March 1923

March 1, 1923 (Thursday)

  • France and Belgium imposed the death penalty on anyone in occupied Germany sabotaging transport lines.[1]
  • Judgement is delivered in the Stopes v Sutherland libel trial in the High Court, London. The defendant, Dr Halliday Sutherland, successfully defeated the libel action brought by Marie Stopes.[2]
  • Pola Negri released a written statement saying she was breaking off her engagement to Charlie Chaplin. "I consider I am too poor to marry Charlie Chaplin", the statement read. "He needs to marry a wealthy woman, and he should have no difficulty in finding one in the United States – the richest and most beautiful country in the world."[3]

March 2, 1923 (Friday)

March 3, 1923 (Saturday)

March 4, 1923 (Sunday)

  • A lengthy article titled "Better Fewer, But Better" by Vladimir Lenin was published in Pravda. In it, he wrote that global revolution was inevitable because Eastern countries like Russia, India and China accounted for the overwhelming majority of the world's population, but the victory of socialism may have to wait until they were sufficiently educated and developed.[5][6]
  • President Harding signed the Agricultural Credits Act, providing for the establishment of regional banks to provide loans to farm cooperative associations from which farmers could borrow.[7]
  • IK Göta defeated Djurgårdens IF 3-0 to win the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship.
  • The Anti-Flirt Club, whose purpose was to protect young women and girls from unwelcome attention from men, launched "Anti-Flirt Week".[8]
  • Born: Patrick Moore, astronomer, in Pinner, England (d. 2012); Piero D'Inzeo, Olympic show jumping rider, in Rome (d. 2014)

March 5, 1923 (Monday)

March 6, 1923 (Tuesday)

March 7, 1923 (Wednesday)

March 8, 1923 (Thursday)

March 9, 1923 (Friday)

  • Vladimir Lenin suffered his third stroke in less than a year, depriving him of the ability to speak and effectively ending his political career,[1] though he remained the official leader of the Communist Party until his death.
  • Thirty policemen in New York City were exposed as members of the Ku Klux Klan.[1]
  • The first bill ever introduced by a woman in the British House of Commons was carried, 338 to 56. It was Lady Astor's bill forbidding the sale of alcohol for consumption on the premises to persons under 18 years of age. The previous law allowed sales of beer to 14-year-olds and spirits to those of 16.[18]
  • Born: James L. Buckley, senator and judge, in New York City; Walter Kohn, physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in Vienna, Austria

March 10, 1923 (Saturday)

March 11, 1923 (Sunday)

March 12, 1923 (Monday)

March 13, 1923 (Tuesday)

  • French Minister of War André Maginot announced that another 15,000 troops would be sent into the Ruhr and Rhineland.[23]
  • The Soviet Union first publicized the recent stroke suffered by Vladimir Lenin but described his condition as "satisfactory".[24]
  • A $50,000 paternity suit was brought against Babe Ruth by a 19-year-old Manhattan woman.[25]

March 14, 1923 (Wednesday)

March 15, 1923 (Thursday)

  • Germany offered 20 billion gold marks to end the occupation of the Ruhr.[28]
  • The prosecution made its opening argument in the trial of William Z. Foster. State Attorney Assistant General O.L. Smith declared that the state would show that Foster had assisted the Communist Party, which promoted "crime, sabotage, violence", and other forms of terrorism.[29] Defense attorney Frank P. Walsh countered that the evidence would show that Foster did not attend the Bridgman Convention as a communist, and that the convention was held by the Communist Party for the express purpose of voting on whether or not to abandon its underground status and become a public organization.[30]

March 16, 1923 (Friday)

March 17, 1923 (Saturday)

March 18, 1923 (Sunday)

March 19, 1923 (Monday)

March 20, 1923 (Tuesday)

  • A representative for the German Ministry of Finance said that hyperinflation and the occupation of the Ruhr had made it impossible to manage the country's finances, with the budget for 1922–23 showing a deficit of 7.1 trillion marks.[39]
  • The Soviet Union announced that it was sending 70,000 tons of grain to help workers in the Ruhr.[40]
  • Died: George Everard Gibbons, 27, British World War I flying ace

March 21, 1923 (Wednesday)

March 22, 1923 (Thursday)

March 23, 1923 (Friday)

March 24, 1923 (Saturday)

March 25, 1923 (Sunday)

  • An all-day conference was held in Berlin among members of labour and socialist parties from Germany, England, France, Italy and Belgium searching for a solution to the reparations problem.[46]
  • The film Vanity Fair was released.
  • Born: Wim van Est, cyclist, in Fijnaart, Netherlands (d. 2003)

March 26, 1923 (Monday)

  • The Roman Catholic priests Jan Cieplak and Konstantin Budkevich were sentenced to death for counter-revolutionary activities in the Soviet Union. Thirteen of the other fourteen were given prison sentences and a choir boy was released.[47]
  • 20,000 farm labourers went on strike in England in protest of a pay cut the farmers had imposed on them from 25 shillings per week down to 22.[48]
  • The drama film Daddy, starring Jackie Coogan, was released.
  • Born: Bob Elliott, comedian, in Boston, Massachusetts
  • Died: Sarah Bernhardt, 78, French actress

March 27, 1923 (Tuesday)

  • A semi-official statement was issued from the Vatican urging suspension of the sentences of the Catholic priests in the Soviet Union. A Soviet official had the executions postponed pending "special instructions".[49]
  • Born: Louis Simpson, poet, in Jamaica (d. 2012)
  • Died: Sir James Dewar, 80, Scottish chemist and physicist

March 28, 1923 (Wednesday)

March 29, 1923 (Thursday)

  • The new Constitution of Romania was ratified.
  • Thousands lined the streets of Paris to watch the grand procession of Sarah Bernhardt's funeral coach.[51]
  • William Z. Foster took the stand in his own defense in his Michigan criminal trial. Foster denied that he was a member of the Communist Party but said he was a believer in Marxist thought and that he had invited communists to join his Trade Union Educational League.[22][52]
  • A young Mexican woman by the name of Marina Vega broke into Charlie Chaplin's house in the Hollywood Hills. She was cajoled out and removed from the premises, but she broke back in again and was found in Chaplin's bedroom wearing his pajamas. Vega told Chaplin she had come all the way from Mexico City to meet him; Chaplin got her to leave in exchange for promising to buy her a train ticket home.[53]

March 30, 1923 (Friday)

  • Benito Mussolini made a famous speech on Italian emigration, declaring that, "For better or for worse, emigration is a physiological necessity of the Italian people. We are forty million people enclosed in our narrow peninsula that has too many mountains, a land that cannot feed everyone." The speech was a defining moment of Mussolini's early premiership as he spun a negative trend into a positive one and offered a justification for expansionism.[54]
  • Born: Milton Acorn, poet and writer, in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (d. 1986)

March 31, 1923 (Saturday)

  • 11 employees of the Krupp automobile factory in Essen were killed when French forces opened fire on the passively resisting workers. Two more later died in hospital.[55]
  • The Ottawa Senators defeated the Edmonton Eskimos 1-0 to win the Stanley Cup of hockey, two games to none. King Clancy made history when he became the first player to play all six positions in a game, including two minutes as goaltender while Clint Benedict served a penalty.[56]
  • America's first dance marathon ended at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City. At 9:57 p.m., Alma Cummings completed twenty-seven consecutive hours of dancing, having worn out six different male dance partners. The event attracted a great deal of publicity, and dance marathons became a huge fad over the next few months, remaining popular throughout the 1920s and '30s.[57][58]
  • Charlie Chaplin's deranged fan, Marina Vega, appeared again at the door of his home, lying down in his driveway after throwing red roses on it. Chaplin's valet thought Vega had shot herself when she mistook an oil-stain on the driveway for blood, and Vega was rushed into the kitchen where she said she had taken poison. An ambulance took her to hospital where she was treated and released; it was unclear whether Vega had actually poisoned herself.[53]
  • Russian gunboats seized a British trawler near Murmansk.[59]
  • Born: Shoshana Damari, singer, in Dhamar, Yemen (d. 2006)

References

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  2. Box, Muriel (1967). The Trial of Marie Stopes. London: Femina Books Ltd. p. 380.
  3. "Jilts Chaplin; Then They Make Up". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 2, 1923. p. 1.
  4. Dean, John W. (2004). Warren G. Harding: The American Presidents Series: The 29th President, 1921–1923. New York: Times Books. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-1-4299-9751-5.
  5. Tumarkin, Nina (1997). Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 305. ISBN 0-674-52431-4.
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  7. Jewell, Elizabeth (2007). U.S. Presidents Factbook. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-72288-2.
  8. "Washington girls have organized to protect selves from unwelcome advances". Lowell Sun. March 6, 1923.
  9. "Red Menace". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 6, 1923. p. 12.
  10. Mariz Tadros (18–24 March 1999). "Unity in diversity". Al Ahram Weekly (421). Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  11. Earl L. Sullivan (1 January 1986). Women in Egyptian Public Life. Syracuse University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8156-2354-0. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
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  13. Clayton, John (March 7, 1923). "Berlin Ready to Act Through Third Nation". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  14. "Canada Signs Pact with U.S. as Free Nation". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 7, 1923. p. 1.
  15. "Bonar Law Sees War if British Hinder France". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 7, 1923. p. 1.
  16. Fendrick, Raymond (March 8, 1923). ""Heinrich" Ford Idol of Bavaria Fascisti Chief". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  17. Neibaur, James L.; Niemi, Terri (2013). Buster Keaton's Silent Shorts, 1920–1923. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 219 and 231. ISBN 978-0-8108-8740-4.
  18. "Lady Astor Wins Big Parliament Vote in Rum Law". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 10, 1923. p. 3.
  19. Williams, Paul (March 12, 1923). "Army Officer and Rail Chief Assassinated". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  20. Steele, John (March 12, 1923). "Nab 100 Irish in Britain as Rebel's Aids". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  21. Williams, Paul (March 13, 1923). "7 Killed and 13 Wounded; Ruhr Anger Flames". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
  22. Clayton, John (March 14, 1923). "War to Death in Ruhr Looms, Germans Warn". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  23. "Russia Admits Premier Lenin is Gravely Ill". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 13, 1923. p. 3.
  24. Maeder, Jay (February 28, 2000). "A Little Bit Famous – The House that Ruth built, March-April 1923, CHAPTER 21". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  25. "Winifred and Sheik Rewed at Crown Point". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 15, 1923. p. 3.
  26. "Hooper, Albert W. "Bert"". The History of Canadian Broadcasting. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  27. Clayton, John (March 16, 1923). "Berlin Offers $10,000,000,000 to Free Ruhr". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  28. "Foster Called Evangelist of Hate, Violence". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 16, 1923. p. 3.
  29. "Radical Forces at Odds About Foster Defense". Chicago Daily Tribune: 12. March 17, 1923.
  30. Curran, Hugh (March 17, 1923). "Dublin Under Arms; Protect M'Tigue, Siki". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  31. Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7864-6062-5.
  32. Hannigan, Dave (31 March 2012). The Big Fight: Muhammad Ali vs Al "Blue" Lewis. Random House Books. ISBN 978-1-4464-4870-0.
  33. Curran, Hugh (March 18, 1923). "McTigue Beats Siki for Title in Tame Fight". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. Part 2 p. 1.
  34. "Harding's Hat Again in Ring". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 18, 1923. p. 1.
  35. "Lenin, Head of Russia, Dead, London Hears". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 19, 1923. p. 1.
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  37. "Finder of Tut's Tomb Poisoned by Insect Bite". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 20, 1923. p. 2.
  38. "Germany Calls Its Finances Hopeless; Budget in Trillions". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 21, 1923. p. 6.
  39. "Russia Sends 70,000 Tons of Grain to Help Ruhr". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 21, 1923. p. 6.
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  42. "Historic World Earthquakes – China". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  43. Clayton, John (March 25, 1923). "Berlin Guards Doubled; Fear Fascisti Coup". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  44. Kinsley, Philip (March 25, 1923). "Red Trial is Test Between Soviet and U.S.". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1 and 14.
  45. Clayton, John (March 26, 1923). "Labor-Socialist Conference Has Ruhr Solution". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  46. "Death Sentence for Archbishop". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 27, 1923. p. 1.
  47. "Big Farm Strike of 20,000 Grips English County". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 27, 1923. p. 2.
  48. "Set Execution of Rome Bishop for Tomorrow". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 28, 1923. p. 2.
  49. Pauletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-275-98505-9.
  50. Wales, Henry (March 30, 1923). "French Nation Weeps at Divine Sarah's Funeral". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
  51. Kinsley, Philip (March 30, 1923). "Foster's Goal to Win Union Labor into His 'League'". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
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  54. "K-297 The Rutli Oath". KarlGoetz.com. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  55. Forrester, Wade (March 31, 2013). "March 31, 1923: King Clancy Plays Every Position". On This Day in Sports. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  56. Martin, Carol. "Reality Dance / American Dance Marathons." Ballroom, Boogie, Shimmy Sham, Shake: A Social and Popular Dance Reader. Ed. Julie Malnig. University of Illinois, 2009. p. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-252-07565-0.
  57. Martin, Carol J. (1994). Dance Marathons: Performing American Culture of the 1920s and 1930s. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-60473-768-4.
  58. Steele, John (April 4, 1923). "Gunboats of Russia Seize British Ship". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
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