jonas died before the mill became operational but his three sons ran it well in copartnership and expanded the company nationally and internationally. Leon Cummings Spaulding served as the J Spaulding and Sons Company president after his father's death.

During the Great Depression, however, several industries left for cheaper operating conditions in the South or went bankrupt. But the affluent mill era left behind fine architecture, including the Rochester Public Library, a Carnegie Library designed by the Concord architects Randlett & Griffin.

Library
The Rochester Public Library in New Hampshire

The Rochester Public Library was approved in 1893 but was not open to the public until early 1894. Back then, the library was located on the corner of Portland Street and South Main Street. In 1897, the library moved to City Hall, where it remained for over eight years.[9]

In the early 1900s, Osman Warren, Rochester's postmaster, contacted Andrew Carnegie for help in securing an endowment to build the new library. The Carnegie Institute donated $20,000 to construct the new building. The new library was built on the site of what was the Main Street School. The library was built in the Georgian revival style, using brick and granite, and the inside was finished with golden oak and cypress.[9] The library opened on October 2, 1905, and 150 people registered the first day. Miss Lillian Parshley was the first librarian, serving until her death in 1945. Velma Foss, Miss Parshley's assistant, was the second librarian of the Rochester Library.[9]

City Hall and Opera House

Another notable structure is Rochester City Hall, built in 1908, and Opera House designed by George G. Adams. Adams designed other municipal government/opera house dual-purpose buildings around New England, including in Bellows Falls, Vermont (1887); Amesbury, Massachusetts (1887); Dover, New Hampshire (1891); and Derry, New Hampshire (1901). Only four of his structures survive today (in Waterville, Montpelier, Derry, and Rochester), with many of his buildings destroyed by fires.

George Adams' opera houses were unique because of their floors, which were movable and could function in both inclined or level position. With the floor in the inclined position, the opera house would show plays, concerts, etc. When the floor was level, the building could be used for dances or public meetings. The Rochester Opera House opened on Memorial Day 1908. Almost all of Adams' buildings contained movable floors, though the buildings in Waterville and Montpelier did not. Because of the destruction of the other opera houses, the Rochester Opera House is the only known theatre in the United States to use this type of movable floor.

Rochester City Hall contained the Rochester Police Department in its basement offices for many years. Some historical portraits of officers remain in an upstairs chamber where a collection of portraits of city officials was traditionally preserved, including officers Nelson S. Hatch and Red Hayes.

Today, visitors may still attend shows at the Rochester Opera House. The City of Rochester has preserved the 90-year-old historical decor of the Opera House.

20th century

Rochester's thriving shoe industry in the early twentieth century attracted entrepreneurs from out of state. In 1930 Samuel J. Katz of Brookline, Massachusetts, incorporated the Hubbard Shoe Company and commenced operations in N. B. Thayer & Company's factory on Pleasant Street in East Rochester before the end of the year. By 1931 the firm had also taken over the Linscott, Tyler, Wilson factory off Wakefield Street in Rochester, which it purchased outright in May 1932.[10] At its peak, the Hubbard Shoe Company employed about four hundred people in East Rochester making men's shoes and five hundred in Rochester making women's shoes, with a total annual payroll of $3 million and total annual output of 2.5 million shoes.[11] In 1934 the Maybury Shoe Company began operations on the former E.G. & E. Wallace site on South Main Street. Both firms survived the Great Depression, providing steady jobs for hundreds of Rochester citizens, and converted to a wartime footing during World War Two, but were unable to compete against the flood of cheap foreign imports in the 1970s. Hubbard Shoe Company went out of business in 1973, and Maybury Shoe closed in the mid-1970s.[12] Samuel Katz's son Saul, however, went on to found the profitable Rockport Shoe Company with his son, Bruce R. Katz.[13]

Rochester passed out of the silent movie era on May 20, 1929 with the arrival of the first talking motion picture in the city, titled The Wild Party, starring Clara Bow. The movie was shown at the Scenic Theater. The evening admission price was 35 cents for adults and 15 cents for children.

A Rochester Courier article from October 1930 described a new indoor golf course:

INDOOR GOLF COURSE TO BE OPENED ON SATURDAY

The Leavitt Theatre Property Transformed Inside Into a Bower of Beauty - Rochester is to have an indoor golf course, which, it is said, will be second to none, in beauty and attractiveness, this side of New York. Fred Couture, proprietor of the Scenic theatre, who a few months since purchased the Leavitt theatre on South Main Street, has been laying out a small fortune in fitting it up on the ground floor for such use. This building was formerly the residence of the Hon. Summer Wallace and was one of the most beautiful mansions in New Hampshire. Despite the way in which the outside was altered to make the theatre, much of the magnificent paneling inside has been preserved. It was a foundation for an unusual setting for indoor golf. A large force of workers has been engaged in recent weeks, working in relays, and this week six scene painters are decorating the walls and ceilings. There are to be an Egyptian room, a Japanese room, an Indian room and a Dutch room. The walls of each are adorned with appropriate paintings to form a picture of any particular land represented. The Dutch room, for example, not only has the paintings of the canals and dikes but an actual windmill revolving. In the Indian room are pictures of forests and streams, with an Indian paddling a canoe. There is a real waterfall too, with the water flowing down over actual rocks into a series of three basins, with a pool for goldfish at the bottom. One room represents the seashore, the entire wall being one huge painting of the ocean, with a real light house perched up on a promontory, with a light shedding forth its rays. There is also a garden room with a profusion of flowers. There are various rest rooms and seats in plenty everywhere for the onlookers or tired players. All the floors will be covered with artificial grass. In a conspicuous place is a great pile of stones, with a fountain at the top, out of which a tiny stream trickles down over the rocks in various small channels and little pools. Ferns grow on its sides. There are also in various places tree trunks, some birch with their white bark and other varieties. There will be eighteen holes to the golf course, with various traps and some mysteries. The whole place is certainly a wonderful representation of the great out-of-doors and a veritable dream of loveliness. The grand opening is set for Saturday evening at 6:00, when Mayor Louis H. McDuffee will press the button and turn on the lights.[14]

Natural disasters

The summer of 1947 was dry. In late October of that year only 1/8 inch of rain had fallen since mid-September, and the temperatures were high. Small ponds and streams were dried up, and local farmers were using water from the Salmon Falls River and Cocheco River to provide water for their livestock. Fire risk was high. On October 21, sparks from a passing train car in Farmington ignited the dry grass on both sides of the track, starting the biggest fire to strike Rochester.

At first firefighters seemed to have the fire in control, but two days later winds up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) drove the 'small' fire out of control. The wind-driven fire moved to the south and east into Rochester. The fire would engulf an area over 9 miles (14 km) long and over 2 miles (3.2 km) wide with walls of flame 40 feet (12 m) high. Before the fire was under control over 30 homes in Rochester would be lost.

Hurricane Carol struck New Hampshire on September 2, 1954. The winds of the hurricane were in excess of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h). The property damage in New Hampshire was estimated to be 3 million dollars and four inches of rain fell during the storm.

A Category 5 hurricane, known locally as the Hurricane of '38, was the most deadly of New Hampshire's history, causing excessive damage to Rochester and outlying communities. Hurricane Carol was a Category 3 storm, in comparison to the devastation caused by the previous hurricane.

  • Upper Dam c. 1905
  • Public Library c. 1908
  • City Hall c. 1910
  • Central Square in 1909
  • City Hotel c. 1910
  • Wallace Factory c. 1910
  • Stone Bridge c. 1910
  • Rochester Fair c. 1910

Geography
The Cocheco River flows through central Rochester.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 45.8 square miles (118.6 km2), of which 45.4 square miles (117.6 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km2) is water, comprising 0.79% of the town.[15] Rochester is drained by the Salmon Falls, Isinglass and Cochecho rivers. The highest point in Rochester is a southern extension of Nute Ridge, at 581 feet (177 m) above sea level, occupying the northern corner of the city.

New Hampshire Route 16 (the Spaulding Turnpike) is a six-lane controlled-access highway that passes through the city, leading north towards Conway and south to Dover and Portsmouth. U.S. Route 202 uses the turnpike to bypass the city center, then heads northeast into Maine and southwest towards Concord. New Hampshire Route 125 passes north–south through the center of town, leading south to Lee and Epping, and traveling north parallel to NH 16 into Milton. New Hampshire Route 11 leads west to Alton and Laconia and northeast along US 202 into Maine. New Hampshire Route 108 leads southeast to Dover, and New Hampshire Route 202A leads southwest to Strafford and Northwood.

Besides the main downtown part of Rochester, there are two other named communities of significance within the city limits. East Rochester, a small neighborhood, is located near the northeast border of the city along routes 202 and 11, next to the Salmon Falls River, while Gonic Native American name of Squamennegonic, is located south of downtown along NH 125 at a dam on the Cocheco River.

Adjacent municipalities

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
17902,857—
18002,646−7.4%
18102,118−20.0%
18202,47116.7%
18302,155−12.8%
18402,43112.8%
18503,00623.7%
18603,38412.6%
18704,10321.2%
18805,78441.0%
18907,39627.9%
19008,46614.5%
19108,8684.7%
19209,6739.1%
193010,2095.5%
194012,01217.7%
195013,77614.7%
196015,92715.6%
197017,93812.6%
198021,56020.2%
199026,63023.5%
200028,4616.9%
201029,7524.5%
2019 (est.)31,526[2]6.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[16]

As of the census of 2010, there were 29,752 people, 12,378 households, and 7,936 families residing in the town. There were 13,372 housing units, of which 994, or 7.4%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 95.4% white, 0.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.4% some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races. 1.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[17]

Of the 12,378 households, 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were headed by married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38, and the average family size was 2.89.[17]

In the town, 22.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.6% were from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.[17]

For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $46,979, and the median income for a family was $59,519. Male full-time workers had a median income of $42,948 versus $34,688 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,580. 13.2% of the population and 12.3% of families were below the poverty line. 22.2% of the population under the age of 18 and 8.8% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.[18]

Economy

Major employers in Rochester include Frisbie Memorial Hospital, Albany International, Market Basket, Walmart, Thompson Investment Casting, Spaulding Composites, Rochester Manor, NextPhase Medical Devices, Monarch School of New England, Lydall Performance Materials, Lowe's, Laars Heating Systems, Kohl's, Homemakers & Health Services, The Home Depot, Hannaford, Eastern Propane & Oil, Cornerstone VNA, the City of Rochester, and Rochester School District.[19]

Transportation

Cooperative Alliance for Seacoast Transportation provides local bus service.

Government
Rochester city vote
by party in presidential elections[20]
Year Democratic Republican Third Parties
2016 41.26% 6,267 51.28% 7,789 7.47% 1,134
2012 51.47% 7,493 46.82% 6,816 1.72% 250
2008 54.32% 7,947 44.31% 6,483 1.37% 200
2004 49.58% 6,672 49.48% 6,658 0.94% 126
2000 47.01% 5,401 48.06% 5,522 4.93% 567
1996 52.86% 5,489 35.15% 3,650 11.99% 1,245
1992 40.03% 4,588 37.27% 4,272 22.69% 2,601
1988 39.75% 3,591 59.41% 5,368 0.84% 76
1984 32.37% 2,622 67.38% 5,457 0.25% 20
1980 33.11% 2,566 58.01% 4,495 8.88% 688
1976 48.44% 3,641 50.57% 3,801 0.99% 74
1972 37.87% 2,996 61.41% 4,858 0.72% 57
1968 50.84% 3,703 46.50% 3,387 2.66% 194
1964 68.10% 4,827 31.90% 2,261 0.00% 0
1960 50.35% 3,799 49.65% 3,746 0.00% 0

In the New Hampshire Senate, Rochester is in the 6th District and is currently represented by Republican Jim Gray. On the New Hampshire Executive Council, Rochester is in District 2 and is currently represented by Democrat Andru Volinsky. In the U.S. House of Representatives, Rochester is included in New Hampshire's 1st congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat Chris C. Pappas.

Notable people

Sites of interest

References
  1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  2. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  3. United States Census Bureau, U.S. Census website, 2010 Census figures. Retrieved March 23, 2011
  4. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  5. McDuffee, Franklin. "History of the Town of Rochester New Hampshire from 1722-1890". Retrieved 25 January 2015 – via Wayback Machine.
  6. Martha Fowler, ″The shoemaking history in Rochester: The industry grows,″ Foster’s Daily Democrat, May 21, 2009; http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090521/GJCOMMUNITY04/705219851/0/SEARCH
  7. Martha Fowler, ″One foot at a time: The E. G. & E. Wallace Company,″ Foster′s Daily Democrat, May 18, 2009 http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090518/GJBUSINESS_01/705189994
  8. Martha Fowler, ″The shoemaking history in Rochester: The industry grows,″ Foster′s Daily Democrat, May 21, 2009 http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090521/GJCOMMUNITY04/705219851/0/SEARCH
  9. Scheffer, Bud. "The History of the Rochester Public Library". Rochester Public Library. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  10. Rochester Courier, 21 Nov. 1930 and 20 May 1932
  11. Martha Fowler, ″The history of shoemaking in Rochester: The 20th century,″ Foster′s Daily Democrat, May 28, 2009 http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090528/GJCOMMUNITY04/705289853/0/SEARCH
  12. Martha Fowler, ″The history of shoemaking in Rochester: The 20th century,″ Foster′s Daily Democrat, May 28, 2009 http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090528/GJCOMMUNITY04/705289853/0/SEARCH ; United States Tariff Commission. Footwear for Men and Women: Hubbard Shoe Co., Inc. Rochester, N.H. Report to the President on Worker Investigation No. TEA-W-202 under Section 301(c)(2) of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Washington, D.C. TC Publication 598, August 1973, p. 4. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112105136904;view=1up;seq=1
  13. Boston Globe obituary, 12 Aug. 2012 https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2012/08/11/saul-katz-hubbard-shoe-executive-reinvented-himself-with-rockport-brand/IjAGbAnGnh4Y9x0Ou8q2zJ/story.html ; James A. Phills Jr., ″The Rockport Shoe Company: The Evolution of the Katz Family Business,″ in Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Barry A. Stein, and Todd D. Jick, The Challenge of Organizational Change: How Companies Experience It and Leaders Guide It (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 69
  14. "INDOOR GOLF COURSE TO BE OPENED SATURDAY". Rochester Courier. Rochester, New Hampshire. October 3, 1930. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  15. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001) - Rochester city, New Hampshire". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
  16. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  17. "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Rochester city, New Hampshire". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  18. "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Rochester city, New Hampshire". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  19. Search Results – Rochester, New Hampshire – ReferenceUSA
  20. "Election Results". sos.nh.gov.
  21. Bowdoin College (1902). General Catalogue of Bowdoin College and the Medical School of Maine. Bowdoin College. p. 214.
  22. "Traditional Jazz Series" (PDF). UNH Library. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  23. "FARRINGTON, James, (1791 - 1859)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  24. "New Hampshire Governor Samuel Felker". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  25. "HALE, John Parker, (1806 - 1873)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  26. "HALL, CHARLES FRANCISpublisher= Dictionary of Canadian Biography". Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  27. Chapman, Roger (2010). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 315. ISBN 9780765622501.
  28. Metcalf, Henry Harrison and McClintock, John Norris (1883). The Granite Monthly: A New Hampshire Magazine Devoted to History, Biography, Literature, and State Progress, Volume 7. H.H. Metcalf. p. 362.
  29. 'Manual of the 1995-1996 General Court of New Hampshire, Membership of the Senate, pg. 10
  30. "Mike Whaley: Gagne covets the 'write' stuff". Foster’s Daily Democrat. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  31. "Brandon Rogers". hockeydb.com. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  32. "Rochester Democrat Carol Shea-Porter elected to Congress once again". Foster's Daily Democrat. November 7, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  33. Metcalf, Henry Harrison and McClintock, John Norris (1919). The Granite Monthly: A New Hampshire Magazine Devoted to History, Biography, Literature, and State Progress, Volume 51. H.H. Metcalf. p. 152.
  34. New Hampshire. General Court (1914). Reports, Volume 2. New Hampshire. General Court. p. 289.
  35. Methodist Episcopal Church. New England Conference (1888). Minutes of the ... Session of the New England Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Conference. p. 94.
  36. "UPHAM, Nathaniel, (1774 - 1829)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
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