List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the Court was organized by the 1st United States Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789, which specified its original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the size of the Supreme Court at six, with one chief justice and five associate justices.[1] During the 19th century, Congress changed the size of the Court on seven occasions, concluding with the Judiciary Act of 1869 which stipulates that the Court consists of the chief justice and eight associate justices.[2]

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Nominations to the Supreme Court are considered to be official when the Senate receives a signed nomination letter from the president naming the nominee, which is then entered in the Senate's record. Since 1789, there have been 163 formal nominations (of 144 persons) to the Supreme Court; through 2018, 126 have been confirmed.[3] Of the 37 that were unsuccessful, 11 nominees were rejected in Senate roll-call votes, 11 were withdrawn by the president, and 15 lapsed at the end of a session of Congress. Six of these unsuccessful nominees were subsequently nominated and confirmed to other seats on the Court.[4] Additionally, although confirmed, seven nominees either declined office or (in one instance) died before assuming office.[3]

George Washington holds the record for most Supreme Court nominations, with 14 nominations (12 of which were confirmed). Making the second-most nominations were Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Tyler, with nine each (all nine of Roosevelt's were confirmed, while only one of Tyler's was). Three presidents—William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Jimmy Carter—did not make any nominations, as there were no vacancies while they were in office,[4] and there have not been any vacancies during the current administration of Joe Biden.

An important role in this process is played by the Senate Judiciary Committee, which conducts a comprehensive evaluation of a nominee's background and qualifications before the Senate considers the nomination. Once confirmed to a seat on the Court, justices have life tenure, and so they serve until they die in office, resign or retire, or are impeached and removed from office. Even so, as it requires a separate presidential appointment, an incumbent associate justice who is nominated to be chief justice must undergo the confirmation process again. On rare occasions, presidents have been able to make Supreme Court appointments without the Senate's consent, when the Senate is in recess. Such "recess appointments", however, are temporary, expiring at the end of the Senate's next session. Presidents have made recess appointments on 12 occasions, most recently in 1958.[4]

Summary of table

The table below lists all persons nominated for a seat on the Supreme Court since 1789, in chronological order by date of nomination, along with the actions taken by the president and the Senate on those nominations. Specifically, the table lists the following for each Supreme Court nomination:

  • name of each nominee, and their age at the time of nomination;
  • name of the president who made the nomination, and their political party affiliation;
  • name of the justice whose departure created the vacancy (the column sorts so as to show the person-to-person succession of judges since 1789);
  • majority party in the Senate at the time of the nomination;
  • date on which the president formally made the nomination, by signing a nomination message;
  • outcome, the type and date of final action by the Senate, or of a nomination's withdrawal by the President;
  • numbers of days that elapsed from the date a nomination was formally submitted until the date of final Senate action or of the nomination's withdrawal.

The following final results of the nomination process are tracked:

  1. confirmed  nominations confirmed by the Senate (including those of persons who subsequently declined to serve, or who died before taking office);
  2. withdrawn  nominations withdrawn by the president prior to a confirmation vote;
  3. rejected  nominations rejected by the Senate;
  4. lapsed  nominations that lapsed at the end of a session of Congress without a Senate vote cast on whether to confirm (including nominations that were postponed or tabled by the Senate that were not given further consideration).

Additionally, where the final Senate action on a nomination was a roll-call vote (as opposed to a voice vote or unanimous consent), the totals for and against are noted.

In listing all persons ever nominated to the Supreme Court, the table includes the names of those who were not confirmed as well as those who were confirmed but did not assume office. For a list solely of the 114 individuals who assumed office and served on the Court, see List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. Not included in the table are intended nominees, announced presidential selections whose names were withdrawn prior to being submitted to the Senate,[upper-alpha 1] as such persons were never officially nominated to the Court.

Nominations

Nominee Nominated by Succession Nomination
NameAgePresidentPartyJusticeMajority
party
Date
submitted
Outcome (vote)
and date
ND
John Jay43WashingtonNoneInauguralPro AdminSep. 24, 1789confirmed
Sep. 26, 1789
2
John Rutledge50WashingtonNoneInauguralPro AdminSep. 24, 1789confirmed
Sep. 26, 1789
2
William Cushing57WashingtonNoneInauguralPro AdminSep. 24, 1789confirmed
Sep. 26, 1789
2
James Wilson47WashingtonNoneInauguralPro AdminSep. 24, 1789confirmed
Sep. 26, 1789
2
John Blair Jr.57WashingtonNoneInauguralPro AdminSep. 24, 1789confirmed
Sep. 26, 1789
2
Robert H. Harrison44WashingtonNoneInauguralPro AdminSep. 24, 1789confirmed[upper-alpha 2]
Sep. 26, 1789
2
James Iredell38WashingtonNoneInauguralPro AdminFeb. 8, 1790confirmed
Feb. 10, 1790
2
Thomas Johnson[upper-alpha 3]58WashingtonNoneJ. RutledgePro AdminOct. 31, 1791confirmed
Nov. 7, 1791
7
William Paterson47WashingtonNoneT. JohnsonPro AdminFeb. 27, 1793withdrawn
Feb. 28, 1793
1
William Paterson47WashingtonNoneT. JohnsonPro AdminMar. 4, 1793confirmed
Mar. 4, 1793
0
John Rutledge[upper-alpha 3]56WashingtonNoneJayFederalistDec. 10, 1795rejected (10–14)[upper-alpha 4]
Dec. 15, 1795
5
William Cushing[upper-alpha 5]63WashingtonNoneRutledgeFederalistJan. 26, 1796confirmed[upper-alpha 6]
Jan. 27, 1796
1
Samuel Chase54WashingtonNoneBlairFederalistJan. 26, 1796confirmed
Jan. 27, 1796
1
Oliver Ellsworth50WashingtonNoneRutledgeFederalistMar. 3, 1796confirmed (21–1)
Mar. 4, 1796
1
Bushrod Washington[upper-alpha 3]36J. AdamsFederalistWilsonFederalistDec. 19, 1798confirmed
Dec. 20, 1798
1
Alfred Moore44J. AdamsFederalistIredellFederalistDec. 4, 1799confirmed
Dec. 10, 1799
6
John Jay55J. AdamsFederalistEllsworthFederalistDec. 18, 1800confirmed[upper-alpha 2]
Dec. 19, 1800
1
John Marshall45J. AdamsFederalistEllsworthFederalistJan. 20, 1801confirmed
Jan. 27, 1801
7
William Johnson32JeffersonDem-RepMooreDem-RepMar. 22, 1804confirmed
Mar. 24, 1804
2
Henry B. Livingston[upper-alpha 3]49JeffersonDem-RepPatersonDem-RepDec. 13, 1806confirmed
Dec. 17, 1806
4
Thomas Todd42JeffersonDem-Repnew seatDem-RepFeb. 28, 1807confirmed
Mar. 2, 1807
2
Levi Lincoln Sr.61MadisonDem-RepW. CushingDem-RepJan. 2, 1811confirmed[upper-alpha 2]
Jan. 3, 1811
1
Alexander Wolcott52MadisonDem-RepW. CushingDem-RepFeb. 4, 1811rejected (9–24)
Feb. 13, 1811
9
John Quincy Adams43MadisonDem-RepW. CushingDem-RepFeb. 21, 1811confirmed[upper-alpha 2]
Feb. 22, 1811
1
Joseph Story32MadisonDem-RepW. CushingDem-RepNov. 15, 1811confirmed
Nov. 18, 1811
3
Gabriel Duvall58MadisonDem-RepS. ChaseDem-RepNov. 15, 1811confirmed
Nov. 18, 1811
3
Smith Thompson[upper-alpha 3]55MonroeDem-RepLivingstonDem-RepDec. 5, 1823confirmed
Dec. 9, 1823
4
Robert Trimble49J. Q. AdamsRep (A-C)[upper-alpha 7]ToddRep (J–C)[upper-alpha 7]Apr. 11, 1826confirmed (27–5)
May 9, 1826
28
John J. Crittenden41J. Q. AdamsRep (A-C)TrimbleRep (J-C)Dec. 17, 1828postponed
57[upper-alpha 8]
John McLean43JacksonDemocraticTrimbleDemocraticMar. 6, 1829confirmed
Mar. 7, 1829
1
Henry Baldwin49JacksonDemocraticWashingtonDemocraticJan. 4, 1830confirmed (41–2)
Jan. 6, 1830
2
James Moore Wayne57JacksonDemocraticW. JohnsonNatl RepJan. 6, 1835confirmed
Jan. 9, 1835
3
Roger B. Taney57JacksonDemocraticDuvallNatl RepJan. 15, 1835postponed
47[upper-alpha 8]
Roger B. Taney58JacksonDemocraticMarshallDemocraticDec. 28, 1835confirmed (29–15)
Mar. 15, 1836
78
Philip P. Barbour52JacksonDemocraticDuvallDemocraticDec. 28, 1835confirmed (30–11)
Mar. 15, 1836
78
John Catron51JacksonDemocraticnew seatDemocraticMar. 3, 1837confirmed (28–15)
Mar. 8, 1837
5
William Smith74JacksonDemocraticnew seatDemocraticMar. 3, 1837confirmed[upper-alpha 2] (23–18)
Mar. 8, 1837
5
John McKinley[upper-alpha 3]57Van BurenDemocraticnew seatDemocraticSep. 18, 1837confirmed
Sep. 25, 1837
7
Peter Vivian Daniel56Van BurenDemocraticBarbourDemocraticFeb. 26, 1841confirmed (25–5)
Mar. 2, 1841
4
John C. Spencer56TylerNoneThompsonWhigJan. 8, 1844rejected (21–26)
Jan. 31, 1844
23
Reuben Walworth55TylerNoneThompsonWhigMar. 13, 1844withdrawn
June 17, 1844
96
Edward King50TylerNoneBaldwinWhigJune 5, 1844postponed
10[upper-alpha 8]
John C. Spencer56TylerNoneThompsonWhigJune 17, 1844withdrawn
June 17, 1844
0
Reuben Walworth55TylerNoneThompsonWhigJune 17, 1844lapsed
999N/A
Reuben Walworth56TylerNoneThompsonWhigDec. 4, 1844withdrawn
Feb. 6, 1845
64
Edward King50TylerNoneBaldwinWhigDec. 4, 1844withdrawn
Feb. 8, 1845
66
Samuel Nelson52TylerNoneThompsonWhigFeb. 4, 1845confirmed
Feb. 14, 1845
10
John M. Read47TylerNoneBaldwinWhigFeb. 7, 1845lapsed
999N/A
George Woodward36PolkDemocraticBaldwinDemocraticDec. 23, 1845rejected (20–29)
Jan. 22, 1846
30
Levi Woodbury[upper-alpha 3]56PolkDemocraticStoryDemocraticDec. 23, 1845confirmed
Jan. 3, 1846
11
Robert Cooper Grier52PolkDemocraticBaldwinDemocraticAug. 3, 1846confirmed
Aug. 4, 1846
1
Benjamin R. Curtis[upper-alpha 3]42FillmoreWhigWoodburyDemocraticDec. 11, 1851confirmed
Dec. 23, 1851
12
Edward A. Bradford38FillmoreWhigMcKinleyDemocraticAug. 16, 1852lapsed
999N/A
George E. Badger57FillmoreWhigMcKinleyDemocraticJan. 3, 1853withdrawn
Feb. 14, 1853
43
William C. Micou46FillmoreWhigMcKinleyDemocraticFeb. 14, 1853lapsed
999N/A
John A. Campbell41PierceDemocraticMcKinleyDemocraticMar. 21, 1853confirmed
Mar. 22, 1853
1
Nathan Clifford54BuchananDemocraticCurtisDemocraticDec. 9, 1857confirmed (26–23)
Jan. 12, 1858
34
Jeremiah S. Black51BuchananDemocraticDanielDemocraticFeb. 5, 1861lapsed
999N/A
Noah Haynes Swayne57LincolnRepublicanMcLeanRepublicanJan. 21, 1862confirmed (38–1)
Jan. 24, 1862
3
Samuel Freeman Miller46LincolnRepublicanDanielRepublicanJuly 16, 1862confirmed
July 16, 1862
0
David Davis[upper-alpha 3]47LincolnRepublicanCampbellRepublicanDec. 1, 1862confirmed
Dec. 8, 1862
7
Stephen Johnson Field46LincolnRepublicannew seatRepublicanMar. 6, 1863confirmed
Mar. 10, 1863
4
Salmon P. Chase56LincolnRepublicanTaneyRepublicanDec. 6, 1864confirmed
Dec. 6, 1864
0
Henry Stanbery63A. JohnsonNatl UnionCatronRepublicanApr. 16, 1866lapsed[upper-alpha 9]
999N/A
Ebenezer R. Hoar53GrantRepublicannew seatRepublicanDec. 14, 1869rejected (24–33)
Feb. 3, 1870
51
Edwin Stanton55GrantRepublicanGrierRepublicanDec. 20, 1869confirmed[upper-alpha 10] (46–11)
Dec. 20, 1869
0
William Strong61GrantRepublicanGrierRepublicanFeb. 7, 1870confirmed
Feb. 18, 1870
11
Joseph P. Bradley56GrantRepublicannew seatRepublicanFeb. 7, 1870confirmed (46–9)
Mar. 21, 1870
42
Ward Hunt62GrantRepublicanNelsonRepublicanDec. 3, 1872confirmed
Dec. 11, 1872
8
George Henry Williams50GrantRepublicanS. P. ChaseRepublicanDec. 1, 1873withdrawn
Jan. 8, 1874
38
Caleb Cushing73GrantRepublicanS. P. ChaseRepublicanJan. 9, 1874withdrawn
Jan. 13, 1874
4
Morrison Waite57GrantRepublicanS. P. ChaseRepublicanJan. 19, 1874confirmed (63–0)
Jan. 21, 1874
2
John Marshall Harlan44HayesRepublicanDavisRepublicanOct. 16, 1877confirmed
Nov. 29, 1877
44
William Burnham Woods56HayesRepublicanStrongDemocraticDec. 15, 1880confirmed (39–8)
Dec. 21, 1880
6
Stanley Matthews56HayesRepublicanSwayneDemocraticJan. 26, 1881lapsed
999N/A
Stanley Matthews56GarfieldRepublicanSwayneSplitMar. 14, 1881confirmed (24–23)
May 12, 1881
59
Horace Gray53ArthurRepublicanCliffordSplitDec. 19, 1881confirmed (51–5)
Dec. 20, 1881
1
Roscoe Conkling52ArthurRepublicanHuntSplitFeb. 24, 1882confirmed[upper-alpha 2] (39–12)
Mar. 2, 1882
6
Samuel Blatchford62ArthurRepublicanHuntSplitMar. 13, 1882confirmed
Mar. 22, 1882
9
Lucius Q. C. Lamar II62ClevelandDemocraticWoodsRepublicanDec. 6, 1887confirmed (32–28)
Jan. 16, 1888
41
Melville Fuller55ClevelandDemocraticWaiteRepublicanApr. 30, 1888confirmed (41–20)
July 20, 1888
81
David Josiah Brewer52B. HarrisonRepublicanMatthewsRepublicanDec. 4, 1889confirmed (53–11)
Dec. 18, 1889
14
Henry Billings Brown54B. HarrisonRepublicanMillerRepublicanDec. 23, 1890confirmed
Dec. 29, 1890
6
George Shiras Jr.60B. HarrisonRepublicanBradleyRepublicanJuly 19, 1892confirmed
July 26, 1892
7
Howell E. Jackson60B. HarrisonRepublicanL. LamarRepublicanFeb. 2, 1893confirmed
Feb. 18, 1893
16
William B. Hornblower42ClevelandDemocraticBlatchfordDemocraticSep. 19, 1893lapsed
999N/A
William B. Hornblower42ClevelandDemocraticBlatchfordDemocraticDec. 5, 1893rejected (24–30)
Jan. 15, 1894
41
Wheeler H. Peckham61ClevelandDemocraticBlatchfordDemocraticJan. 22, 1894rejected (32–41)
Feb. 16, 1894
25
Edward D. White48ClevelandDemocraticBlatchfordDemocraticFeb. 19, 1894confirmed
Feb. 19, 1894
0
Rufus W. Peckham57ClevelandDemocraticH. JacksonRepublicanDec. 3, 1895confirmed
Dec. 9, 1895
6
Joseph McKenna54McKinleyRepublicanFieldRepublicanDec. 16, 1897confirmed
Jan. 21, 1898
36
Oliver W. Holmes Jr.61T. RooseveltRepublicanGrayRepublicanDec. 2, 1902confirmed
Dec. 4, 1902
2
William R. Day53T. RooseveltRepublicanShirasRepublicanFeb. 19, 1903confirmed
Feb. 23, 1903
4
William Henry Moody52T. RooseveltRepublicanBrownRepublicanDec. 3, 1906confirmed
Dec. 12, 1906
9
Horace Harmon Lurton65TaftRepublicanR. PeckhamRepublicanDec. 13, 1909confirmed
Dec. 20, 1909
7
Charles Evans Hughes48TaftRepublicanBrewerRepublicanApr. 25, 1910confirmed
May 2, 1910
7
Edward D. White[upper-alpha 5]65TaftRepublicanFullerRepublicanDec. 12, 1910confirmed
Dec. 12, 1910
0
Willis Van Devanter51TaftRepublicanE. D. WhiteRepublicanDec. 12, 1910confirmed
Dec. 15, 1910
3
Joseph Rucker Lamar53TaftRepublicanMoodyRepublicanDec. 12, 1910confirmed
Dec. 15, 1910
3
Mahlon Pitney54TaftRepublicanJ. HarlanRepublicanFeb. 19, 1912confirmed (50–26)
Mar. 13, 1912
23
James C. McReynolds52WilsonDemocraticLurtonDemocraticAug. 19, 1914confirmed (44–6)
Aug. 29, 1914
10
Louis Brandeis59WilsonDemocraticJ. LamarDemocraticJan. 28, 1916confirmed (47–22)
June 1, 1916
125
John Hessin Clarke58WilsonDemocraticHughesDemocraticJuly 14, 1916confirmed
July 24, 1916
10
William Howard Taft63HardingRepublicanE. D. WhiteRepublicanJune 30, 1921confirmed
June 30, 1921
0
George Sutherland60HardingRepublicanClarkeRepublicanSep. 5, 1922confirmed
Sep. 5, 1922
0
Pierce Butler56HardingRepublicanDayRepublicanNov. 21, 1922lapsed
999N/A
Pierce Butler56HardingRepublicanDayRepublicanDec. 5, 1922confirmed (61–8)
Dec. 21, 1922
16
Edward Terry Sanford57HardingRepublicanPitneyRepublicanJan. 24, 1923confirmed
Jan. 29, 1923
5
Harlan F. Stone52CoolidgeRepublicanMcKennaRepublicanJan. 5, 1925confirmed (71–6)
Feb. 5, 1925
31
Charles Evans Hughes67HooverRepublicanTaftRepublicanFeb. 3, 1930confirmed (52–26)
Feb. 13, 1930
10
John J. Parker44HooverRepublicanSanfordRepublicanMar. 21, 1930rejected (39–41)
May 7, 1930
47
Owen Roberts55HooverRepublicanSanfordRepublicanMay 9, 1930confirmed
May 20, 1930
11
Benjamin N. Cardozo61HooverRepublicanHolmesRepublicanFeb. 15, 1932confirmed
Feb. 24, 1932
9
Hugo Black51F. D. RooseveltDemocraticVan DevanterDemocraticAug. 12, 1937[upper-alpha 11]confirmed (63–16)
Aug. 17, 1937
5
Stanley Forman Reed53F. D. RooseveltDemocraticSutherlandDemocraticJan. 15, 1938confirmed
Jan. 25, 1938
10
Felix Frankfurter56F. D. RooseveltDemocraticCardozoDemocraticJan. 5, 1939confirmed
Jan. 17, 1939
12
William O. Douglas40F. D. RooseveltDemocraticBrandeisDemocraticMar. 20, 1939confirmed (62–4)
Apr. 4, 1939
15
Frank Murphy49F. D. RooseveltDemocraticButlerDemocraticJan. 4, 1940confirmed
Jan. 16, 1940
14
Harlan F. Stone[upper-alpha 5]68F. D. RooseveltDemocraticHughesDemocraticJune 12, 1941confirmed
June 27, 1941
15
James F. Byrnes59F. D. RooseveltDemocraticMcReynoldsDemocraticJune 12, 1941confirmed
June 12, 1941
0
Robert H. Jackson49F. D. RooseveltDemocraticStoneDemocraticJune 12, 1941confirmed
July 7, 1941
25
Wiley Blount Rutledge48F. D. RooseveltDemocraticByrnesDemocraticJan. 11, 1943confirmed
Feb. 8, 1943
28
Harold Hitz Burton57TrumanDemocraticO. RobertsDemocraticSep. 19, 1945confirmed
Sep. 19, 1945
0
Fred M. Vinson56TrumanDemocraticStoneDemocraticJune 6, 1946confirmed
June 20, 1946
14
Tom C. Clark49TrumanDemocraticMurphyDemocraticAug. 2, 1949confirmed (73–8)
Aug. 18, 1949
16
Sherman Minton58TrumanDemocraticW. RutledgeDemocraticSep. 15, 1949confirmed (48–16)
Oct. 4, 1949
19
Earl Warren[upper-alpha 3]62EisenhowerRepublicanVinsonRepublicanJan. 11, 1954confirmed
Mar. 1, 1954
49
John Marshall Harlan II55EisenhowerRepublicanR. JacksonRepublicanNov. 9, 1954lapsed
999N/A
John Marshall Harlan II55EisenhowerRepublicanR. JacksonDemocraticJan. 10, 1955confirmed (71–11)
Mar. 16, 1955
65
William J. Brennan Jr.[upper-alpha 3]50EisenhowerRepublicanMintonDemocraticJan. 14, 1957confirmed
Mar. 19, 1957
64
Charles Evans Whittaker56EisenhowerRepublicanReedDemocraticMar. 2, 1957confirmed
Mar. 19, 1957
17
Potter Stewart[upper-alpha 3]43EisenhowerRepublicanBurtonDemocraticJan. 17, 1959confirmed (70–17)
May 5, 1959
108
Byron White44KennedyDemocraticWhittakerDemocraticApr. 3, 1962confirmed
Apr. 11, 1962
8
Arthur Goldberg54KennedyDemocraticFrankfurterDemocraticAug. 31, 1962confirmed
Sep. 25, 1962
25
Abe Fortas55L. JohnsonDemocraticGoldbergDemocraticJuly 28, 1965confirmed
Aug. 11, 1965
14
Thurgood Marshall58L. JohnsonDemocraticClarkDemocraticJune 13, 1967confirmed (69–11)
Aug. 30, 1967
78
Abe Fortas[upper-alpha 5]58L. JohnsonDemocraticWarrenDemocraticJune 26, 1968withdrawn[upper-alpha 12]
Oct. 2, 1968
98
Homer Thornberry59L. JohnsonDemocraticFortasDemocraticJune 26, 1968withdrawn
Oct. 2, 1968
98
Warren E. Burger61NixonRepublicanWarrenDemocraticMay 23, 1969confirmed (74–3)
June 9, 1969
17
Clement Haynsworth56NixonRepublicanFortasDemocraticAug. 21, 1969rejected (45–55)
Nov. 21, 1969
92
G. Harrold Carswell50NixonRepublicanFortasDemocraticJan. 19, 1970rejected (45–51)
Apr. 8, 1970
79
Harry Blackmun61NixonRepublicanFortasDemocraticApr. 15, 1970confirmed (94–0)
May 12, 1970
27
Lewis F. Powell Jr.64NixonRepublicanH. BlackDemocraticOct. 22, 1971confirmed (89–1)
Dec. 6, 1971
45
William Rehnquist47NixonRepublicanJ. Harlan IIDemocraticOct. 22, 1971confirmed (68–26)
Dec. 10, 1971
49
John Paul Stevens55FordRepublicanDouglasDemocraticNov. 28, 1975confirmed (98–0)
Dec. 17, 1975
19
Sandra Day O'Connor51ReaganRepublicanStewartRepublicanAug. 19, 1981confirmed (99–0)
Sep. 21, 1981
33
William Rehnquist[upper-alpha 5]61ReaganRepublicanBurgerRepublicanJune 20, 1986confirmed (65–33)
Sep. 17, 1986
89
Antonin Scalia50ReaganRepublicanRehnquistRepublicanJune 24, 1986confirmed (98–0)
Sep. 17, 1986
85
Robert Bork60ReaganRepublicanPowellDemocraticJuly 1, 1987rejected (42–58)
Oct. 23, 1987
114
Anthony Kennedy51ReaganRepublicanPowellDemocraticNov. 30, 1987confirmed (97–0)
Feb. 3, 1988
65
David Souter50G. H. W. BushRepublicanBrennanDemocraticJuly 25, 1990confirmed (90–9)
Oct. 2, 1990
69
Clarence Thomas43G. H. W. BushRepublicanT. MarshallDemocraticJuly 8, 1991confirmed (52–48)
Oct. 15, 1991
99
Ruth Bader Ginsburg60ClintonDemocraticB. WhiteDemocraticJune 22, 1993confirmed (96–3)
Aug. 3, 1993
42
Stephen Breyer55ClintonDemocraticBlackmunDemocraticMay 17, 1994confirmed (87–9)
July 29, 1994
73
John Roberts50G. W. BushRepublicanO'ConnorRepublicanJuly 29, 2005withdrawn
Sep. 6, 2005
39
John Roberts50G. W. BushRepublicanRehnquistRepublicanSep. 6, 2005confirmed (78–22)
Sep. 29, 2005
23
Harriet Miers60G. W. BushRepublicanO'ConnorRepublicanOct. 7, 2005withdrawn
Oct. 28, 2005
21
Samuel Alito55G. W. BushRepublicanO'ConnorRepublicanNov. 10, 2005confirmed (58–42)
Jan. 31, 2006
82
Sonia Sotomayor54ObamaDemocraticSouterDemocraticJune 1, 2009confirmed (68–31)
Aug. 6, 2009
66
Elena Kagan50ObamaDemocraticStevensDemocraticMay 10, 2010confirmed (63–37)
Aug. 5, 2010
87
Merrick Garland63ObamaDemocraticScaliaRepublicanMar. 16, 2016lapsed
999293
Neil Gorsuch49TrumpRepublicanScaliaRepublicanFeb. 1, 2017confirmed (54–45)
Apr. 7, 2017
65
Brett Kavanaugh53TrumpRepublicanKennedyRepublicanJuly 10, 2018confirmed (50–48)
Oct. 6, 2018
88
Amy Coney Barrett48TrumpRepublicanGinsburgRepublicanSep. 29, 2020confirmed (52–48)
Oct. 26, 2020
27
NameAgePresidentPartyJusticeMajority
party
Date
submitted
Outcome (vote)
and date
ND
     Sources: [3][4][5]

See also

Notes

  1. Such as Ronald Reagan's October 1987 selection of Douglas H. Ginsburg to be associate justice (in the aftermath of the Senate's rejection of the nomination of Robert Bork), which was withdrawn before being conveyed to the Senate.
  2. Declined to serve.
  3. Nominee was serving on the Court under a recess appointment when the nomination was made.
  4. This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.[4]
  5. Incumbent associate justice nominated for chief justice. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.
  6. Declined and continued to serve as an associate justice.
  7. The political allies of Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford held a majority in the Senate over the allies of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay throughout Adams' presidency.
  8. Senate voted to postpone taking action on this nomination, effectively eliminating any prospect of confirmation. The number of days elapsed is measured from date the president formally made the nomination to the date of the action to postpone.
  9. On July 23, 1866, Andrew Johnson signed the Judicial Circuits Act into law. The Act, which provided for the gradual elimination of several seats on the Supreme Court, effectively voided Stanbery's nomination, and ultimately denied Johnson the opportunity of placing any justices on the Supreme Court.
  10. Died prior to becoming a member of the Court.
  11. Franklin D. Roosevelt's letter of nomination for Hugo Black was undated. August 12, 1937 is the date that letter was received in the Senate.
  12. Continued to serve as an associate justice.

References

  1. "Landmark Legislation: Judiciary Act of 1789". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  2. "Landmark Legislation: Circuit Judgeships". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  3. "Supreme Court Nominations: present–1789". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  4. McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  5. "Party Division". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
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