May 1921

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May 3, 1921: Ireland officially divided into two provinces

The following events occurred in May 1921:

May 1, 1921 (Sunday)

  • Riots began in Jaffa, at the time in the British Mandate for Palestine. The activities of the Jewish Communist Party, calling for the establishment of a "Soviet Palestine", culminated in a march through the Jewish-Arab border neighborhood of Manshiyya, where they clashed with the rival socialist Ahdut HaAvoda group, leading to large-scale rioting involving Jews, Christians, Arabs and Muslims.[1] Within days, at least 40 people had been killed. [2]
  • The U.S. Navy opened a commercial wireless service between North America and Indo-China.[3]

May 2, 1921 (Monday)

May 3, 1921 (Tuesday)

Secretary Weeks
  • U.S. Secretary of War John W. Weeks announced that all draft evaders of the recent World War would be arrested, and that he would issue a list of willful deserters.[12] The published lists proved to be an embarrassment to Weeks after it was clear that they hadn't been verified [13][14][15]
  • U.S. Steel Corporation announced that it was reducing the wages of 150,000 day laborers by 20%, with salary cuts to take place on May 16. Wages, which had been raised in early 1918 because of the shortage of workers due to World War One, were returned to their pre-war level. The minimum wage rate for a U.S. Steel employee was changed from 46 cents per hour to 36 cents per hour.[16]
  • The third population census of the population of the Union of South Africa was enumerated.[17] According to the final enumeration, the population of the minority-ruled Union in 1921 was 6,927,403 of whom 1,521,343 were white and 5,406,060 were non-whites.[18]
  • The government of France called up 200,000 men in preparation for the occupation of Germany's Ruhr Valley.[19]
  • The U.S Senate passed the Dillingham Immigration Bill, similar to one vetoed by President Wilson in February, by a vote of 78 to 1 in favor.[20]
  • Born: Sugar Ray Robinson, U.S. boxer, in Ailey, Georgia[21] (died 1989)
  • Died: William Robert Brooks, 77, British-born American astronomer who discovered 27 comets during his career [22]

May 4, 1921 (Wednesday)

Fehrenbach
  • Chancellor Constantin Fehrenbach of Germany and his cabinet resigned upon news that an ultimatum would be sent from the Allies to agree to binding reparations payments.[23]
  • Born: Edo Murtić, Croatian painter, in Velika Pisanica (died 2005)[24]

May 5, 1921 (Thursday)

  • The Allied Supreme War Council notified Germany of a default on the May 1 payment due for 12 billion gold marks and announced that Germany would have until May 12 to accept a total debt of 135 billion marks (equivalent to £6.75 billion or $33.75 billion), to be "paid in an indeterminate number of annual installments" worth of gold. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George handed the ultimatum, signed by himself and representatives of France, Belgium, Italy and Japan to Germany's Ambassador Friedrich Sthamer.[25]
  • Sir James Craig, leader of the Ulster Unionist Party of Northern Ireland, and Éamon de Valera, leader of the Sinn Féin party of Ireland, met in conference.[26]
  • The lowest attendance in the history of The Football League was recorded when only 13 paying spectators attended a football match between Leicester City and Stockport County F.C. in England. (However, the number of non-paying spectators at the match may have been between 1,000 and 2,000.)[27]
  • Died:

May 6, 1921 (Friday)

  • A provisional treaty was signed in Berlin, by which Germany recognized the Soviet regime in Russia.[29]
  • A proposed resolution by U.S. Representative George H. Tinkham of Massachusetts, to investigate disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South, was rejected by the House of Representatives, with only 46 in favor and 285 against.[30]
  • U.S. President Warren G. Harding accepted Britain's invitation to send representatives to the Reparations Conference.[3]
  • Died: W. Friese Greene, 66, English inventor and motion picture pioneer.[31]

May 7, 1921 (Saturday)

May 8, 1921 (Sunday)

May 9, 1921 (Monday)

May 10, 1921 (Tuesday)

Chancellor Wirth

May 11, 1921 (Wednesday)

  • Germany sent a note unconditionally accepting the reparation terms described in the ultimatum of May 5. In London, German Ambassador Friedrich Sthamer delivered the note of acceptance to Prime Minister David Lloyd George, stating the German government had resolved "to carry out withoug reserve or condition its obligations" to guarantee reparations, partially disarm its armed forces and to put accused war criminals on trial in German courts.[46]
  • Thousands of people rioted in Kanchrapara after workers on the Eastern Bengal State Railway in British India went on strike.[47]
  • British cotton weavers and spinners had their wages reduced by 30% by their employers.[3]
  • Newspapers across North America, including The New York Times, printed what turned out to be a false report from the agent for comedian Charlie Chaplin had been "severely burned" during the filming of his latest movie, The Idle Class. According to the account, "An acetylene torch used in the scene set Chaplin's coat and voluminous trousers afire. In a second he was aflame from head to foot" and "was saved from fatal injury by employees, who wrapped him in wet blankets." [48][49][50] Chaplin would write later that after a slight accident with a blowtorch requiring him to add "another layer of asbestos" to his outfit, his agent exaggerated the matter. "Carl Robinson saw an opportunity for publicity... That evening I was shocked to read headlines that I had been severely burnt about the face, hands and body.... I issued a denial, but few newspapers printed it." [51] The papers that did print a correction generally did so as a less-prominently displayed followup.[52]

May 12, 1921 (Thursday)

May 13, 1921 (Friday)

May 14, 1921 (Saturday)

  • A geomagnetic storm, caused by a solar outburst, began interfering with telegraph and telephone transmissions (and railroad signals) and causing an aurora borealis to be observed in the northeastern United States. The activity was attributed by astronomers at the U.S. Naval Observatory to a sunspot 94,000 miles (151,000 km) long and 21,000 miles (34,000 km) wide.,[60] lasting until May 17 and causing damage in North America, Europe and the southern hemisphere.[61][62][63]

May 15, 1921 (Sunday)

Prime Minister Giolitti

May 16, 1921 (Monday)

  • The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was founded at a conference in Prague.[69] Meeting in Prague, former Social Democrats met as a delegates to a congress of the Czechoslovak Social Democrats of the Left (Československé sociálně demokratické strany dělnické, levice or Česko-slovenskej sociálnodemokratickej strany, ľavicovej) voted, 562 to 7, to join Comintern.[70]
  • The U.S. Supreme Court decided that the capital gains tax (a tax on the increased value of corporate assets) could be assessed and included in profits for purposes of calculating taxable revenue.[57] The Court also rejected a challenge to the ratification clause of the 18th Amendment for prohibition of the manufacture, transport and sale of alcohol.[57]

May 17, 1921 (Tuesday)

  • The UK's Ministry of Labour, under Thomas Macnamara, issued an order confirming general minimum time-rates, piece-work basis time-rates and overtime rates for male and female workers.[71]
  • The United States Bureau of the Census announced the final figures for the 1920 decennial census, adding 27,512 to the provisional number announced on October 7. The final figure was 105,710,620 for the 48 states and 117,859,358 when including outlying U.S. territories.[72]

May 18, 1921 (Wednesday)

Governor Catts
  • Former Florida Governor Sidney J. Catts was indicted in the U.S. District Court at Pensacola for his policy of peonage (forced servitude to pay a debt) for African-Americans under his employ. According to the indictment, Catts used his power of pardon to release two black men from the Florida state prison camp and had them transferred to his plantation in Walton County for involuntary servitude.[73]
  • Born: Patrick Dennis, U.S. writer, in Chicago[74] (died 1976)
  • Died: Franklin K. Lane, 56, former U.S. Secretary of the Interior[75]

May 19, 1921 (Thursday)

  • U.S. President Warren G. Harding signed the Emergency Quota Act, also known as the Dillingham Immigration Bill into law, limiting annual immigration from individual nations to no more than the number of people who had immigrated to America from those nations in 1910.[76]
  • The first electrically-propelled American ship, the Eclipse, arrived back in New York after a successful 26,500 miles (42,600 km) voyage on electric power.[57]
  • The Republic of China filed a protest against the United Kingdom after the UK elected to renew the Anglo-Japanese alliance, which had been set to expire on July 1.[57]
  • Marie Curie was presented the Gold Medal of the National Institute of Social Sciences at a ceremony in New York.[77]
Chief Justice White

May 20, 1921 (Friday)

President Zayas

May 21, 1921 (Saturday)

May 22, 1921 (Sunday)

May 23, 1921 (Monday)

  • The Leipzig War Crimes Trials opened in Germany, starting with the trial of Sergeant Karl Heynen, the commandant of a prisoner of war camp in Münstereins in Westphalia, for his brutal treatment of British POWs, 16 of whom appeared as witnesses for the prosecution. According to a report from the scene, "it was the first time the former soldiers' had seen their tormentor since 1915." [86]
  • Portugal's Prime Minister António Maria Baptista and his cabinet resigned after a threatened coup by the Portuguese Army and Navy.[57]
  • Rioting broke out at Alexandria in Egypt, with 48 people killed and 191 injured [87] before police suppressed the violence. The fighting had broken out on Sunday night when, according to an Associated Press report, "trouble started between low-class Greeks and natives on Anastasia Street from an unknown cause. The indiscriminate fighting and revolver shooting there spread to other districts.[88]
  • Born: Humphrey Lyttelton, English jazz musician and broadcaster, in London (died 2008)[89]

May 24, 1921 (Tuesday)

May 25, 1921 (Wednesday)

Fire at The Custom House

May 26, 1921 (Thursday)

  • France's Prime Minister Aristide Briand won a vote of confidence, 403 to 163, as a test of his policy of moderation toward Germany.[98]
  • In one of Germany's first war crimes convictions, under trials held at Leipzig since Germany had signed the Treaty of Versailles, a German court convicted a former Army sergeant and imposed a ten month sentence.[57]
  • A general strike was proclaimed in Norway, in support of seamen threatened with a 30% wage cut.[99]
Rickenbacker
  • American aviator Eddie Rickenbacker narrowly escaped getting killed when his airplane crashed in Cheyenne, Wyoming, while he was attempting a transcontinental flight. Rickenbacker had departed from Redwood City, California at 8:32 in the morning and, while over Reno, Nevada and Salt Lake City, Utah, he dropped leaflets over both cities, each a copy of a Memorial Day address made by the leader of the American Legion. Though prepared for a 24-hour flight to Washington DC, with 330 US gallons (1,200 l; 270 imp gal) of gasoline and 30 gallons of oil, Rickenbacker experienced trouble as he approached the Cheyenne airport and his airplane flipped over on a hard landing.[100] Using another plane, Rickenbacker completed his flight two days later [101] and would live 52 more years, passing away in 1973.

May 27, 1921 (Friday)

  • The discovery of the body of Anna Brown in a ravine in Osage County, Oklahoma, United States, led to a large-scale murder investigation of the Osage Indian murders, potentially involving hundreds of victims over a twenty-year period.[102]
  • The state of emergency in the United Kingdom was renewed by royal proclamation in response to the continuation of the miners' strike.[103][104]
  • Menshevik soldiers who called themselves the "Kappell troops" in honor of the late Menshevik General Vladimir Kappel, seized control of the Bolshevik government in the eastern Russian port of Vladivostok, flying the Russian Imperial flag at public buildings. The Mensheviks had captured the city of Ussuriysk (at the time called Nikolsk) on May 21.[105]
  • The Emergency Tariff bill took effect immediately in the U.S. after being signed into law by President Harding.[57]
  • British Army troops arrived at Oppeln, the capital of Upper Silesia, in a region which had recently voted in a plebiscite to become part of Germany rather than Poland. The peacekeeping force, meant to prevent fighting between the German and Polish ethnic communities, brought with it airplanes, tanks and other armored equipment.[57]

May 28, 1921 (Saturday)

A Curtiss Eagle airliner

May 29, 1921 (Sunday)

May 30, 1921 (Monday)

  • Germany completed its latest annual payment of one billion gold marks to the Allied Reparations Commission, with a final deposit of twenty treasury notes worth ten million marks apiece, one day ahead of the scheduled May 31 deadline.[110]
  • The All-Russian Communist Party Congress approved a proposal by Party Secretary Vladimir Lenin presented his plan for economic reform that included limited capitalism for small businesses. Finance for the Soviet government was made by a one-third tax on income, with peasants being assessed on the one-third value of their asset. The Party maintained state control of the transportation, textile, leather and salt industries.[57]
  • Ethnic fighting between Upper Silesian Germans and Poles took place at Beuthen, whose residents had voted in favor of remaining part of Germany in the recent plebiscite. There were 400 casualties. The city would become part of Poland after World War II and renamed Bytom.[111]
  • Seventeen underground miners at Meuselwitz in Germany were killed when a sudden downpour caused a flash flood of the Schnauder River.[112]
  • The Indianapolis 500 was won by Tommy Milton.[113][114]
  • Born: Jamie Uys, South African film director, in Boksburg[115] (died 1996)

May 31, 1921 (Tuesday)

  • The Tulsa race riot began as white mobs attacked black residents and businesses in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States. 26 black and 10 white people were killed; it is estimated that 150–200 black and 50 white people were injured.[116]
  • The U.S. Railway Labor Board announced that railwaymen's wages would be reduced on July 1 by an average of 12%.[57]

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  2. "Jaffa Fighting Continues", The New York Times, May 5, 1921, p. 1
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  13. "More Mistakes in the Slacker List", The New York Times, May 7, 1921, p. 1
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  55. "Spanish Authoress Dies", The New York Times, May 13, 1921, p. 15
  56. "Sinn Fein Sweeps Southern Ireland— Elects 124 Members to New Parliament, but They Won't Take Their Seats; Half of Them Are in Jail", The New York Times, May 14, 1921, p. 1
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  60. "Sunspot Aurora Paralyzes Wires— Unprecedented Disturbance Is Attributed to Solar Manifestations", The New York Times, May 15, 1921, p. 1
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