Alameda County, California

Alameda County (/ˌæləˈmiːdə/ AL-ə-MEE-də) is located in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,510,271,[5] making it the 7th-most populous county in the state[6] and 20th most populous nationally. The county seat is Oakland.[7] Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region.

Alameda County
County
County of Alameda
Images, from top down, left to right: Looking southwest across Lake Merritt in Oakland, Sather Tower on the UC Berkeley campus, a water tower in Hayward, Lake Elizabeth in Fremont, Pleasanton sign
Flag
Seal
Location within the state of California
California's location within the United States
Country United States
State California
RegionSan Francisco Bay Area
IncorporatedMarch 25, 1853[1]
Named forRancho Arroyo de la Alameda (also see Alameda Creek)
County seatOakland
Largest cityOakland
Government
 • BodyAlameda County Board of Supervisors
Area
 • Total821 sq mi (2,130 km2)
 • Land739 sq mi (1,910 km2)
 • Water82 sq mi (210 km2)
Highest elevation3,843 ft (1,171 m)
Population
 • Total1,510,271
 • Estimate 
(2019)[4]
1,671,329
 • Density1,800/sq mi (710/km2)
Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific Time Zone)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (Pacific Daylight Time)
Area codes510, 341, 925
FIPS code06-001
WebsiteACgov.org

The Spanish word alameda means either "a grove of poplars...or a tree lined street." The name was originally used to describe the Arroyo de la Alameda. The willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early Spanish explorers of a road lined with trees.[8][9] Although a strict translation to English might be "Poplar Grove Creek," the name of the principal stream that flows through the county is now simply "Alameda Creek."

Alameda County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area.

History

The county was formed on March 25, 1853, from a large portion of Contra Costa County and a smaller portion of Santa Clara County.

The county seat at the time of the county's formation was located at Alvarado, now part of Union City. In 1856, it was moved to San Leandro, where the county courthouse was destroyed by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault. The county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn from 1872 to 1875. Brooklyn is now part of Oakland, which has been the county seat since 1873.

Much of what is now an intensively urban region was initially developed as a trolley car suburb of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The historical progression from Native American tribal lands to Spanish then Mexican ranches, then to farms, ranches, and orchards, then to multiple city centers and suburbs, is shared with the adjacent and closely associated Contra Costa County.

Events

The annual county fair is held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton. The fair runs for four weekends from June to July. Attractions include horse racing, carnival rides, 4-H exhibits, and live bands.

Geography
View of downtown Oakland looking west across Lake Merritt
View of Berkeley and the San Francisco Bay at nightfall
The reconstructed mission at Mission San José (located in Fremont)

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 821 square miles (2,130 km2), of which 739 square miles (1,910 km2) is land and 82 square miles (210 km2) (10%) is water.[10] The San Francisco Bay borders the county on the west.

The crest of the Berkeley Hills form part of the northeastern boundary and reach into the center of the county. A coastal plain several miles wide lines the bay; and is Oakland's most populous region. Livermore Valley lies in the eastern part of the county. Amador Valley abuts the western edge of Livermore Valley and continues west to the Pleasanton Ridge.

The Hayward Fault, a major branch of the San Andreas Fault to the west, runs through the most populated parts of Alameda County, while the Calaveras Fault runs through the southeastern part of the county.

Neighboring counties

The City and County of San Francisco, California, borders the county on the west, and has a small land border with the city of Alameda, California due to land filling.[11]

Santa Clara County borders the county on the south.

San Joaquin County borders the county on the east.

Contra Costa County borders the county on the north.

Stanislaus County borders the county on the easternmost end of its southern boundary for 250 feet (76 m).

[12]

National protected area

Demographics

A 2014 analysis by The Atlantic found Alameda County to be the fourth most racially diverse county in the United States—behind Aleutians West Census Area and Aleutians East Borough in Alaska, and Queens County in New York—as well as the most diverse county in California.[13]

2011

Places by population, race, and income

2010
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18608,927—
187024,237171.5%
188062,976159.8%
189093,86449.0%
1900130,19738.7%
1910246,13189.0%
1920344,17739.8%
1930474,88338.0%
1940513,0118.0%
1950740,31544.3%
1960908,20922.7%
19701,073,18418.2%
19801,105,3793.0%
19901,279,18215.7%
20001,443,74112.9%
20101,510,2714.6%
2019 (est.)1,671,329[4]10.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[21]
1790–1960[22] 1900–1990[23]
1990–2000[24] 2010–2019[5]

The 2010 United States Census reported that Alameda County had a population of 1,510,271. The population density was 2,047.6 people per square mile (790.6/km2). The racial makeup of Alameda County was 649,122 (43.0%) White, 190,451 (12.6%) African American, 9,799 (0.6%) Native American, 394,560 (26.1%) Asian (9.7% Chinese, 5.5% Filipino, 4.8% Indian, 2.0% Vietnamese, 1.2% Korean, 0.8% Japanese, 2.2% Other Asian), 12,802 (0.8%) Pacific Islander, 162,540 (10.8%) from other races, and 90,997 (6.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 339,889 persons (22.5%): 16.4% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Cuban, 5.1% Other Hispanic.[25]

2000

As of the census[27] of 2000, there were 1,443,741 people, 523,366 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living within them, 47.0% married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857 (these figures had risen to $66,430 and $81,341 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[28]). Males had a median income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,680. About 7.7% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

In 2000, the largest denominational group was the Catholics (with 306,437 adherents) .[29] The largest religious bodies were the Catholic Church (with 306,437 members) and Judaism (with 32,500 members).[29]

2019 United States Census American Community Survey estimates

Racial Makeup of Alameda County (2019)[30]

  White alone (38.84%)
  Black alone (10.66%)
  Native American alone (0.76%)
  Asian Alone (31.13%)
  Pacific Islander Alone (0.81%)
  Other race alone (11.45%)
  Two or more races (6.35%)

Racial Makeup of Alameda County excluding Hispanics from racial categories (2019)[30]
NH=Non-Hispanic

  White alone (30.43%)
  Black alone (10.33%)
  Native American alone (0.33%)
  Asian Alone (30.93%)
  Pacific Islander Alone (0.77%)
  Other race alone (0.47%)
  Two or more races (4.41%)
  Hispanic Any Race (22.32%)

According to 2019 US Census Bureau estimates, Alameda County's population was 38.8% White (30.4% Non-Hispanic White and 8.4% Hispanic White), 10.7% Black or African American, 31.1% Asian, 11.5% Some Other Race, 0.8% Native American and Alaskan Native, 0.8% Pacific Islander and 6.4% from two or more races.[30]

The White population continues to remain the largest racial category in Alameda County and includes the 37.7% of Hispanics who self-identify as White. The remainder of Hispanics self-identify as Some Other Race (49.2%), Multiracial (11.0%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (1.9%), Black (1.5%), Asian (0.9%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.2%).[30]

The Black population continues to decline and at 10.7% (including Black Hispanics)[30] is below the national average of 12.8% (including Black Hispanics).[31] The Black population peaked in the 1980 Census at 18.4%.[32] Alameda county has the 2nd highest percentage of Black residents in California after Solano County at 13.4%.

If Hispanics are treated as a separate category from race, Alameda County's population was 30.4% White, 30.9% Asian, 22.3% Hispanic-Latino, 10.3% Black or African American, 0.5% Some Other Race, 0.3% Native American and Alaskan Native, 0.8% Pacific Islander and 4.4% from two or more races.[33]

Asian Americans are now the largest largest racial/ethnic group at 30.9% (excluding Asian Hispanics).[30]

White Non-Hispanic Americans are the largest minority group at 30.4% of the population.[30]

By ethnicity, 22.3% of the total population is Hispanic-Latino (of any race) and 77.7% is Non-Hispanic (of any race). If treated as a category separate from race, Hispanics are the third largest minority group in Alameda County.[30]

The largest ancestry group of Hispanics in Alameda County (2018) are of Mexican descent (72.9% of Hispanics) followed by Salvadoran descent (5.5% of Hispanics), Guatemalan descent (3.9%), Puerto Rican descent (3.4%), Spaniard descent (2.0%), Nicaraguan descent (1.7%), Peruvian descent (1.4%), Cuban descent (1.2%), Colombian descent (1.1%), and those of other Hispanic ethnicity or of mixed Hispanic ethnicity (6.9%).[34]

Law, government and politics
René C. Davidson Courthouse, Alameda County Superior Court, Oakland, in June 2009

Government
Main article: Government of Alameda County, California

The Government of Alameda County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, California law, and the Charter of the County of Alameda.[35] Much of the Government of California is in practice the responsibility of county governments such as the Government of Alameda County, while municipalities such as the city of Oakland and the city of Berkeley provide additional, often non-essential services. The County government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, and public health. In addition it is the local government for all unincorporated areas, and provides services such as law enforcement to some incorporated cities under a contract arrangement.

It is composed of the elected five-member Alameda County Board of Supervisors (BOS) as the county legislature, several other elected offices and officers including the Sheriff, the District Attorney, Assessor, Auditor-Controller/County Clerk/Recorder, Treasurer/Tax Collector, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator. In addition, several entities of the government of California have jurisdiction conterminous with Alameda County, such as the Alameda County Superior Court.

The current supervisors are:[36]

The Board elects a president who presides at all meetings of the Board and appoints committees to handle work involving the major programs of the county. If the president is absent for a meeting, the vice president shall be responsible. A Board election occurs every two years for these positions. Supervisor Miley is serving currently as president; Supervisor Carson is vice president.

The county's law enforcement is overseen by an elected Sheriff/Coroner and an elected District Attorney. The Sheriff supervises the deputies of the Alameda County Sheriff's Office, whose primary responsibilities include policing unincorporated areas of the county and cities within the county which contract with the Sheriff's Office for police services; providing security and law enforcement for county buildings including courthouses, the county jail and other county properties; providing support resources, such as a forensics laboratory and search and rescue capabilities, to other law enforcement agencies throughout the county; and serving the process of the county's Superior Court system. The District Attorney's office is responsible for prosecuting all criminal violations of the laws of the state of California, the county, or its constituent municipalities, in the Alameda County Superior Court. The current Sheriff is Gregory J. Ahern, who was elected in 2006, succeeding Charles Plummer, who had served in the post for 20 years. The Interim District Attorney is Nancy E. O'Malley, who was appointed to fill the position of retiring District Attorney Tom Orloff in September 2009. The Sheriff's Office operates two jails: Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, and Glenn E. Dyer Detention Facility in downtown Oakland.

The Alameda County Fire Department (ACFD)[37] was formed on July 1, 1993, as a dependent district, with the Board of Supervisors as its governing body. Municipal and specialized fire departments have been consolidated into the ACFD over the years. 1993 brought in the Castro Valley and Eden Consolidated FD, and the County Fire Patrol. San Leandro joined in 1995, Dublin in 1997, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 2002, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2007, The Alameda County Regional Emergency Communications Center in 2008, and Newark and Union City in 2010. Emeryville joined the ACFD in 2012.

The Alameda County Water District is a special district within Alameda County created to distribute water, but it is not operated by Alameda County administrators. It is operated by an elected board of directors.

Alameda County Superior Court operates in twelve separate locations throughout the county, with its central René C. Davidson Courthouse located in Oakland near Lake Merritt. Most major criminal trials and complex civil cases are heard at this location or in courtrooms within the County Administration Building across the street.

State and federal representation

In the California State Assembly, Alameda County is split between five districts:

In the California State Senate, the county is split between three districts:

In the United States House of Representatives, the county is split between three districts:

Politics

Since 1932, Alameda County has been a stronghold of the Democratic Party, with Dwight Eisenhower being the only Republican presidential nominee to have carried the county since. Prior to 1932, the county had been a Republican stronghold. Piedmont resident William F. Knowland was the Republican U.S. Senate Leader from 1953 to 1959. Even when Ronald Reagan won the national popular vote by an 18.3% margin in 1984, Walter Mondale won Alameda County by a slightly larger margin. In 2004 it voted for John Kerry, who won over 75% of the vote. Every city and town voted Democratic.[41] George W Bush in 2004 was the last Republican to break 20% of the county's vote, his father (George H.W. Bush) in 1988 was the last to break 30% of the vote, and Ronald Reagan in 1984 was the last to break 40% of the vote (carrying 40.01%). [42]

Presidential election results
Alameda County vote
by party in presidential elections[43]
Year GOP DEM Others
2020 17.6% 136,309 79.8% 617,659 2.5% 19,991
2016 14.5% 95,922 78.0% 514,842 7.4% 48,779
2012 18.1% 108,182 78.6% 469,684 3.1% 19,027
2008 19.1% 119,555 78.5% 489,106 2.2% 14,252
2004 23.2% 130,911 75.1% 422,585 1.5% 8,594
2000 24.1% 119,279 69.3% 342,889 6.5% 32,168
1996 23.0% 106,581 65.7% 303,903 11.1% 51,560
1992 20.6% 109,292 63.0% 334,224 16.3% 86,629
1988 33.9% 162,815 64.7% 310,283 1.2% 5,899
1984 40.0% 192,408 58.6% 282,041 1.3% 6,425
1980 37.9% 158,531 48.3% 201,720 13.7% 57,366
1976 38.0% 155,280 57.8% 235,988 4.0% 16,413
1972 42.8% 201,862 55.0% 259,254 2.1% 10,079
1968 37.6% 153,285 53.9% 219,545 8.4% 34,519
1964 33.4% 142,998 66.4% 283,833 0.1% 509
1960 45.6% 183,354 54.0% 217,172 0.3% 1,474
1956 52.4% 192,911 47.2% 174,033 0.3% 1,187
1952 52.6% 201,976 46.5% 178,239 0.8% 3,079
1948 46.5% 150,588 47.8% 154,549 5.6% 18,194
1944 41.8% 122,982 57.7% 169,631 0.4% 1,374
1940 43.5% 116,961 55.2% 148,224 1.2% 3,311
1936 35.0% 82,352 63.6% 149,323 1.2% 3,011
1932 43.6% 89,303 52.0% 106,388 4.2% 8,761
1928 65.4% 118,539 33.6% 60,875 0.9% 1,780
1924 61.4% 81,454 6.0% 8,020 32.4% 43,016
1920 69.1% 73,177 20.2% 21,468 10.6% 11,244
1916 50.3% 51,417 42.8% 43,748 6.8% 6,966
1912 36.7% 24,418 63.2% 42,034
1908 64.2% 21,380 21.3% 7,110 14.4% 4,793
1904 70.3% 19,065 16.2% 4,399 13.4% 3,646
1900 64.6% 14,324 30.1% 6,677 5.2% 1,158
1896 60.4% 13,429 37.7% 8,394 1.8% 400
1892 47.6% 8,792 38.5% 7,114 13.8% 2,564
1888 57.1% 8,840 36.8% 5,693 6.0% 928
1884 60.2% 7,471 38.1% 4,734 1.5% 193
1880 59.6% 5,899 39.3% 3,894 0.9% 96

The California Secretary of State, as of February 2019, reports that there are 883,942 registered voters in Alameda County. 489,759 (55.4%) are registered Democrats, 95,587 (10.8%) are registered Republicans, 36,649 (4.1%) are registered to minor political parties, and 261,947 (29.6%) declined to answer. Every city, town, and unincorporated area in Alameda County has more registered Democrats than Republicans.[44]

On November 4, 2008 Alameda County voted 61.92% against Proposition 8, which won statewide, and which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriage. The county garnered the sixth highest "no" vote, by percentage, of all California counties, and was the second largest county, by total voter turnout, to vote against it.[45]

Voter registration statistics
Cities by population and voter registration

Crime

The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.

Cities by population and crime rates

Education

The Alameda County Office of Education oversees seventeen K–12 school districts and one K–8 district in Alameda County. In all, there are approximately 10,000 teachers serving 225,000 students. The ACOE also services three community college districts with a total enrollment of approximately 55,000 students.

The Alameda County Library operates libraries in the cities of Albany, Dublin, Fremont, Newark and Union City and the unincorporated communities of Castro Valley and San Lorenzo. The cities of Alameda, Berkeley, Hayward, Livermore, Oakland, San Leandro, and Pleasanton have their own library systems.

Colleges and universities

Alameda County is home to the University of California, Berkeley, the flagship campus of the University of California system, and one of the largest and most prestigious research universities in the world.

Other colleges and universities located within Alameda county include:

School districts (K–12)

Arts

The Alameda County Arts Commission, a division of the county administration, under the California Arts Council, was created in 1965. Its fifteen appointed members act in an advisory capacity to the board of supervisors, in promoting the arts. The Oakland Museum of California has a substantial collection of California art works and historical artifacts.

Sports

The following sports teams play in Alameda County:

Club Sport Founded League Venue
California Golden Bears NCAA 1868 NCAA: Pac-12 California Memorial Stadium (Football), Haas Pavilion (Basketball), Evans Diamond (Baseball)
Oakland Athletics Baseball 1901 (in Oakland since 1968) Major League Baseball: American League Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Oakland Panthers Indoor football 2019 Indoor Football League Oakland Arena
East Bay FC Stompers Soccer 2012 (in San Francisco from 2012 to 2015) National Premier Soccer League: Golden Gate Conference Pioneer Stadium

Parks and recreation

There are more than 350 parks located within the county.[49] The East Bay Regional Park District operates within Alameda and neighboring Contra Costa County, with numerous parks within the county, including Tilden Regional Park, Redwood Regional Park, Anthony Chabot Regional Park, Coyote Hills Regional Park, Ardenwood Historic Farm, Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park and Vargas Plateau Regional Park. Eastshore State Park is located partially along the bay shore of northern Alameda County. The San Francisco Bay Trail, a project of the Association of Bay Area Governments, will run along the bay shore of the county.[50] The Hayward Area Recreation and Park District is the largest special park district in California.

Transportation

Major highways

Mass transit
  • ACE train – commuter rail using existing railroad tracks; primarily brings commuters from San Joaquin County to Santa Clara County
  • AC Transit – local bus system in western Alameda County and west Contra Costa County, with additional service across the three bridges from Alameda County to downtown San Francisco, San Mateo, and Palo Alto
  • BART – commuter rail centered on northwest Oakland, primarily serving commuters to downtown San Francisco and downtown Oakland
  • Capitol Corridor – commuter rail using existing railroad tracks, extending from San Jose to Sacramento, running through western Alameda County
  • WHEELS – bus system in the cities of southeastern Alameda County
  • Union City Transit – local city bus service within Union City in addition to AC Transit
  • Emery-Go-Round – free bus service in Emeryville.
  • Alameda / Oakland Ferry and Harbor Bay Ferry – connect Oakland, Alameda, and Bay Farm Island with downtown San Francisco
  • San Joaquin – Amtrak route between Oakland and Bakersfield through Fresno and the Central Valley
  • VTA – commuter service between southern Alameda county and job centers in the Silicon Valley
  • Dumbarton Express – additional service across the Dumbarton Bridge between Fremont and Palo Alto

Airports

The main airport is the Oakland International Airport, with two general aviation airports, the Hayward Executive Airport and Livermore Municipal Airport.

Services

The county operates hospitals and primary care clinics, through the Alameda County Medical Center. The Alameda County Community Food Bank nonprofit provides food bank resources to residents. The Family Emergency Shelter Coalition coordinates services for homeless families.

Landmarks

Alameda County has eight National Historic Landmarks: The Abbey, Joaquin Miller House, First Church of Christ, Scientist, USS Hornet (CVS-12) (aircraft carrier), Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge, Lightship WAL-605, Relief, Paramount Theatre, Potomac (Presidential yacht), and Room 307, Gilman Hall, University of California. The county has a large number of National Historic Places, as well as a number of California Historical Landmarks.

Sister county

Alameda has a sister county: Taoyuan County, Taiwan (now Taoyuan City).[51]

Communities

Cities

Census-designated places

Unincorporated communities

Former townships
Map of Alameda County, 1878 (Six Townships)
  • Oakland Township – the northern portion subsequently became the cities of Berkeley and Albany.
  • Alameda Township – now essentially coterminous with the City of Alameda.
  • Brooklyn Township – mostly contained within Oakland and Piedmont.
  • Eden Township – partly incorporated into San Leandro and Hayward, the rest contains the communities of Castro Valley, San Lorenzo, and other unincorporated areas.
  • Washington Township – contains Union City, Newark, Fremont, and small unincorporated areas nearby.
  • Murray Township — Contains cities of Dublin, Pleasanton, and Livermore, and substantial unincorporated areas including Sunol.

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Alameda County.[52]

† county seat

Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2010 Census)
1 † Oakland City 390,724
2 Fremont City 214,089
3 Hayward City 144,186
4 Berkeley City 112,580
5 San Leandro City 84,950
6 Livermore City 80,968
7 Alameda City 73,812
8 Pleasanton City 70,285
9 Union City City 69,516
10 Castro Valley CDP 61,388
11 Dublin City 46,036
12 Newark City 42,573
13 San Lorenzo CDP 23,452
14 Ashland CDP 21,925
15 Albany City 18,539
16 Cherryland CDP 14,728
17 Piedmont City 10,667
18 Emeryville City 10,080
19 Fairview CDP 10,003
20 Sunol CDP 913

Climate
Alameda County
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
25
 
 
12
3
 
 
46
 
 
14
4
 
 
39
 
 
19
6
 
 
28
 
 
23
7
 
 
1
 
 
31
12
 
 
2
 
 
35
14
 
 
1
 
 
38
17
 
 
1
 
 
37
15
 
 
5
 
 
36
14
 
 
7
 
 
27
10
 
 
63
 
 
17
6
 
 
108
 
 
12
3
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [53]

See also

Notes
  1. Other = Some other race + Two or more races
  2. Native American = Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander + American Indian or Alaska Native
  3. Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population. Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow.
  4. Only larceny-theft cases involving property over $400 in value are reported as property crimes.

References
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  8. definition of alameda in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)
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  12. https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/advanced-viewer/
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