August 1920

<< August 1920 >>
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
01020304050607
08091011121314
15161718192021
22232425262728
293031  
August 10, 1920: Release of Mamie Smith's record "Crazy Blues" opens the "Jazz Age"
August 26, 1920: National Women's Party leader Alice Paul marks proclamation of the 19th Amendment
August 20, 1920: 8MK, the first U.S. radio station, goes on the air
August 15, 1920: Poland's Army turns back the Soviet Russian invasion

August 1, 1920 (Sunday)
Gandhi
Tilak
  • In British India, independence activist Mohandas K. Gandhi began the first of four stages of his non-cooperation movement with the British colonial government, as an extension of his Satyagraha (passive resistance) movement, by "giving up all titles and honors conferred by the Crown" because Britain had failed to modify terms its policies regarding its Asian colonies[1] Gandhi began by returning the medals granted him by the Crown.[2] Each stage was to be more severe, starting with resignation of Indian Muslims and Hindus from government jobs; resignation of officers and soldiers from the British Army; and finally, refusal to pay taxes. Gandhi had announced the August 1 deadline in late June[3]
  • The Civil Service Retirement Act, establishing a retirement system for United States government employees, went into effect.[4][5]
  • Radium treatment, at no cost, for victims of cancer was announced by New York's State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease, with treatments to begin at the research clinic of the American Association for Cancer Research in Buffalo, New York, on October 15. The state had recently purchased 2.25 grams of radium for $225,000 for human research.[6] Although isotopes of radium (such as radium-223) are still used in for certain cancers in radiation therapy, the effects of long-term radiation exposure on technicians and patients had not yet been studied.
  • Born:
  • Thomas McGuire, U.S. Army Air Forces ace fighter pilot (38 kills) and posthumous Medal of Honor winner; in Ridgewood, New Jersey (killed, 1945)
  • Sammy Lee, Asian-American physician and two time Olympic gold medalist in diving competition; in Fresno, California
  • Ken Bald, American comic book and comic strip artist known for the "Dr. Kildare" daily strip; in New York City (d. 2019)
  • Died:
    • Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 64, the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement, called "the Maker of Modern India" by Mahatma Gandhi and "The father of Indian unrest" by British colonial authorities
    • Frank Hanly, 57, American politician and anti-alcohol crusader, was killed in an auto accident near Dennison, Ohio. After serving as Governor of Indiana (1905 to 1909), he organized the Flying Squadron of America on a campaign for the prohibition of alcohol sales, and was the Prohibition Party's presidential candidate in 1916. Hanly was a passenger in a car that was crossing a double railroad track when the vehicle was driven "back of one freight train and directly in front of another."[7]

August 2, 1920 (Monday)
Garvey in his attire in 1922
Mildred Harris
  • The first international meeting of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) at New York's Madison Square Garden before a crowd of about 15,000 people who had come to hear an address by Marcus Garvey in favor of the Back-to-Africa movement. "[A]ttired in a gorgeous robe of purple, gold and green",[8] the Jamaican-born Garvey said "The hour has come for the 400,000,000 negroes to claim Africa as their home. Africa shall be the home of the black peoples of the earth. We pledge our sacred blood on the fields of Africa for our liberty and our freedom."[9][10]
  • Italy, financially burdened by its administration of Albania as a protectorate, signed an agreement at the Albanian capital of Tirana, withdrawing its troops from all Albanian territory except for the island of Suseno, and ending the protectorate that had been established on June 23, 1917.[11][12]
  • The U.S. Association of Railway Executives announced that the cost of interstate passenger railroad travel would take effect on August 20, and the cost for shipping freight would rise on August 25.[13] Rates for travel and shipping within a state were controlled by the individual state governments.
  • William Bross Lloyd, a Chicago attorney and financial backer of the Communist Labor Party of America, was found guilty of violating the Sedition Act of 1918 in their anti-government speeches. He and 19 other Communists were tried by a single jury in a state court in Chicago, and all received jail sentences ranging from one to five years. Special Prosecutor Frank Comerford told reporters that the decision was "a history-making verdict which will silence sedition."[14]
  • Governor Esteban Cantú Jiménez of the Mexican federal territory of Baja California declared that he was in "open revolt" against the Mexican national government.[15] In announcing the revolt, the Mexican government assured the United States that it was sending troops to the territory, but that it would not permit fighting near the U.S. border. The U.S. State Department, in turn, announced that it had denied Cantú permission to purchase weapons in the United States.
  • In Los Angeles, film comedian Charlie Chaplin was sued for divorce by his wife, actress Mildred Harris, who cited as her causes "extreme mental cruelty" and "bodily injury". Mrs. Chaplin's lawyer also asked the court to issue an injunction to prevent Chaplin from selling his ownership rights to his films, valued at $750,000, without accounting to the court for a fair division of marital property.[16]
  • Born: Hugh Hickling, British colonial administrator who drafted the Internal Security Act 1960 for Malaysia; in Derby (d. 2007)
  • Died: Ormer Locklear, 28, American stunt pilot and action film star, was killed in a fiery plane crash, along with his co-pilot "Skeets" Elliot, during the filming of The Skywayman[17][18]

August 3, 1920 (Tuesday)
  • Lige Daniels, a 16-year old African American, was lynched by an angry mob in Center, Texas, where he had been held in jail since the July 29 murder of a 45-year old white woman[19] While the Shelby County sheriff was out of town, having taken the keys to the jail with him, a mob of more than 1,000 men broke into the courthouse, battered down the steel doors of the jail, then hanged him from an oak tree in front of the building[20] As with many lynchings at the time, a photograph of the event was widely circulated as a postcard. The Daniels lynching would be forgotten for almost 80 years until the postcard's appearance in 1999 on the cover of Without Sanctuary, a book by Atlanta antique store owner James Allen, who had collected 68 lynching postcards for a revelation of an ignored chapter of American history[21] The Daniels photo continues to be seen in references to the era.[22]
  • Rear Admiral Cary T. Grayson, the personal physician to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, went on vacation after 10 months, signaling that the president was out of danger. Wilson had suffered a stroke on October 2 and gradually recovered under Dr. Grayson's care[23]
  • Born:

August 4, 1920 (Wednesday)
  • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ordered U.S. Navy destroyers to block the laying of a Western Union telegraphic cable that would have connected Miami to Barbados to be linked to a cable to Brazil.[24] A British ship equipped for the purpose, the cable layer Colonia, had been chartered by the company to bring the undersea cable line to the Miami harbor, without having waited for the U.S. government to act on its application. On August 6, two U.S. Navy admirals and a U.S. Army colonel boarded Colonia and warned it to stay three miles from shore, outside of U.S. territorial waters.[25] The dispute would drag on for almost two years, until the approval of Western Union's application on June 25, 1922[26]
  • President Adolfo de la Huerta of Mexico, a general in the Mexican Army, removed all military officers from his cabinet except for his Minister of War, and sent them out of the country on diplomatic appointments.[27]
  • President Wilson proclaimed December 21 to be honored as "Pilgrim's Day" to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the landing of the Mayflower in America.[28]
  • The British cabinet first discussed the possibility of King Faisal of Syria, recently deposed by France, to become the puppet ruler for the British Mandate of Iraq as "King of Mesopotamia".[29]
  • Born: Adolph Dubs, American diplomat and U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan who was kidnapped and killed; in Chicago (d. 1979) [30]

August 5, 1920 (Thursday)

August 6, 1920 (Friday)
Lenin and the world's Communist leaders

August 7, 1920 (Saturday)
Lord Baden-Powell
  • The first World Scout Jamboree came to an end in London at the Olympia Exhibition Hall in West Kensington. Sir Robert Baden-Powell, who had founded the Boy Scouts in 1907, was celebrated by the 8,000 children and adults who had come from around the world with "the shout of pure hero worship... acclaiming their one and undisputed chief and founder" with the honor of Chief Scout of the World.[37] A successor would note later, "This had not been planned as a part of the Jamboree program but was a spontaneous decision by the assembled Scouts."[38]
  • The swastika was adopted as the official symbol of Germany's Nazi Party at a conference held in neighboring Austria in Salzburg.[39][40]
  • Lithuania's parliament voted to ratify the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty that had been signed on July 12. In return, the Soviet Union ordered its remaining troops to leave the Lithuanian Republic.[41]
  • Following up on a June 28 announcement, Tennessee Governor Albert H. Roberts called the state legislature into special session, to begin on August 9, to consider ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution[42]
  • Ohio Governor and Democrat presidential nominee James M. Cox formally began his nationwide campaign by delivering his acceptance speech at festivities in his hometown of Dayton, Ohio. "We are in a time which calls for straight thinking, straight talking and straight acting," Cox said, adding "This is no time for wabbling." Cox pledged to bring the United States into the League of Nations, but only on condition that the U.S. would enter only "to maintain peace and comity".[43] "This was the old order of procedure when the action of the national convention was formalized by the candidate being officially told he was the candidate," Cox would write in his memoirs. "With the coming of radio, the old method is passing out; nevertheless, acceptance day as an event took on the appearance and character of a festival day in Ohio at that time."[44]
  • Born: Francoise Adret, French ballet dancer and choreographer; in Versailles (d. 2018)

August 8, 1920 (Sunday)

August 9, 1920 (Monday)
  • British authorities arrested Irish-born Australian cleric Daniel Mannix, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne taking him from the liner RMS Baltic while the vessel was in port at the English port of Queenstown at Blackpool, Lancashire. HMS Wivern, a Royal Navy destroyer, then transported Mannix to Penzance and told him that although he was technically under arrest, he was "free to go anywhere in England except for Liverpool or Manchester.[47]
  • Representatives of Britain's Trades Union Congress announced that the union "feels certain that a war is being engineered between the Allied Powers and Soviet Russia on the issue of Poland, and declares that such a war would be an intolerable crime against humanity," then added, "It therefore warns the Government that the whole industrial power of the organised workers will be used to defeat this" and that affiliated unions would be "advised to instruct their members to down tools" for a nationwide strike[48] Lloyd George and France's Prime Minister Millerand then announced at a conference in Hythe that although the blockade of Russia and supplying of weapons to Poland would continue, no Allied troops would be sent to intervene in the war.[49]
  • The House of Lords passed the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920, commonly called the "Irish Crimes bill", and sent it to King George V, who gave the law Royal Assent on the same day.[50] The law provided for Irish nationalists to be tried by court-martial in military courts, rather than by jury in criminal courts.
  • After his recent surrender to Mexico's President de la Huerta, Pancho Villa and his disarmed followers returned in triumph to San Pedro in the Coahuila state. Villa told the crowd of 3,000 "I surrendered because further fighting in Mexico meant intervention by the United States. They call me a bandit. They call me the worst man in Mexico, but I would preserve our nationality by avoiding intervention."[51]
  • Born: Milton Henschel, American evangelist for the Jehovah's Witnesses and president of the Watch Tower Society from 1992 until his death; in Pomona, New Jersey (d. 1992)
  • Died: Sir Samuel Griffith, 75, the first Chief Justice of Australia, who served from 1903 to 1919

August 10, 1920 (Tuesday)
  • Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI's representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres with the Allied Powers, confirming arrangements for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ceremony was held "in the display room of a Sevres china factory just outside of Paris"[52] The full details of the division of the Ottoman Empire by Britain, France and Italy, were not be revealed until almost three months later.[53][54]
  • African-American singer Mamie Smith & the Jazz Hounds recorded "Crazy Blues", a bestselling song for OKeh Records that made history by making her the first of many successful black recording artists, becoming recognized as a milestone for the Jazz Age, and serving as one of the first recorded songs to be purchased by popular across racial lines[55][56] In 1993, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences would induct Smith into the Grammy Hall of Fame and describe "Crazy Blues" as a song that "is often cited as the first blues recording.".[57]
  • U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby announced the American position in the Polish-Soviet War, declaring that although the U.S. would not recognize the legitimacy of the Soviet government in Moscow, it would ask for an international agreement to preserve Russia's territory from being split up and to withdraw all foreign troops, including the U.S. Army, from Russian territory.[58] The note, originally addressed to Italy's Ambassador to the U.S., was made public as a declaration of policy. "That the present rulers of Russia do not rule by the will or the consent of any considerable proportion of the Russian people is an incontestable fact," Colby wrote, and went on to say "It is not possible for the Government of the United States to recognize the present rulers of Russia as a Government with which the relations common to friendly Governments can be maintained.".[59]
  • The U.S. Railway Labor Board granted a wage increase of $30 million to 75,000 railway express workers, retroactive to May 1,[60] an average increase of 16 cents per hour.
  • U.S. President Wilson called an August 13 meeting, in Cleveland, of union representatives and coal operators to discuss the adjustment of inequalities in the Bituminous Coal Commission Award[61]
  • Born: William "Red" Holzman, American pro basketball player and NBA coach who guided the New York Knicks to two NBA championships; in New York City (d. 1998)
  • Died:
    • Adam Politzer, 84, Hungarian-Austrian physician and a founder of the specialty of otology
    • James O'Neill, 72, Irish-born American stage and film actor and the father of playwright Eugene O'Neill.

August 11, 1920 (Wednesday)
Latvia
Soviet Russia
  • The Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty was signed in Riga at 12:30 in the afternoon local time, with the Soviet government of Russia recognizing the independence of Latvia[62][63] The Soviets agreed to renounce all claims to Latvia "in eternity" and would do so for almost twenty years before creating the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic and annexing it into the USSR on August 5, 1940[64]
  • Charles Wilson, a prisoner at the county jail in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, died after a hunger strike of 43 days. Wilson did not reveal his reasons, and the jail administration took the position that "No forcible efforts will be made to feed him, it having been decided that a man may lawfully starve himself to death if he wants to."[65]

August 12, 1920 (Thursday)
  • Terence MacSwiney, the Mayor of Cork was arrested by British troops and charged with sedition, to be tried in military court, for holding a meeting of the Sinn Féin in the Cork City Hall.[66] Within five days, he was court-martialed, convicted, and put on board a ship to be taken to a prison in England[67] In prison, he would begin a hunger strike and die of starvation.
  • Charles Ponzi was arrested for defrauding investors of seven million dollars, after surrendering to federal authorities at the Boston federal courthouse.[68]
Venizelos after being shot
  • Greece's Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos was wounded in an assassination attempt by Greek royalists while in France at the Lyons railway station. Bullets struck him in the left shoulder and left thigh before the attackers were subdued and beaten by bystanders[69]
  • Died: Hermann von Struve, 64, Russian-born German astronomer and the developer of the Struve function

August 13, 1920 (Friday)

August 14, 1920 (Saturday)

August 15, 1920 (Sunday)
Russia's furthest drive into Poland
  • The "Miracle of the Vistula" (Cudem nad Wisłą) took place as the Army of Poland turned the tide of the Polish–Soviet War,[77] just as Soviet Russian armies had approached to within only 8 miles (13 km) of the capital at Warsaw near the Vistula River. Under the command of General Józef Piłsudski, Polish forces lured General Mikhail Tukhachevsky's approaching Russian divisions into spreading out too far, then outflanked and surrounded them, stopping the Russians from encircling Warsaw. One historian, Jerzy Borzęcki, later described the turning point of the battle as the recapture of the Warsaw suburb of Radzymin by units led by General Lucjan Żeligowski, followed by General Wladyslaw Sikorsky ordering one of the two defending armies to attack the stronger Russian force. Borzęcki wrote "This unusual tactic would most likely have ended in catastrophe if not for an unexpected lucky turn," when a Polish regiment destroyed the radio center of the Russian 4th Army, commanded by Aleksandr Shuvayev. Shuvayev's troops were unable to communicate with General Tukhachevsky, and continued their westward march "instead of striking at Sikorski's left flank". An attack on Sikorsky at that point "would most likely have spelled his utter defeat.".[78] The Viscount D'Abernon would write in 1931, "Had Pilsudski and Weygand failed to arrest the triumphant advance of the Soviet Army at the Battle of Warsaw, not only would Christianity have experienced a dangerous reverse, but the very existence of Western civilisation would have been imperilled... it is probable that the Battle of Warsaw saved Central and parts of Western Europe from a more subversive danger-the fanatical tyranny of the Soviet. On the essential point, there can be little room for doubt; had the Soviet forces overcome Polish resistance ... Bolshevism would have spread throughout Central Europe and might well have penetrated the whole continent."[79]
  • An attempt to arrest Democratic presidential nominee James M. Cox was made by police in Jacksontown, Ohio, after the Ohio Governor's chauffeur drove him through the town on the way from Wheeling, West Virginia back to the state capital at Columbus, Ohio. Two constables on motorcycles stopped the cars and one, Joe Shipley, demanded "I want you fellows to come back to town and go to court. You've been speeding." Cox told the constable, "If you want me you will find me at the State House in Columbus," then ordered his chauffeur to drive him onward.[80] Ohio's state adjutant general, Roy E. Layton, issued a statement charging that Republican officials in Jacksontown had acted in a "plot to cause the Governor's humiliation"; the town was famous in Ohio as a "speed trap".[81]
  • Manuel Gondra was inaugurated as the new President of Paraguay.[82][83]

August 16, 1920 (Monday)
Ray Chapman
  • Baseball shortstop Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians was struck in head while at bat against pitcher Carl Mays of the New York Yankees, and became the first and only Major League Baseball player to be fatally injured during a game. Chapman died the next day, at the age of 29[84] When the fifth inning began, the Indians had a 3 to 1 lead and Chapman was the first player up to bat. He had one ball and one strike and was attempting to dodge the next pitch, "a fast underhand throw", when he was hit in the left side of the head. According to the Associated Press, "The crack of the ball as it struck the player's head was so loud the spectators and players thought it hit his bat.".[85] The ball bounced back on to the infield and Mays "unaware that he had injured the batter", fielded the ball and threw it to Wally Pipp at first base for the out. Chapman collapsed and was taken to St. Laurence Hospital. After midnight, Chapman was in surgery from for more than an hour for emergency surgery and died at 4:50 in the morning.
  • Born: Charles Bukowski, German-born American writer; as Heinrich Karl Bukowski in Andernach (d. 1994)
  • Died: Norman Lockyer, 84, English astronomer who was the co-discoverer of helium and the founder and first editor of the British scientific journal Nature.

August 17, 1920 (Tuesday)
  • Members of the International Longshoremen's Association voted to end a strike of the ports on the U.S. east coast, and announced that they would return on Thursday at the same received before the walkout, 65 cents per hour and a one dollar per hour for overtime.[86] The strike had started on March 12, and had become worse in April when unionized truck drivers began boycotting the piers that were on strike[87]
  • With only one more state's ratification necessary to make the 19th Amendment part of the United States Constitution and permitting women nationwide the right to vote, the North Carolina state senate voted, 25 to 23, to postpone consideration until after the November elections. A the same time, it was unclear whether the Tennessee state house of representatives would follow the state senate in voting for ratification[88]
  • Born: Maureen O'Hara, Irish-born American film actress and leading lady, remembered as John Wayne's co-star in multiple films; as Maureen FitzSimons in Ranelagh (d. 2015)
  • Died: Ray Chapman, 29, American baseball player after being struck in the head during a major league game.

August 18, 1920 (Wednesday)
Harry Burn
  • By a final vote of 50 to 46, the Tennessee state House of Representatives approved the Senate resolution to ratify the 19th Amendment. Taken first was a vote to table consideration of whether to concur in the Senate vote until the next session of the legislature and, after a 48 to 48 tie, the attempt failed and the members were asked to vote yes or no on whether to concur. Harry T. Burn, a 24-year old legislator, had been one of the members who had voted to table the resolution, but having made a promise to his mother to support suffrage if it came up for a vote, surprised the crowd by switching sides to join the 48 legislators in favor of ratification. Banks Pearson Turner, another legislator who had favored tabling the matter, passed when the roll was called and, a reporter noted, "Visibly a great battle was going on within him as to what he should do." When the last legislator on the roll, J. H. Womack, voted yes, the vote was 48 in favor and 47 against, with Pearson asked whether to vote against (for a 48-48 deadlock) or for the amendment. Pearson went in favor and the vote was 49 to 47 for ratification. House Speaker Seth Walker then switched his vote from no to yes, giving the ratification a 50 to 46 majority.[89][90]
  • French Army troops at Kattowitz in Germany (now Katowice in Poland) were attacked by striking German coal miners. The soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 10 of the miners.[91]
  • Born: Shelley Winters, American film, stage and TV actress and two-time Academy Award winner; as Shirley Schrift in St. Louis (d. 2006)

August 19, 1920 (Thursday)

August 20, 1920 (Friday)
SS Superior City
  • The first commercial radio station in the United States, 8MK, began operations in Detroit. It was owned by William E. Scripps, owner of The Detroit News, and operated from the second floor of the Detroit News building. Elton Plant, an office boy at the News, opened the broadcast as the first U.S. radio announcer "because he had a good speaking and singing voice.".[95] The initial broadcast was "thought to have been heard by listeners in at least 30 Detroit homes".[96] In 1921, 8MK would change its call letters to WBL and is now WWJ, an all-news radio station.
  • Twenty-nine people were killed in the sinking of the American freighter SS Superior City after it collided with another ship, the Willis L. King while sailing on Lake Superior.[97] One of the four survivors reported that "members of her crew were calmly donning life belts and waiting for the orders" to board the lifeboats when the ship's boilers suddenly exploded. The ship went down two minutes later[98]
  • Four professional football team owners in Ohio met at the offices of Ralph Hay in Canton, Ohio to come to an agreement about what would become the first pro football league, with plans to invite owners of more teams for a second meeting on September 17[99][100][101] The "American Professional Football Conference" (APFC) was made up of the Canton Bulldogs, Akron Pros, the Cleveland Tigers and the Dayton Triangles, who decided on a six-game schedule to play each other at home-and-away, an agreement to respect each other's player contracts, and to take a stand against signing college students whose class had not yet graduated.
  • Democratic Party presidential candidate James M. Cox said in a speech at South Bend, Indiana, that wealthy members of the Republican Party were trying to "buy the presidency" with a $15,000,000 donation to Republican candidate Warren G. Harding[102]
  • Paul Hymans, the Foreign Minister of Belgium, was elected to preside over the first assembly of the League of Nations, scheduled for November 15 in Brussels. "Had America been in the League," a wire service noted, "Mr. Wilson [the U.S. president] or the senior of the American delegates would have been in chosen, but in default of America, Mr. Hymans was selected.[103]
  • Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia signed the treaty to create the mutual defense pact nicknamed "The Little Entente", in a ceremony at Belgrade.[104]

August 21, 1920 (Saturday)
  • The first wireless radio transmission from the world's most powerful station, the Lafayette transmitter in France, was made. Located at Marcheprime, near Bordeaux, the station had been completed by the United States Navy at French government expense and would be turned over to the French government after completion of tests. Listening in Washington, D.C., U.S. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels was among those to hear the initial transmission, which proclaimed that "This is the first wireless message to be heard around the world, and marks a milestone on the road of scientific achievement."[105]
  • Alaa al-Din al-Durubi, who had recently been appointed as the Prime Minister of Syria, was murdered, along with the Minister of War, the Minister of the Interior, and 27 other people when the train he was on stopped at Darat Izza and a group of killers boarded, shot the group, and left.[106][107][108]
  • Twelve schoolchildren in Mahim, a suburb of Bombay in British India, were drowned while attending a picnic organized by the American mission there. Reportedly, the children waded out to a sand bank and were caught by surprise by a sudden wave at high tide[109]
  • Ten coal miners were killed in an explosion near Wilburton, Oklahoma, after ventilation fans in one of the mines shafts ceased working[110]
  • Having served its function of controlling wartime distribution of food in the United States during World War One, and relief to starving nations after the end of the War, the United States Food Administration was abolished by Executive Order 3320. The federal agency had been established three years earlier, on August 10, 1917, four months after the American entry into the ongoing world war.[111]
  • Born: Christopher Robin Milne, English son of author A. A. Milne and his father's inspiration for the Winnie-the-Pooh books; later the owner and operator of a bookstore in Devonshire; in Chelsea, London (d. 1996)

August 22, 1920 (Sunday)
  • The Salzburg Festival was inaugurated, as an annual celebration of culture, by playwright Max Reinhardt with the performance of his play, Jedermann (Everyman) on Cathedral Square in front of the Austrian city's old cathedral[112][113][114][115]
  • In Lisburn, a suburb of Belfast, Irish nationalists shot and killed the Royal Irish Constabulary policeman charged by a grand jury with the March 20 murder of Cork Mayor Tomas Mac Curtain[116] Inspector Oswald Swanzy was walking home from church services when three armed men with rifles confronted him and opened fire. When Swanzy fell down, they fired again, and then left in a waiting taxicab. Swanzy was the eighth RIC officer to be shot and killed during the week. Rioting followed and, in retaliation, Catholic owned businesses in Lisburn were burned down. In the days that followed, homes in Belfast's predominantly Roman Catholic Shankhill District were burned and 17 people, both Catholic and Protestant had died in rioting.[117]
  • Hannes Kolehmainen of Finland won the marathon at the Summer Olympics at Antwerp and set a new world's record of 2 hours, 32 minutes and 35.8 seconds despite racing "through mud and rain".[118] The record would stand for more than five years before being broken by Albert Michelsen of the U.S. on October 12, 1925. In the nearly 100 years since Kolehmainen's run, the race has been run more than 30 minutes more quickly, with Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya holding the current record of 2 hours, 1 minute and 39 seconds.[119] The first woman to best Kolehmainen's mark was Joan Samuelson of the U.S. in 1980.
  • Born: Ray Bradbury, American science fiction author; in Waukegan, Illinois (d. 2012)
  • Died: Anders Zorn, 60, Swedish portrait painter and sculptor

August 23, 1920 (Monday)
  • At a bullring in Barcelona, six amateur bullfighters were killed by an enraged bull. According to reports from the Daily Mail of London and the Washington Herald, some of the victims were gored and others were trampled by the animal before it could be stopped.[120]
  • Carl Mays of the New York Yankees pitched for the first time since accidentally killing Ray Chapman a week earlier, with a 10 to 0 win over the visiting Detroit Tigers. According to news reports,.[121]
  • Born: Jim Leavelle, American homicide detective remembered for escorting accused presidential assassin Lee Harvey Oswald when the latter was killed by Jack Ruby; near the town of Detroit, Texas, in Red River County (d. 2019)

August 24, 1920 (Tuesday)
  • After 55 hours of flying time, four U.S. Army Air Service airplanes landed safely at Nome, in the Alaskan Territory, at 5:30 in the afternoon local time, completing a journey that had started from the New York City aerodrome at Mineola, New York on Long Island.[122] Altogether, the 8,690 kilometres (5,400 mi) journey had taken 40 days, with multiple stops, after departing on July 15[123] With four DeHavilland DH-4 aircraft, the "Black Wolf Squadron" had been organized by U.S. Army Brigadier General Billy Mitchell, to promote the role of the airplane in national defense[124]
  • The penultimate step in universal women's suffrage in the United States took place as Tennessee's Governor Albert H. Roberts signed the resolution ratifying the 19th Amendment, and then arranged for its delivery to the U.S. Department of State for certification.[125][126]
  • Born: Herbert Haft, American discount business entrepreneur who built the Dart Drugs chain of pharmacies, followed by the Dart Group conglomerate other low-cost outlets like Shoppers Food Warehouse and Trak Auto; in Baltimore (d. 2004)

August 25, 1920 (Wednesday)
The Model M

August 26, 1920 (Thursday)
1970 commemorative U.S. stamp
  • U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby proclaimed the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, eight days after Tennessee had voted to ratify, and two days after Tennessee Governor Roberts signed the resolution. Despite requests from the press and from suffragists for a ceremony at the State Department offices, Colby waited until he got a phone call from his office about the arrival of the request from Tennessee and asked for the necessary paperwork to be brought to his home at 1507 K Street N.W. in Washington, and signed the proclamation at 8:00 in the morning.[133] Colby and two State Department officials, F. K. Nielsen and Charles L. Cook, were the only witnesses to the signing[134]
  • The price of railroad tickets for interstate passenger travel and freight shipping increased for the first time since the First World War. A 20 percent increase in passenger fares was allowed, and the standard cost of a trip from Madison, Wisconsin to San Francisco went from $76.33 to $91.61 (equivalent to $1,220 in 2020). Additional charges for a bed on a Pullman car increased by half, becoming 35 percent added to the train fare; the $91.61 trip would cost an additional $32 for Pullman services, about $425 extra in current dollars.[135][136]
  • Born:
  • Died: James Wilson, 85, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1897 to 1913. Wilson was the longest-serving member of a U.S. presidential cabinet, working for three consecutive presidents (William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and William Taft) before being replaced by David F. Houston two days into the administration of Woodrow Wilson.

August 27, 1920 (Friday)
  • The first radio broadcast from what one source describes as "the oldest radio station in the world"[137] began at 9:00 in the evening when the Sociedad Radio Argentina aired a live performance of Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires. Roughly 20 homes had radios at the time.[138]
  • The first voting in the U.S. to be conducted under the protections of the 19th Amendment took place in the city of South St. Paul, Minnesota, where voters were presented the question of whether to approve a bond issue for an $85,000 water line extension.[139][140] While women in some states had been allowed to vote in all elections prior to 1920, women in other ratifying states (including Minnesota) were only allowed to vote in the presidential election.[141] Marguerite Newburgh voted moments after the polls opened at 6:00 in the morning.
  • Four days of voting began in Guatemala for a new president, and Carlos Herrera, the acting president since April, was approved for a six-year term.[142] Herrera would serve only 15 months before being overthrown in a coup d'état.
  • Irish-American longshoremen in New York City, and many of their co-workers, showed their disagreement with the jailing Cork Mayor MacSweeney by refusing to work on freight ships that were coming from or going to Great Britain[143]

August 28, 1920 (Saturday)

August 29, 1920 (Sunday)
  • Pope Benedict XVI became the first pontiff to invite a motion picture crew into the Vatican for "the most complete pictures ever taken of Vatican ceremonies." The Pope cooperated with American photographers and newsreel filmmakers in conjunction with a mass for the American Knights of Columbus[147]
  • The baggage carriers' strike in New York ended with a 22% pay raise and an increase of 25 cents per piece of luggage.[83]
  • Born:
    • Otis Boykin, African-American electronics inventor known for the creation of the heart pacemaker; in Dallas (d. 1982)
    • Charlie Parker, African-American jazz saxophonist and composer, Grammy Award winner and enshrinee in the Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame; in Kansas City, Kansas (d. 1955 of cirrhosis)

August 30, 1920 (Monday)
  • Islamic clerics in the Muntafiq district of Mesopotamia (now the Dhi Qar Governorate of Iraq) called for a jihad against the British mandate administrators.[148]
  • U.S. President Wilson announced his approval of the Anthracite Wage Commission recommendation for wage increases of at least 17% for anthracite coal miners.[149]
  • In Italy, 300 metal-working plants were seized by employees.[150]
  • The tercentenary of the landing of the Pilgrims at Provincetown, Massachusetts, was observed, with representatives from Britain, France and the Netherlands in attendance.[151]
  • Born: Ali Sabri, Prime Minister of Egypt from 1962 to 1965; in Maadi (d. 1991)

August 31, 1920 (Tuesday)
  • The first radio news broadcast was made from Detroit's station 8MK, with an announcer telling results of that day's Republican primary election voting in Michigan and around Detroit. On the day of the broadcast, 8MK's owner, the Detroit News, informed radio owners that the program could be heard within a 100 miles (160 km) radius of Detroit and could be heard by tuning receivers to the 200 meter wavelength[152] (equivalent to 1500 kHz on AM radio).
  • Three days after the 19th Amendment took effect nationwide, members of the Tennessee House of Representatives attempted to take back their vote for ratification that had made their state the necessary 36th of 48 to give women the right to vote in all states.[153] With a quorum present for the first time since the August 18 approval had been voted, the House voted, 47 to 24 (and 20 abstaining), in favor of a resolution that "expunged from its journal all record of ratification of the federal suffrage amendment" and to "nonconcur" in the ratification vote of the state senate. No attempt was made, however, to attempt to get the state senate (which had voted 25 to 4 for ratification) to join in reversing the decision.
  • The first election for office to be held after the 19th Amendment took effect was conducted in Hannibal, Missouri, and 147 women who had recently been given the right of suffrage took part. In a vote to fill a vacancy in the Hannibal City Council, the 147 women were among 503 people to cast ballots. Four days earlier, women in South St. Paul, Minnesota, had participated in a yes/no vote for financing a water project, but the Missouri vote was the first to present a choice between candidates. W. H. McDonald was elected an alderman in the election[154] Marie Ruoff Byrum was the first woman to exercise her new rights to vote for a candidate when the precinct opened at 7:00 in the morning.[155]
  • John Lloyd Wright was granted U.S. Patent Number 1,351,086 for interlocking wooden pieces under the identification "Toy-cabin construction", a toy that would be marketed as Lincoln Logs.[156][157]
  • The Philadelphia Phillies, in last place in baseball's National League, defeated the Chicago Cubs[158] in what seemed like an ordinary game. Four days later, though, Cubs owner William Veeck called for an investigation on suspicion that gamblers had paid some of the Cubs players to lose the game.[159] The Chicago grand jury investigation that followed would find no evidence pointing to the Cubs, but would lead to a scandal involving Chicago's other team, the White Sox[160][161]
  • Italian poet Gabriele D'Annunzio made public the text of a constitution that he had written for the port of Fiume to be declared an independent nation as "The Italian Regency of Quarnero". D'Annunzio, whose constitution was reportedly "written in poetic style", said that the question of whether Fiume would become its own state would be decided on September 11.[162]
  • French Army General Henri Gouraud, France's administrator for the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, signed Formal Decree number 318, establishing the boundaries of the future nation of Lebanon, a day before proclaiming the "State of Greater Lebanon"[163] The border between Lebanon and the future state of Israel was the existing dividing line between French Syria and British Palestine. In separating Lebanon from Syria, Gouraud set the Nahr al-Kabir as Lebanon's northern border and the range of the "Anti-Lebanon Mountains" as the eastern limit.
  • Died: Wilhelm Wundt, 88, German psychologist and pioneer in experimental psychology.

References
  1. "Disquieting Indian Situation— Mr. Gandhi's Rhetoric", The Times (London), August 4, 1920, p9
  2. Stanley Wolpert, Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi (Oxford University Press, 2001) p108
  3. "India and the Turkish Peace Terms— Mr. Gandhi's Warning of Non-Cooperation", Manchester Guardian, June 26, 1920, p8
  4. "Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS)", benefits.gov
  5. "Record of Current Events", The American Review of Reviews Volume 62 (September, 1920), pp248-252
  6. "State to Treat Cancer With Radium Oct. 15", New York Tribune, August 2, 1920, p2
  7. "J. Frank Hanly and 2 Friends Killed by Train— Dry Leader's Auto Hit at Dennison, O.", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 2, 1920, p1
  8. "15,000 Pledge 'Sacred Blood' To Free Africa— Marcus Garvey Proclaims World-Wide Movement to Redeem Native Land to People of His Race", New York Tribune, August 3, 1920, p7
  9. "Africa for Africans Is Negro Plan— Would Order Out White Nations Interested In Continent", Windsor (ON) Star, August 3, 1920, p1
  10. Back-to-Africa|"Marcus Garvey Presents His “Back to Africa” Program in New York This Day in 1920, by Fredrick Ngugi, Face to Face Africa, August 2, 2017
  11. "Italy's Withdrawal from Albania", The Guardian, August 6, 1920, p12
  12. "Giolitti Pulls Strings to Close Italian Unrest", Chicago Tribune, August 2, 1920, p7
  13. "Passenger Rate Boosts Aug. 20, Freight Aug. 25", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1920, p3
  14. "Lloyd and 19 Reds Convicted; to Prison— All Face 1 to 5 Year Terms for Sedition", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1920, p1
  15. "Declares Secession in Lower California", The New York Times, August 3, 1920, p15
  16. "Wife Starring Charlie Chaplin in 'Her Divorce'— She Charges Cruelty in Los Angeles Suit", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1920, p1
  17. "Plane's Fall Brings Death to Locklear", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1920, p1
  18. Eve Golden, Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars (McFarland, 2015) p83
  19. "Texas Mob Storms Jail And Hangs Negro In Yard", Baltimore Sun, August 3, 1920, p1
  20. "Center Hanging Oak", Famous Trees of Texas, Texas A & M University Forest Service
  21. "An Obsessive Quest to Make People See", Los Angeles Times, August 27, 2000, pA1
  22. "Mr. President, this is what lynching really is", Tampa Bay Times, October 23, 2019, pA6
  23. "President Is Better Than Before Illness— Physician Goes for Rest As He Presides Over Meeting of Cabinet", Louisville Courier-Journal, August 4, 1920, p1
  24. "President Has Warships Stop W. Union Cable— Won't Let Company Put Wire in U.S.", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 5, 1920, p1
  25. "British Cable Ship Held up by U.S. Vessels", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 7, 1920, p2
  26. "Brazil Concedes Cable Rights to American Firms", Tampa Tribune, June 25, 1922, p1
  27. "Huerta Secretaries Resign; May Take Diplomatic Posts', El Paso (TX) Times, August 6, 1920, p1
  28. "Wilson Names Dec. 21 for Honor to Pilgrims", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 5, 1920, p1
  29. "British Discuss King for Mesopotamia", San Francisco Examiner, August 5, 1920, p1
  30. "Slain Ambassador a Career Diplomat", by David Binder, The New York Times, February 15, 1979, p. A18
  31. "Allies Move to Protect Poland; Soviet Sends Another Evasive Note; Germany Refuses to Let Troops Pass", The New York Times, August 6, 1920, p1
  32. "Financial Meeting Called by League", The New York Times, August 6, 1920, p15
  33. "On conditions of entry into the Communist International", Thirteenth Session, August 6, Marxists.org
  34. "Devlin Defies Commons as It Puts Ireland in Chains— 'I Loathe You!' Cries Chief of Nationalists", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 7, 1920, p1
  35. "Military Courts to Replace Civil in Irish Crisis; Pending Bill to Give Army More Power", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1920, p3
  36. "Martial Law for Denver— 3 More Killed; Cancel Strike; Men Vote Today", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 7, 1920, p1
  37. "Chief Scout of the World— Wolf Cubs' Great Howl", The Times (London), August 9, 1920, p7
  38. "Commissioner's Corner", by Russell Smart, World Scout Jamboree 2019 newsletter
  39. "The Nazi Rise to Power and the Nature of the Nazi Regime", by Daniel Fraenkel, in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, ed. by Dr. Robert Rozett (Routledge, 2013) p34
  40. "Socialists Behind New Pan-German Movement", Brooklyn Daily Eagle, August 3, 1920, p3
  41. "Lithuania O. K.'s Peace", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 8, 1920, p1
  42. "See Tennessee 36th to Ratify U. S. Suffrage— Governor Calls Special Session for Tomorrow", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 8, 1920, p4
  43. "Sixty Thousand Voice Approval as Democratic Leader Takes Stand for World League for Peace and Comity", Dayton (O.) Daily News, August 8, 1920, p1
  44. James M. Cox, Journey Through My Years" (Simon & Schuster, 1946), reprinted by Mercer University Press, 2004, at page 265
  45. "Two All Metal Planes at Oakland; Nation Crossed", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1920, p3
  46. "Mail Via Auto, Frisco to N.Y., in Less than 5 Days", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 11, 1920, p1
  47. "British Make Mannix Land at Penzance— Leaves Baltic Under Technical Arrest", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1920, p3
  48. "The Strike Weapon to Enforce Peace— Labour's Emergency Conference", Manchester Guardian, August 10, 1920, p7
  49. "Allies Won't Send Army To Aid Poland", New York Tribune, August 10, 1920, p1
  50. "British King Gives Assent to Crimes Bill", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1920, p3
  51. "Villa Yields; 'Gives Up to Save Nation'", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1920, p1
  52. "Great War Dies as Turk Peace Pact Is Signed", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 11, 1920, p1
  53. "'Big 3' Carves Up Turkey in Secret Pact— Britain, France, Italy to Back Each Other", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 11, 1920, p1
  54. "International Treaties: Legal and Political Aspects", by T. S. Kahvé, Ararat Heritage Foundation, 2012
  55. William Howland Kenney, Recorded Music in American Life: The Phonograph and Popular Memory, 1890-1945 (Oxford University Press, 1999)
  56. "Is Mamie Smith’s ‘Crazy Blues’ The First Blues Record?", by Richard Havens, Udiscovermusic.com
  57. "Six recordings chosen for NARAS Hall of Fame", by David Tobenkin, Hollywood Reporter, December 30, 1993
  58. "Colby Note States Policy— Proposes Joint Declaration for Preventing the Dismemberment of Russia— Won't Recognize Soviets", The New York Times, August 11, 1920, p1
  59. "Text of Secretary Colby's Note on Russia and Poland", The New York Times, August 11, 1920, p2
  60. "Expressmen Gain $30,000,000 Rise in Wage Award", The New York Times, August 11, 1920, p1
  61. "Wilson Requests Conference over Soft Coal Award", New York Tribune, August 11, 1920, p5
  62. "Russo-Lettish Peace Treaty Signed", Manchester Guardian, August 12, 1920, p12
  63. "Letvia and Russia Sign Peace Treaty, Riga Message Says", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 12, 1920, p1
  64. "History of Latvia 1918-1940", The Latvian Institute
  65. "Prisoner Dies After 43 Days' Hunger Strike", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 12, 1920, p2
  66. "British Seize Mayor of Cork and Ten Aides", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 13, 1920, p1
  67. "Mayor of Cork Is Taken to England", New York Tribune, August 18, 1920, p1
  68. "Ponzi Seized; Debts Placed at $7,000,000", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 13, 1920, p3
  69. "Two Assassins Attempt Life of Venizelos, Chicago Daily Tribune, August 13, 1920, p1
  70. "Poles Defeated; Reds 20 Miles from Warsaw", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 14, 1920, p1
  71. "'Entente Jr.' Hopes to End Balkan Rows", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 14, 1920, p2
  72. "The Rationale for The Little Entente, 1924", by Eduard Beneš:, Fordham University Modern History Sourcebooks series
  73. "Suffrage Wins in Tennessee Senate, 25 to 4", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 14, 1920, p5
  74. Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League website
  75. "King Reviews Olympic Stars in Opening Fete", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 15, 1920, pS-1.
  76. "Mexico City Admits Uprising in Jalisco", The New York Times, August 15, 1920, p12
  77. "POLES SAVE CAPITAL; Chief Says Drive on South Menaces Main Russian Army", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 18, 1920, p1
  78. Jerzy Borzęcki, The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe (Yale University Press, 2008) p95
  79. Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount D'Abernon, The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw, 1920 (Hodder and Stoughton, 1931)
  80. "Hold Up Gov. Cox as Motor Speeder— Ohio Constables Try to Arrest Him, but He Order Chauffeur to Go Ahead— Republican Plot Charged", The New York Times, August 16, 1920, p1
  81. "Cox and Auto Party Halted As Speeders", New York Tribune, August 16, 1920, p1
  82. "Friend of America Head of Paraguay— Foreign Minister Gondra Inaugurated", Washington Sunday Star, August 15, 1920, p33
  83. "Record of Current Events", The American Review of Reviews Volume 62 (October, 1920), pp360-363
  84. "Pitched Ball Kills Diamond Star"; Using Roughened Ball Results in Chapman's Fatal Injury, Says Mays", Pittsburg Press, August 17, 1920, p1
  85. "Pitched Ball Fractures Ray Chapman's Skull— Operation Performed to Save Life of Cleveland Shortstop, Who Is in Serious Condition", AP report in The Gazette Times (Pittsburgh), August 17, 1920, p9
  86. "Longshoremen End Coastwise Strike", The New York Times, August 18, 1920, p15
  87. "Longshoremen Call Off Strike Begun Mar. 12", New York Tribune, August 18, 1920, p7
  88. "Suffs Set Back in Two States", New York Herald, August 18, 1920, p1
  89. "SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT ADOPTED BY HOUSE— Passed, 50 to 46, After Stormy Scenes", Nashville Tennessean, August 19, 1920, p1
  90. "Tennessee, In Role of Perfect 36, Gives Women the Ballot", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 19, 1920, p2
  91. "Silesian Mobs Attack France; 10 Silesians Die", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 19, 1920, p3
  92. "Upper Silesia Mob Fires on German Police", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 20, 1920, p3
  93. "Fatal violence in Upper Silesia, 1918-1922", by Tim Wilson, in Creating Nationality in Central Europe, 1880-1950: Modernity, violence and (be)longing in Upper Silesia, ed. by Tomasz Kamusella, et al. (Routledge, 2016) p67
  94. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine Oxford University Press, 1986) p49
  95. "WWJ, the world's first commercial radio station", The Detroit News website
  96. "WWJ", by William Zurenko and Julia Teran in Encyclopedia of Detroit online, Detroit Historical Society
  97. "29 Lives Lost When Ships Crash on Lake Superior", St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 22, 1920, p1
  98. "Blast Tears Vessel Apart; Death List 29", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 22, 1920, p3
  99. "Football Managers Make Plans", Akron (O.) Beacon Journal", August 21, 1920, p10
  100. "Happy Birthday NFL?", by P.F.R.A. Research, The Coffin Corner, Vol. 2, No. 8 (August 1980)
  101. "NFL Announces Plans to Celebrate 100th Season", NFL.com, August 1, 2019
  102. "Senators Call Cox to Produce Fund Proofs— Give Nominee Until Monday to Show Facts", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 24, 1920, p1
  103. "America Loses Presidency of Nations' League", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 21, 1920, p1
  104. "New Slavic States Form Alliance for Defense", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 22, 1920, p2
  105. "First Radio to Circle World Is Received in U.S.— Gigantic French Station Is Tribute to Yankees", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 22, 1920, p2
  106. "Syrian Premier Slain by Bandits in Holdup", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 23, 1920, p1
  107. "Assassins Slay 3 Members of Syrian Cabinet", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 25, 1920, p2
  108. "The Murder of Syrian Ministers", The Times (London), August 24, 1920, p9
  109. "12 Children Drown at American Mission Picnic", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 22, 1920, p3
  110. "Ten Men Killed in Mine Accident at Wilburton, OK.", Tucson (AZ) Citizen", August 23, 1920, p1
  111. "Records of the United States Food Administration", The National Archives at Fort Worth, Texas
  112. "Wonderful Everyman— Marvelous performance of mystery play staged in Salzburg", Buffalo (NY) Morning Express, September 7, 1920, p9
  113. "Reinhardt 'Everyman'— Remarkable Production at Salzburg", The Observer (London), September 12, 1920, p6
  114. "'Jedermann' at the Salzburg Festival", This Is Salzburg, Salzburg.info
  115. "A Short History of the Salzburg Festival", Salzburgerland.com, SalzburgerLand Tourismus
  116. "Victim Killed in Sight of Congregation", San Francisco Chronicle, August 23, 1920, p1
  117. "Mobs Burn Belfast; 17 Dead", San Francisco Examiner, August 31, 1920, p1
  118. "Hannes Kolehmainen Victor in Marathon— Finland's Star Breaks Record", Boston Globe, August 23, 1920, p1
  119. "World Best Progressions- Road", Association of Road Racing Statisticians
  120. "Infuriated Bull Kills Six Toreadors", Washington Herald, August 24, 1920, p1
  121. "Twice, when his curves broke close to matters, Mays shouted, 'Look out.'", Vancouver Sun, August 24, 1920, p4
  122. "Mineola Flyers Arrive at Nome", Washington Herald, August 25, 1920, p2
  123. "Flight of 8,690 Miles Starts in East Today", Chicago Daily Tribune, July 15, 1920, p1
  124. "New Online: Black Wolf Squadron Photographs", by Paul Adasiak, University of Alaska at Fairbanks Libraries, August 30, 2012.
  125. "Tennessee Has Certified Its O.K. on Equal Ballot", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 25, 1920, p5
  126. "Tennessee Governor’s Proclamation on Suffrage", Women's Suffrage and the Media website
  127. William Sims Bainbridge, An Information Technology Surrogate for Religion: The Veneration of Deceased Family in Online Games (Springer, 2016) p32
  128. Pitney Bowles Mail Opener, Science Source.com
  129. "Stonington Inventor Gets Chart-Holder", Norwich (CT) Bulletin, July 22, 1920, p5
  130. "Reds Lose 4 Armies— Poles Sweep Soviet Armies From Country— 75,000 Captured in Great Retreat", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 25, 1920, p1
  131. "Poles Drive Last Invaders Into Marshes", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 26, 1920, p1
  132. "Navy Sends Gunboat to Watch Honduras; Central American Unrest Causes Concern", New York Times, August 26, 1920, p1
  133. "Colby Proclaims Woman Suffrage— Signs Certificate of Ratification at His Home Without Woman Witnesses", The New York Times, August 27, 1920, p1
  134. "Colby Tells How He Signed Certificate", Staunton (VA) News Leader", August 28, 1920, p4
  135. "Passengers Pay Increased Fare", Wisconsin State Journal (Madison WI), August 26, 1920, p2
  136. price equivalencies based on Consumer Price Index data
  137. "Radio in Selected Countries", by Mary E. Beadle, in Encyclopedia of Radio, ed. by Christopher H. Sterling (Fitzroy-Dearborn, 2003)
  138. "Early History of Radio Broadcasting in Argentina", by Carlos A. Altgelt
  139. "South St. Paul Girl First to Vote in U.S. Under Nineteenth Amendment— Typist Gets Up Early to Cast Ballot", Minnesota Daily Star, August 27, 1920, p1
  140. "Votes for Women!", Hennepin County (MN) Libraries
  141. "Centuries of Citizenship: A Constitutional Timeline" National Constitution Center
  142. "Carlos Herrera Elected President of Guatemala", Chicago Daily Tribune, September 1, 1920, p1
  143. "Irish Tie Up Ships of British at New York", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 28, 1920, p1
  144. Presidential Library of Russia
  145. "Russia", in The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year 1922, ed. by Frank Moore Colby (Dodd, Mead & Colby, 1923) p638
  146. "El Museo de La Roja en Las Rozas", Hotel Victoria website
  147. "Pope Poses for American Movie Men at Vatican", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 30, 1920, p3
  148. "Holy War in East", Los Angeles Times, August 31, 1920
  149. "Wilson Grants Miners Raise of $50,000,000", New York Tribune, August 31, 1920, p1
  150. "Metal Workers of Milan Seize the Factories", The Province, August 31, 1920, p1
  151. "Four Nations Unite in Pilgrim Festival", Boston Post, August 31, 1920, p1
  152. "The News Radiophone to Give Vote Results", Detroit News, August 31, 1920
  153. "Vote to Upset Suffrage in Tennessee", Chicago Daily Tribune, September 1, 1920, p1
  154. "147 Women Vote in Hannibal", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 1, 1920, p4
  155. "The First Woman to Vote", Hannibal Bicentennial Committee 2019
  156. Carroll Pursell, From Playgrounds to PlayStation: The Interaction of Technology and Play (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015)
  157. "Lincoln Logs Inventor John Lloyd Wright", Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
  158. "Old Fighting Power Summoned by Phils to Lick Aleck, 3-0", Chicago Daily Tribune, September 1, 1920, p19
  159. "Plot to Throw Game Charged Against Cubs", St. Louis Star, September 4, 1920, p1
  160. "Black Sox scandal: Little-known Philadelphian and meaningless Phillies game helped break open the World Series fix 100 years ago" by Frank Fitzpatrick, Philadelphia Inquirer, October 21, 2019
  161. Stuart Shea, Wrigley Field: The Long Life and Contentious Times of the Friendly Confines (University of Chicago Press, 2014) pp116-118
  162. "Poet of Fiume Heads New State in Adriatic", September 1, 1920, p4
  163. "Lebanon-Syria", by Gideon Biger, in Border Disputes: A Global Encyclopedia, ed. by Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly (ABC-CLIO, 2015) p353
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.