Macroeuphractus

There are three currently recognised species of Macroeuphractus: M. outesi, M. retusus and M. moreni. The former, the type species, is known from one specimen from the Late Pliocene of Buenos Aires, Argentina. This specimen is composed of a fairly well preserved skull as well as numerous post-cranial elements. It represented a considerably large species at around 100 kilograms (220 lb), although it is possible that it was actually closer to 30kg, at a little over a meter in length it would still be a decently sized predator.[2][3][4]

Macroeuphractus is traditionally grouped with euphractines; it was named after its similarity with Euphractus itself. The most recent phylogenetic examinations confirm its status as at least a sister group to euphractines, along with Paleuphractus, Doellotatus and Proeuphractus.[6]

Macroeuphractus is one of the few known xenarthrans to have specialised extensively for a carnivorous lifestyle. Modern euphractine armadillos (such as the modern six-banded armadillo) are fairly dedicated omnivores, but Macroeuphractus shows several features that indicate hypercarnivory:

• large, conical caniniform teeth
• an enlarged temporal fossa
• more developed muscles pertaining to the temporalis musculature (as evidenced by the more prominent muscle scars)
• a deeper rostrum
• more powerful anterior teeth (particularly in the enlarged and caniniform M2)
• a deeper and more robust zygomatic arch
• a greater moment arm of the temporalis muscle than in other armadillos

These features are unusual among xenarthrans but are more in line with predatory mammal groups.[7][8]

Like most armadillos, Macroeuphractus was fossorial, and it probably could dig out small and medium-sized mammals such as caviomorph rodents, small notoungulates and argyrolagoidean paucituberculates. Species like Macroeuphractus outesi were fairly large and presumably had an apex predator status in their faunal communities.

Macroeuphractus moreni was a rather widespread species, and played a role in various faunal communities in the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of South America, while the other two species had a more limited range in Argentina. The genus occurs in an epoch where sparassodonts, phorusrhacids and sebecids entered in decline, and was among the various mammal groups to exploit this ecological vacancy prior to the arrival of North American carnivorans in the Pleistocene, alongside giant opossums such as Thylophorops.[9] Nonetheless, Macroeuphractus still co-existed with late surviving sparassodonts such as Thylacosmilus and phorusrhacids like Llallawavis.