Mongolian nationality law

The Mongolian nationality law is a nationality law that determines who is a citizen of Mongolia.

Nationality Act of Mongolia
State Great Khural
Enacted byGovernment of Mongolia
Signed5 June 1995
Signed byGombojav J., Deputy Speaker of the State Great Khural
Commenced15 July 1995
Status: Current legislation

Current law

Current citizenship law is guided by the 1992 Constitution of Mongolia and the Law of Mongolia on Nationality.[1][2] The most recent amendments to the act was made on 7 December 2000.

From the Nationality Act of Mongolia[3]:

Article 6. Basis for receiving Mongolian nationality

A person shall become Mongolian citizen through one of the following ways:

  1. by being born in Mongolia,
  2. by obtaining Mongolian nationality,
  3. by reinstating their Mongolian nationality,
  4. international treaties and conventions Mongolia has ratified or is a signature.

Article 7. A child receiving Mongolian nationality

  1. If both parents are Mongolian nationals, the child shall receive Mongolian nationality regardless of where they were born.
  2. A child, whose one parent is a Mongolian national and the other parent is a foreign national, shall receive Mongolian nationality if born in Mongolia. Otherwise, the nationality shall be issued based on written agreement by the parents.
  3. A child, whose one parent is a Mongolian national and the other parent is a stateless person, shall receive Mongolian nationality regardless of where they were born.
  4. A child living in Mongolia, whose both parents are unidentified (missing), shall receive Mongolian nationality.
  5. A child born in Mongolia to foreign parents with valid residency permits can receive Mongolian nationality voluntarily at the age of 16.
  6. A child with Mongolian nationality adopted to foreign nationals shall retain their nationality until the age of 16.

Obtaining the citizenship

If both of the parents of a child are Mongolian -- irrespective of where the child is born -- the child automatically receives Mongolian citizenship. A child born to one Mongolian parent inside of Mongolia is also considered Mongolian.

A child who is within the territory of Mongolia whose parents are not identified is a Mongolian citizen.[2]

From the Nationality Act of Mongolia[3]:

Article 8. Obtaining Mongolian nationality

A foreign national or a stateless person can obtain Mongolian nationality legally.

Article 9. Conditions for obtaining Mongolian nationality

  1. The following conditions have to be met before obtaining Mongolian nationality:
    1. have a source of income or capability to live;
    2. have adequate knowledge of the culture, the official language and the Constitution of Mongolia and have permanently lived in Mongolia for more than five years upon the day before the application;
    3. have met additional conditions put forward by the authority for immigration and foreign nationals of Mongolia in accordance with the sub-clauses 1 and 2;
    4. have not intentionally committed a crime during the period of time stated in the sub-clause 2;
    5. do not pose a threat to Mongolian diplomatic relations with the home country of the person.
  2. Clause 1.1 of this article is irrelevant to underaged children and persons who are reinstating their Mongolian nationality under Article 14.
  3. A person who has accomplished an achievement of outstanding benefit to Mongolia or has a profession of significant importance to Mongolia, or has (or capable of) an exceptional accomplishment in a scientific field can obtain Mongolian nationality by the decree of the President. Clauses 1.1 and 1.2 of this article are irrelevant to persons described in this clause.

Acquisition

Foreigners may apply for citizenship either through the office of the President or through a Mongolian embassy. One must renounce their former nationalities in order to acquire Mongolian nationality.[4]

Mongolians who are adopted by foreigners have "the right to choose his/her own nationality" according to the Family Law of Mongolia, Chapter 7, Article 58.9.[5]

History

During the Mongolian People's Republic, citizenship was determined by the nationality of the parents.[6] A child with at least one parent with Mongolian citizenship automatically received the nationality of the Mongolian People's Republic, regardless of where they were born. Multiple citizenship was also accepted. The statute was agreed upon by the Mongolian Council of Ministers on 30 December 1974, and detailed further by an Instruction on the Fulfillment of the Statute on 11 April 1975.[6]

Loss of citizenship

Citizenship can be renounced through the President's Office.[7] However, the Mongolian government has been historically unwilling to let educated Mongolians renounce their citizenship.[8]

The involuntary loss of citizenship -- exile -- is banned under the constitution.[1][7] Mongolian nationals abroad can receive consular assistance government services through embassies and diplomatic missions of Mongolia.

Travel freedom
Main article: Visa requirements for Mongolian citizens
Visa requirements for Mongolian citizens

In 2016, Mongolian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 58 countries and territories, ranking the Mongolian passport 81st in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.

References
  1. "The Constitution of Mongolia" (PDF). Government of Mongolia. 13 January 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  2. "LAW OF MONGOLIA ON CITIZENSHIP" (PDF). Japanese Embassy in Mongolia. 5 June 1995. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  3. "Law of Mongolia on Nationality" (in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar: State Great Khural. 5 June 1995.
  4. "Citizenship Laws of the World" (PDF). United States Office of Personnel Management. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-04-04. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  5. Washington D.C. Mongolian embassy. Child Adoption Archived 2008-12-16 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 20 December 2008.
  6. Butler, William Elliott (1982). The Mongolian Legal System: Contemporary Legislation and Documentation. BRILL. p. 843. ISBN 9789024726851.
  7. MultipleCitizenship.com. MONGOLIA. Accessed 20 December 2008.
  8. Tan, Vivian. After generations away, Kazakhs come home to an independent country. 09 Aug 2007, Reuters AlertNet. Accessed 20 November 2008.
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