MacArthur Maze

The MacArthur Maze[1][2][3] (or simply the Maze, also called the Distribution Structure[4]) is a large freeway interchange near the east end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in Oakland, California. It splits Bay Bridge traffic into three freeways—the Eastshore (I-80/I-580), MacArthur (I-580) and Nimitz (I-880).[5]

MacArthur Maze
MacArthur Interchange
Distribution Structure
Aerial view of the MacArthur Maze (early 1970s, prior to post-Loma Prieta rebuild); I-80 is the short curved segment in the upper left corner; I-580 runs east-west (left-right) through the center of the photograph, crossing the Southern Pacific tracks running north-south; and I-880 curves south onto the Cypress Street Viaduct at the bottom.
Location
North Oakland, California
Coordinates37°49′38″N 122°17′28″W
Roads at
junction		 I-80

I-580

I-880
Construction
Maintained byCaltrans

Description

San Francisco Bay Area traffic funnels across the few bridges spanning the bay, so the Maze's central location near the east end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge makes it a hub for east–west and north–south traffic accessing San Francisco and Oakland. It is also next to the Port of Oakland, the fourth busiest container port in the United States.[6]

The four freeways intersecting at this interchange are:

Local traffic using the interchange includes East Bay commuters to and from San Francisco via the Bay Bridge, as well as drivers traveling up and down the East Bay. For long distance traffic accessing other parts of the country, I-80 is the primary Interstate Highway for points east. Although Interstate 5, the main north–south Interstate Highway on the West Coast of the United States, bypasses the Bay Area to the east, connections are provided to the Maze via I-505 and I-80 from the north, and I-580 to the south. Furthermore, drivers on US 101 who want to bypass San Francisco can use I-880 from San Jose to the Maze, and then I-580 across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge.

Despite the interchange's size, it does not permit complete freedom of movement. Drivers approaching the Maze on I-880 from the south cannot directly access I-580 east, nor can drivers on I-580 from the east directly access I-880 south.

CA 24/I-980/I-580

The MacArthur Maze is sometimes considered to include or instead refer to the four-level stack interchange completed in 1985 between California State Route 24, Interstate 980, and Interstate 580, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the East Bay Distribution Structure,[5][7] which allows full freedom of movement, unlike the MacArthur Maze, and is often used (in conjunction with I-980's southern terminus at I-880) for the Maze's missing movements. The Distribution Structure properly refers to the interchange between I-80, 580, and 880 described here, which was completed in 1936 as part of the eastern approach to the Bay Bridge.[8]

History
Original 1936 configuration

The maze was constructed along with the Bay Bridge in the 1930s; construction of the Distribution Structure itself started on April 8, 1934.[9][10] Although the official name was the East Bay Distribution Structure, the media and public nicknamed it the "Maze" as early as 1939.[11] The site, wholly contained within the city of Oakland, was chosen as it was a key point where tracks from the Southern Pacific, Santa Fe, and Key System railroads intersected.[9] The first configuration was relatively simple: westbound traffic from 38th St (later MacArthur Blvd) merged with northbound traffic from Cypress St and crossed above the Southern Pacific tracks, then split into ramps north to the Eastshore Highway (US 40) and west to the Bay Bridge. A parallel set of ramps handled eastward/southward traffic.[12] Film footage of the early Maze can be seen in the 1941 movie Shadow of the Thin Man, as Nick and Nora Charles drive off the Bay Bridge on their way to Golden Gate Fields in Albany.

In the original 1936 configuration, traffic flows had to weave for approximately 550 feet (170 m); a third level was completed on October 24, 1955, separating traffic between MacArthur and the Bay Bridge from the north–south traffic between Cypress and the Eastshore Highway.[13] The enlargement to the Maze was consonant with plans already underway to build the double-deck Cypress Viaduct (which was later incorporated into the Nimitz Freeway, I-880). In addition, MacArthur Blvd was planned to be expanded into a freeway (the MacArthur Freeway, I-580).[13][14] The nickname "MacArthur" Maze originated sometime after the completion of the MacArthur Freeway in the early 1960s.

View of the Maze from the Berkeley Hills

Another round of extensive re-engineering followed the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, including the addition of diamond lane ramps and a huge girder flyover connecting the relocated northbound Nimitz with the northbound Eastshore Freeway (which is technically I-80 eastbound and I-580 westbound). The original 1936 ramps were removed during this 1990s construction. Reinforcements were completed in 2001-2002.

1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
Portion of the collapsed Cypress Viaduct over 32nd Street in Oakland following the Loma Prieta earthquake

During the 6.9 Mw  Loma Prieta earthquake, the double-decked Cypress Street Viaduct on I-880 between I-80 and the 14th Street exit collapsed, crushing cars and killing 42 people. Traffic on the MacArthur Maze headed towards I-880 was re-routed to I-580 and I-980, and ramps at both ends of the viaduct leading to the former Cypress Structure were temporarily signed for local traffic access to Cypress Street.

The Cypress Street Viaduct was demolished soon after the earthquake, but a replacement freeway wasn't opened until July 1997, due to lawsuits by environmentalists and local residents. A second connection to the Maze, known as the East Bay Viaduct, opened in 1998 but due to safety concerns, as well as ongoing retrofitting on the eastern I-580 connector, the structure was not fully rebuilt until 2001 (though a connection northwest to the Bay Bridge along the alignment of the old Grand Avenue Viaduct was built in 1995). The replacement sections of the Nimitz Freeway dispensed with the double-deck design. It was built near the Union Pacific railway tracks around the outskirts of West Oakland, rather than bisecting that neighborhood as the Cypress Viaduct had. Cypress Street, which ran on each side of the old double-deck highway, is now a landscaped parkway and has been renamed Mandela Parkway. In 2007 Mandela Parkway was linked at its north end with the west end of Yerba Buena Avenue, creating a new through route into Emeryville.

2007 I-580 East Connector collapse
A portion of Interstate 580 following the collapse.

At 3:42 am on Sunday, April 29, 2007, a tank truck carrying 8,600 gallons (32,500 liters) of unleaded gasoline overturned on the connector from Interstate 80 west (from Berkeley) to Interstate 880 south.[15] The intense heat from the subsequent fuel spill and fire weakened the steel structure of the roadway above, which served as the connecting ramp from Interstate 80 east (from San Francisco) to Interstate 580 east (to Oakland), collapsing approximately 168 feet (50 m)[16] of it onto the lower connector. The truck driver involved suffered second degree burns on his hands but was nonetheless able to walk 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to a gas station, where he found a taxi and was given a ride to Oakland Kaiser Medical Center.[17] No other vehicles or persons were reported to be involved in the accident.

The California Highway Patrol (CHP) initially reported that they suspected that the tanker had been speeding and bounced off a guard rail, leading to the overturn.[18] The driver was found to have a clean record the preceding decade; drug or alcohol use was determined not to be a factor in the accident.[19]

The collapse of this bridge cut off the return route from San Francisco for many East Bay commuters (primarily those whose destinations are Walnut Creek and southeastern Oakland). To help ease the expected traffic snarl, Caltrans set up temporary detours within the days following the incident, Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) added additional capacity to lines serving areas that had been impacted by the incident, and on Monday April 30, all public transportation in the Bay Area was free, with the estimated cost of $2.5 million paid out of state funds. News commentators have pointed out the similarities to the disruption caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake 18 years earlier. While there was some serious congestion on the detour routes,[20] the expected traffic jams and long delays did not fully materialize.[21] This was possibly due to commuters switching to alternate transit options, indicated by BART posting record ridership numbers during that time.[21]

Rebuilding

Caltrans spokespersons estimated immediately after the accident that it would take weeks to clear the debris from the scene and months to rebuild the affected sections. Initial cost projections for rebuilding the I-580 connector alone reached $10 million. However, due to the urgency to reopen such a vital highway link the project was expedited,[22] and most demolition work and debris removal was completed by the Tuesday following the accident.[18] For a historic comparison, Caltrans did successfully replace a single damaged upper deck panel of the Bay Bridge (after the Loma Prieta earthquake) and the collapsed portion of the I-10 Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles (after the Northridge earthquake) in roughly one month by expediting its internal approval process and offering an incentive program for the contractors.

On May 7, 2007, the I-880 connector reopened at 4:30 am to traffic. Substantial work was done to retrofit the strength of the structure, which had sunk 9 inches (230 mm) due to the collapse of the I-580 connector onto the I-880 connector.[23]

The connector during reconstruction work.

A contractor with a proven track record of rebuilding damaged freeways (most notably the Santa Monica Freeway after the 1994 Northridge earthquake) well ahead of schedule, C. C. Myers, Inc., submitted a winning bid of $876,075 to repair the damage to the I-580 connector. The bid was estimated to cover only one-third of the cost of the work, but the firm counted on making up the shortfall with an incentive of $200,000 per day if the work was completed before June 27, 2007.[24]

On the evening of Thursday, May 24, the I-580 connector re-opened, just before the busy Memorial Day weekend. The deadline to finish the project was beaten by over a month, with the contractor earning the $5 million bonus for early completion.[25] The entire reconstruction project was completed only 26 days after the original accident.

A state projection concluded that the connector collapse had cost $90 million, based on a $6 million per day economic impact estimate. This includes a $491,000 loss in toll revenue for the Oakland Bay Bridge.[26]

On May 25, 2007, the CHP revoked the license for transporting hazardous materials from Sabek Transportation, the owner of the tank truck, after an investigation found 36 violations of its operations and equipment.[27]

References
  1. "Caltrans plans I-80-580 lane closures for MacArthur maze work". Contra Costa Times. July 12, 2013.
  2. "Maze Collapse News". Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area). Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014. The 580 connector ramp at the MacArthur Maze reopened Thursday evening
  3. "Tanker fire destroys part of MacArthur Maze / 2 freeways closed near Bay Bridge". SFGate.com. April 29, 2007.
  4. "Emeryville Comes of Age – 1930s to 1960s". City of Emeryville. Retrieved February 1, 2014. These roads diverged east of the bridge in a tangle of ramps and overpasses just south of the Emeryville border officially called the 'Distribution Structure', but commonly known as the 'Maze'. After MacArthur Boulevard was built to carry U.S. 50 across Oakland, it became known as the MacArthur Maze
  5. Mara, Janis (December 24, 2009). "MacArthur Maze a testament to Bay Area vision, resilience". Contra Costa Times. Retrieved January 31, 2014. It's the infamous MacArthur Maze, the freeway interchange near the eastern end of the Bay Bridge where Interstate highways 80, 580 and 880 converge
  6. Port of Oakland Website Archived June 15, 2003, at the Wayback Machine
  7. Markowitz, Joel (September 1996). "14: Regional Transportation Response". Scenario for a Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake on the Hayward Fault (Report). Oakland, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. p. 95. ISBN 0-943198-55-0. Retrieved January 15, 2019. Looking north from the distribution structure at the east end of the Bay Bridge through Emeryville to Berkeley, Interstate 80 is right on the Bay margin; you can't get much more marginal than that (figure 14-1). Approaching the Bay Bridge itself, you see again how vulnerable this area is; it sustained damage in the Loma Prieta earthquake and certainly will be more seriously damaged in the Hayward earthquake. And ever since Loma Prieta and the loss of the Cypress structure, the 24–580–980 interchange (the MacArthur Maze) is the absolute hub of road transportation in the East Bay, and even the central Bay Area. In the absence of the Cypress structure, all freeway traffic, both north-south and east-west, must go through the Maze. It's absolutely critical for the recovery effort, but you can expect that it is not going to survive completely intact.
  8. Chung, Paul; Speer, Daniel; Franklin, Aaron; Wahbveh, Mazen; Pohll, Martin; Masroor, Tariq; Wang, Linan; Soin, Peter; Ibrahim, Ahmed M.M.; Nguyen-Tan, Don; Ma, Jim; Pope, Mike (August 2008). Accelerated Bridge Construction Applications in California: A Lessons Learned Report (PDF) (Report). Caltrans – Engineering Services. Retrieved January 15, 2019. Located just east of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (hereinafter referred to as the Bay Bridge), the MacArthur Maze consists of four separate interchanges between Interstates 880, 80, 580, 980, and California State Route 24. The interchange of interest is called the Distribution Structure, which consists of eastbound I-580 and southbound I-880 connector structures.
  9. "East Bay Distribution Structure includes 16 grade separations" (PDF). California Highways and Public Works. November 1936. p. 27.
  10. California Highways and Public Works, Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, State of California, March 1935, p.16
  11. San Francisco Chronicle, 1939
  12. "Aerial view looking SE". San Francisco Public Library. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  13. "East Bay Distribution Structure includes 16 grade separations" (PDF). California Highways and Public Works. November–December 1955. pp. 24–26.
  14. "Aerial view looking SE". San Francisco Public Library. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  15. AA Roads. Photo of I-880 southbound connector under the I-80E to I-580E ramp Interstate-Guide.com (November 26, 2004, retrieved on May 6, 2007)
  16. Caltrans , retrieved on May 8, 2007
  17. Bulwa, Demian (April 30, 2007). "THE MAZE MELTDOWN DRIVER: Despite 2nd-degree burns, he walked 1½ miles, hailed cab to hospital". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
  18. Bulwa, Demian; Peter Fimrite (April 29, 2007). "Tanker fire destroys part of MacArthur Maze: 2 freeways closed near Bay Bridge". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
  19. Bulwa, Demian (April 30, 2007). "Tanker driver in 580 collapse has long criminal record". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
  20. Johnson, Jason (May 3, 2007). "Detours clog streets and rattle neighbors". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  21. Hoge, Patrick; Erin McCormick (May 3, 2007). "Expected freeway traffic horrors don't develop". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  22. Cabanatuan, Michael; Paul Feist (May 4, 2007). "State plans to fix I-580 by June 29". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  23. Del Vecchio, Rick; Diana Walsh (May 7, 2007). "One MacArthur freeway connector reopens". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  24. Squatriglia, Chuck (May 13, 2007). "A gutsy guy's big gamble on the maze". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  25. Cabanatuan, Michael (May 24, 2007). "I-580 connector reopens". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  26. Connector Collapse Reduces Income from Bridge Tolls
  27. Yi, Matthew (May 25, 2007). "CHP revokes hazmat license of trucking firm involved in Maze inferno". The San Francisco Chronicle.
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