Monkey King

The Monkey King, known as Sun Wukong (孫悟空/孙悟空) in Mandarin Chinese, is a legendary mythic figure best known as one of the main characters in the 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West (西遊記/西游记) and many later stories and adaptations. Inspiration for the Monkey King's origins predate the novel and has been traced back to Hanuman, the Monkey-God from the Hindu epic Ramayana, from the Song dynasty.[2] In Journey to the West , the Sun Wukong is a monkey born from a stone who acquires supernatural powers through Taoist practices. After rebelling against heaven he is imprisoned under a mountain by the Buddha. After five hundred years, he accompanies the monk Tang Sanzang (唐三藏) and two other disciples on a journey to retrieve Buddhist sutras from the West (Indian subcontinent) where Buddha and his followers reside.

Monkey King
Sun Wukong
Sun Wukong
In-universe information
GenderMale
BirthplaceFlowers and Fruit Mountain
SourceJourney to the West, 16th century
AbilityImmortality, 72 Bian (Morphing Powers), Jin Dou Yun (Cloud Surfing), Jin Gang Bu Huai Zhi Shen (Superhuman Durability), Jin Jing Huo Yan (True Sight).
WeaponRuyi Jingu Bang/Ding Hai Shen Zhen
Master/Shifu/Gang LeaderXuanzang
Sun Wukong
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese孫悟空
Simplified Chinese孙悟空
Burmese name
Burmeseမျောက်မင်း
IPA[mjaʊʔ mí̃] (Miào Mīn)
Dunganese name
DunganСүн Вўкун
Vietnamese name
VietnameseTôn Ngộ Không
Hán-Nôm孫悟空
Thai name
Thaiเห้งเจีย
RTGSHeng Chia[1]
Korean name
Hangul손오공
Hanja孫悟空
Japanese name
Kanji孫悟空
Hiraganaそん ごくう
Katakanaソンゴクウ
Malay name
MalaySun Wukong
Indonesian name
IndonesianSun Go Kong
Khmer name
Khmerស៊ុន អ៊ូខុង

Sun Wukong possesses many abilities. He has immense strength; he is able to support the pressing weight of two celestial mountains on his shoulders while running "with the speed of a meteor."[3] He is extremely fast, able to travel 108,000 li (54,000 km, 34,000 mi) in one somersault. Sun Wukong also acquires the 72 Earthly transformations, which allow him to transform into various animals and objects. He is a skilled fighter, capable of defeating the best warriors of heaven. His hair possesses magical properties, capable of creating copies of himself or transforming into various weapons, animals, and other objects. He also demonstrates partial weather manipulation abilities and can stop people in place with fixing magic.[4]

History

The golden statues at the Rua Yai City Pillar Shrine in Suphan Buri, Thailand

One of the most enduring Chinese literary characters, the Monkey King has a varied background and colorful cultural history. His inspiration comes from an amalgam of Indian and Chinese culture. The Monkey King was possibly influenced by the Hindu deity Hanuman, the Monkey-God, from the Ramayana.,[5][6][7] via stories passed by Buddhists who traveled to China. The Monkey King's origin story includes the wind blowing on a stone, whereas Hanuman is the son of the God of Wind. Some scholars believe the character originated from the first disciple of Xuanzang, Shi Banto.[8]

His inspiration might have also come from the White Monkey legends from the Chinese Chu kingdom (700–223 BC), which revered gibbons.[5] These legends gave rise to stories and art motifs during the Han dynasty, eventually contributing to the Monkey King figure

He may have also been influenced by local folk religion from Fuzhou province, where Monkey Gods were worshipped long before the novel. This included the three Monkey Saints of Lin Shui Palace, who were once Demons, who were subdued by the goddess Madam Chen Jing Gu, the Empress Lin Shui. The three were Dan Xia Da Sheng (丹霞大聖), the Red Face Monkey Sage, Tong Tian Da Sheng (通天大聖), the Black Face Monkey Sage, and Shuang Shuang San Lang (爽爽三聖), the White Face Monkey Sage. The two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. However, the origins of local religion dated back centuries. These diverse religions incorporated elements such as gods and doctrines from different provincial folk-religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. Since China is so large and though there are primarily two main religions, different folk stories will vary from towns, cities, and provinces with their own myths about different deities.[5] Sun Wukong's religious status in Buddhism is often denied by Buddhist monks both Chinese and non-Chinese alike, but is very welcomed by the general public, spreading its name across the globe and establishing itself as a cultural icon.[5]

Background

Birth and early life

Depiction of the Forbidden Temple's Sun Wukong as depicted in a scene in a Peking opera

According to Journey to the West, the Monkey King is born from a strong magic stone that sits atop the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit. This stone is no ordinary stone, however, because it receives the nurture of heaven (yang), which possesses a positive nature, and earth (yin), which possesses a negative nature, and thus is able to produce living beings (according to Taoist philosophies). The stone develops a magic womb, which bursts open one day to produce a stone egg about the size of a ball.

When the wind blows on the egg, it turns into a stone monkey that can already crawl and walk. This origin is likely an allusion to the Hindu Monkey-God, Hanuman, whose father was the Wind God. As his eyes move, two beams of golden light shoot toward the Jade palace and startle the Jade Emperor. When he sees the light he orders two of his officers to investigate. They report the stone monkey, and that the light is dying down as the monkey eats and drinks. The Jade Emperor believes him to be nothing special.

On the mountain, the monkey befriends various animals and joins a group of other wild monkeys. After playing, the monkeys regularly bathe in a stream. One day, they decide to seek the source of the stream and climb the mountain to a waterfall. They declare that whoever goes through the waterfall, finds the stream's source, and comes out again will become their king. The stone monkey volunteers and jumps into the waterfall.

He finds a large iron bridge over rushing water, across which is a cave. He persuades the other monkeys to jump in also, and they make it into their home. Sun Wukong then reminds them of their prior declaration, so they declare him their king. He takes the throne and calls himself Handsome Monkey King. This happiness wouldn't last. When one of his older monkey friends dies, the Monkey King is very upset. He decides to strive out of his island on a self made raft, in search of an Immortal to teach him knowledge and how to beat death.

He comes ashore and wanders around. Humans see him and flee, uncertain of his monkey humanoid appearance. He takes some clothes that were left out to dry, and continues on foot. His face hidden by a hood, he travels through towns and sees many examples of human degeneracy and vice. He continues on and into a forest. The Monkey King hears a Woodcutter singing an interesting song, and when questioning the Woodcutter about the origin he learns he was taught it by an Immortal who resides in the forest.

The Monkey King comes to the entrance of a temple of which resides a magical taoist martial named Subhuti, who initially refuses to let him in. The Monkey King waits outside the entrance for many months, refusing to leave. Subhuti is impressed with his persistence and allows the Monkey King to enter. Subhuti accepts the Monkey King as a student, teaching him all advanced taoist practices including the way of Immortality, telling Sun Wukong it was his destiny to know. Subhuti later advises Sun Wukong never to needlessly show off his skills, for to do may encourage others to ask him to teach them. He counsels that if you do teach them, they may go on to cause trouble, and if you don't teach them, they will resent you for it. He then forbids the Monkey King from ever revealing who taught him, and loyal Sun Wukong promises never to reveal who his Master was. With that Sun Wukong awakes back in the forest, realizing all the years of teaching had taken place in some form of compressed time trance. Later, whenever Sun Wukong is asked about his powers and skills, he gives an honest answer when saying that he learned it all in his dreams.

The Monkey King establishes himself as a powerful and influential demon. On hearing that Dragon Kings possess many treasures, and in search of a weapon, he travels to the oceans and finds the palace of a Dragon King. At the entrance Sun Wukong asks for an introduction, but the Dragon King Ao Guang tells his guards to turn him away. Sun Wukong barges in anyway, brushing off protests from the guards, insisting the Dragon King must be confused to turn away a fellow King. Inside he introduces himself and encourages the Dragon King to bestow him a weapon. Quickly realizing Sun Wukong is quite formidable, the Dragon King feigns willingness and hospitality, ordering his underlings to bring out weapon after weapon. Sun Wukong tests each weapon, but none are robust enough for the Monkey King who is unhappy at the situation. Sun Wukong then acquires the Golden-banded staff Ruyi Jingu Bang/Ding Hai Shen Zhen (如意金箍棒/定海神针), the stabilizer of the Four Seas and a treasure of Ao Guang, the dragon-king of the Eastern Seas. The Monkey King is the only creature strong enough to wield the staff-like weapon and there is an instant affinity between them. The Golden-banded staff can change its size, elongate, fly and attack opponents according to its master's will. It weighs 13,500 jīn or 7960 kg. When not wielding the weapon, the Monkey King shrinks it down to the size of a sewing needle and stores it in his ear.

In addition to taking the magical staff, the Monkey King encourages the Dragon King to gift him attire fit for a King. The Dragon King calls upon the other major Dragon Kings for assistance to source this for Sun Wukong, and they arrive and give Sun Wukong a golden chain mail shirt (鎖子黃金甲), a phoenix-feather cap (鳳翅紫金冠 Fèngchìzǐjinguān), and cloud-walking boots (藕絲步雲履 Ǒusībùyúnlǚ). The phoenix-feather cap was one of the treasures of the dragon kings, a circlet of red gold adorned with phoenix feathers. Traditionally it is depicted as a metal circlet with two striped feathers attached to the front, presumably the signature plumage of the Fenghuang or Chinese phoenix. Sun Wukong thanks the Dragon Kings and leaves happy.

Upon his return to the mountain, he demonstrates the new weapon to his monkey tribe and draws the attention of other beastly powers, who seek to ally with him. He forms a fraternity with the Bull Demon King (牛魔王), the Saurian Demon King (蛟魔王), the Single-horned Demon King (单角魔王), the Roc Demon King (鵬魔王), the Lion Spirit King (獅狔王), the Macaque Spirit King (獼猴王) and the snub-nosed monkey Spirit King (禺狨王).[Note 1]

The Monkey King, now sentenced to death for extorting the Dragon Kings, then defies Hell's attempt to collect his soul. He wipes his name out of the Book of Life and Death, a collection of books claimed to have every name of every mortal alive and the ability to manipulate lifespan, along with the names of all monkeys known to him. The Dragon Kings and the Kings of Hell report him once again to the Jade Emperor.[4]

Havoc in Heaven

Hoping that a promotion and a rank amongst the gods will make him more manageable, the Jade Emperor invites the Monkey King to Heaven. The Monkey King believes he is receiving an honorable place as one of the gods as he is told he will be made 'Protector of the Horses' (a fancy term the Heavens coined for a stable-boy) the lowest job in heaven. When he discovers the importance of status in Heaven, and how he has been given the lowest position, the Monkey King sets the Cloud Horses free from the stable, then returns to his own kingdom and proclaims himself The Great Sage, Heaven's Equal.

The Heavens are reluctantly forced to recognize his title, after Gold Star advises the highly offended Jade Emperor against rushing into military action to kill the 'brash, rude and imprudent' monkey, counseling that resorting to force to subdue monkey would be good if they succeed, but asks to consider if they fail, which would harm the reputation of Heaven. Gold Star advises the Jade Emperor formally recognize Sun Wukong's title, knowing that it will greatly please the Monkey King, but to simply consider him as a pet, bringing him back to Heaven and so ensuring he causes no trouble on earth. The Jade Emperor agrees after Gold Star laughs that in reality the fanciful title is meaningless and is more of a revealing joke about Sun Wukong's over confidence and ignorance to the important wider works of Heaven.

Sun Wukong is suspicious of a trap, but is happy when Gold Star, acting as an envoy, presents him with the official papers and addresses him as Great Sage Equal of Heaven. Gold Star tells Sun Wukong he is to be promoted to a far more important position as 'Guardian of the Heavenly Peach Garden' which peach loving Sun Wukong accepts.

Later, when seven heavenly maidens are sent by the Queen Mother to pluck peaches for the Royal Banquet, Sun Wukong discovers every important god and goddess has been invited to the Royal Banquet, but that he is excluded from invitation. When he tells them he is Great Sage Equal of Heaven, the maidens giggle, telling him that everyone in Heaven knows that it is simply a title and he is just an immortal who takes care of the peach garden. Sun Wukong's indignation then turns to open defiance.

The Monkey King goes to see the preparations for the Royal Banquet, tries some of the fine foods and then consumes some of the royal wine. In something of a tipsy state, and while all the important god and goddesses are on their way to the Royal Banquet, the Monkey King roams Heaven. He reaches high levels the authorities of Heaven leave unguarded, for they can only be accessed by high level immortals with the very highest levels of pure spirituality/spiritual-powers; something that they, erroneously, just never associated the Monkey King with. On realizing he's at Dou Shuai Palace at the top of the 33 layers, Sun Wukong steals and consumes Laozi's Pills of Immortality, Xi Wangmu's Peaches of immortality, takes the remainder of the Jade Emperor's royal wine, then escapes back to his kingdom in preparation for his rebellion. The Jade Emperor refuses to accept Gold Star's counsel to find another peaceful way to deal with Sun Wukong and orders his forces to mobilize.

Laughing almost continuously, fully enjoying himself, with a combination of martial prowess, guile and quick witted creative responses to counter many different types of powerful Heavenly weapons used against him, the Monkey King later single-handedly defeats the Army of Heaven's 100,000 celestial warriors, all 28 constellations, all four heavenly kings, Nezha, and proves himself equal to the best of Heaven's generals, Erlang Shen.

Eventually, through the teamwork of Taoist and Buddhist forces, including the efforts from some of the greatest deities, and then finally by the Bodhisattva of mercy, Guanyin, Sun Wukong is captured. After several failed attempts at execution, Sun Wukong is locked into Laozi's eight-way trigram Crucible, for 49 days, in-order to be distilled-down into an elixir (so that Laozi could regain his pills of longevity) by samadhi fires.

However, when the cauldron is opened 49 days-later, the Monkey King jumps out still whole, having survived by hiding in a corner marked by the wind trigram in which there was less fire. Additionally the heat from the samadhi fires had, in-fact, only reinforces the Monkey King's bodily frame, making him stronger than ever before, and impervious to greater damage. The heat also gives him a new ability; the Monkey King is now able to recognize evil with his new huǒyǎn-jīnjīng (火眼金睛) (lit. "golden-gaze fiery-eyes"). Sun Wukong then proceeds to destroy the crucible and makes his way to Heaven's main chamber, to confront the Jade Emperor and his senior advisers.

Imprisonment

The Jade Emperor and the authorities of Heaven appeal to the Buddha, who arrives from his temple in the West in-person. On listening to Sun Wukong make a case that he should be the new Jade Emperor, Buddha bets that the Monkey King cannot escape from Buddha's palm. The Monkey King smugly accepts the bet. He leaps and flies to the end of the world. Seeing nothing there but five pillars, the Monkey King believes that he has reached the ends of universe. To prove his trail, he marks a pillar with a phrase declaring himself the Great Sage Equal to Heaven (and in some versions, urinates on a pillar ). He then leaps back and returns to Buddha's palm to claim his victory in winning the bet. Sun Wukong is then very surprised to then find that the five "pillars" he found are merely fingers of the Buddha's hand, finding it impossible to believe. When the Monkey King tries to escape the palm, Buddha turns his hand and brings down a rockfall, sending Sun Wukong hurtling back down to earth. The rocks form a mountain on top of Sun Wukong. Before the Monkey King can lift it off, the Buddha seals him there using a paper talisman bearing the mantra, Om Mani Padme Hum, in gold letters. The Monkey King remains imprisoned for five hundred years to 'learn patience and humility', with only his head and hands (kept-apart) protruding from the base of the mountain. The Buddha arranges 2 earth spirits to feed the Monkey King fruit when he is hungry, and spring water when he is thirsty.[4]

Disciple to Tang Sanzang

Sun Wukong with Tang Sanzang
Sun Wukong fighting a wind demon

Five hundred years later, the Bodhisattva Guanyin searches for disciples to protect a pilgrim on a journey to the West to retrieve the Buddhist sutras. In the hearing of this, the Monkey King offers to serve the pilgrim, Tang Sanzang, a monk of the Tang dynasty, in exchange for his freedom after the pilgrimage is complete. Understanding Sun Wukong will be difficult to control, Guanyin gives Tang Sanzang a gift from the Buddha: a magical circlet which, once the Monkey King is tricked into putting it on, can never be removed. When Tang Sanzang chants a certain sutra, the band will tighten and cause an unbearable headache. To be fair, Guanyin gives the Monkey King three special hairs, only to be used in dire emergencies. Under Tang Sanzang's supervision, the Monkey King is allowed to journey to the West.

Throughout the novel, the Monkey King faithfully helps Tang Sanzang on his journey to India. They are joined by "Pigsy" (猪八戒 Zhu Bajie) and "Sandy" (沙悟浄 Sha Wujing), both of whom accompany the priest to atone for their previous crimes. Tang Sanzang's safety is constantly under threat from demons and other supernatural beings, as well as bandits. It is believed that by eating Tang Sanzang's flesh, one will obtain immortality and great power. The Monkey King often acts as his bodyguard to combat these threats. The group encounters a series of eighty-one tribulations before accomplishing their mission and returning safely to China. During the journey, the Monkey King learns about virtues and learns the teachings of Buddhism. There, the Monkey King attained Buddhahood, becoming the "Victorious Fighting Buddha" (Dòu-zhànshèng-fó (鬥戰勝佛)), for his service and strength.[4]

Names and titles

Sun Wukong is known/pronounced as Suen Ng-hung in Cantonese, Son Gokū in Japanese, Son Oh Gong in Korean, Sun Ngō͘-Khong in Minnan, Tôn Ngộ Không in Vietnamese, Sung Ghokong or Sung Gokhong in Javanese, Sun Ngokong in Thai, "Wu Khone" in Arakanese and Sun Gokong in Malay and Indonesian.

Painted mural depicting Sun Wukong (in yellow) and other main characters of the novel

Listed in the order that they were acquired:

Shí Hóu (石猴)
Meaning the "Stone monkey." This refers to his physical essence, being born from a sphere of rock after millennia of incubation on the Bloom Mountains/Flower-Fruit Mountain.
Měi Hóuwáng (美猴王)
Meaning "Handsome Monkey-King," or Houwang for short. The adjective Měi means "beautiful, handsome, pretty"; it also means "to be pleased with oneself," referring to his ego. Hóu ("monkey") also highlights his "naughty and impish" character.
Sūn Wùkōng (孫悟空)
The name given to him by his first master, Patriarch Bodhi (Subodh). The surname Sūn was given as an in-joke about the monkey, as monkeys are also called húsūn (猢猻), and can mean either a literal or a figurative "monkey" (or "macaque"). The surname sūn () and the "monkey" sūn () only differ in that the latter carries an extra "dog" (quǎn) radical to highlight that refers to an animal. The given name Wùkōng means "awakened to emptiness," sometimes translated as Aware of Vacuity.
Bìmǎwēn (弼馬溫)
The title of the keeper of the Heavenly Horses, a punning of bìmǎwēn (避馬瘟; lit. "avoiding the horses' plague"). A monkey was often put in a stable as people believed its presence could prevent the horses from catching the illness. Sun Wukong was given this position by the Jade Emperor after his first intrusion into Heaven. He was promised that it was a good position to have and that he, at least in this section, would be in the highest position. After discovering it was, in actuality, one of the lowest jobs in Heaven, he became angry, smashed the entire stable, set the horses free, and then quit. From then on, the title bìmǎwēn was used by his adversaries to mock him.
Qítiān Dàshèng (齊天大聖)
Meaning "The Great Sage, Heaven's Equal." Wùkōng took this title suggested to him by one of his demon friends, after he wreaked havoc in heaven people who heard of him called him Great Sage (Dàshèng, 大聖). The title originally holds no power, though it is officially a high rank. Later the title was granted the responsibility to guard the Heavenly Peach Garden, due to the Jade Emperor keeping him busy so he won't make trouble.
Xíngzhě (行者)
Meaning "ascetic," it refers to a wandering monk, a priest's servant, or a person engaged in performing religious austerities. Tang Sanzang calls Wukong Sūn-xíngzhě when he accepts him as his companion. This is pronounced in Japanese as gyōja (making him Son-gyōja).
Dòu-zhànshèng-fó (鬥戰勝佛)
"Victorious Fighting Buddha." Wukong was given this name once he ascended to Buddhahood at the end of the Journey to the West. This name is also mentioned during the traditional Chinese Buddhist evening services, specifically during the eighty-eight Buddha's repentance.
Líng-míngdàn-hóu (靈明石猴)
"Intelligent Stone Monkey." Wukong is revealed to be one of the four spiritual primates that do not belong to any of the ten categories that all beings in the universe are classified under. His fellow spiritual primates are the Six-Eared Macaque (六耳獼猴) (who is one of his antagonists in the main storyline), and the Red-Bottomed Horse Monkey (赤尻馬猴) & the Long-Armed Ape Monkey (通臂猿猴) (neither of who make actual appearances, only mentioned in passing by the Buddha), their powers and abilities all on par with each other.
Sūn Zhǎnglǎo (孫長老)
Zhǎnglǎo used as an honorific for a monk because Sun Wukong believed in Buddhism.

In addition to the names used in the novel, the Monkey King has other names in different languages:

  • Kâu-chê-thian (猴齊天) in Minnan (Taiwan): "Monkey, Equal of Heaven."
  • Maa5 lau1 zing1 (馬騮精) in Cantonese (Hong Kong and Guangdong): "Monkey Imp" (called by his enemies)

Immortality

Sun Wukong gained immortality through seven different means, all of which stacked up to make him one of the most immortal and invincible beings in all of creation.

Disciple to Subhuti

After feeling down about the future and death, Wukong sets out to find the immortal Taoist Patriarch Subhuti to learn how to be immortal. There, Wukong learns spells to grasp all five elements and cultivate the way of immortality, as well as the 72 Earthly transformations. After seven years of training with the sage, Wukong gains the secret formula to immortality. It is noted that, technically, the Court of Heaven does not approve of this method of immortality.[9]

Book of Mortals

In the middle of the night, Wukong's soul is tied up and dragged to the World of Darkness. He is informed there that his life in the human world has come to an end. In anger, Wukong fights his way through the World of Darkness to complain to "The Ten Kings," who are the judges of the dead. The Ten Kings try to address the complaint and calm Wukong by saying many people in the world have the same name and the fetchers of the dead may have gotten the wrong name. Wukong demands to see the register of life and death, then scribbles out his name, thus making him untouchable by the fetchers of death. It is because Wukong has learned magic/magical arts as a disciple to Subhuti that he can scare and demand the book of mortals from the Ten Kings and remove his name, thus making him even more immortal. After this incident, the Ten Kings complain to the Jade Emperor.[9]

Peach of Immortality

Soon after the Ten Kings complain to the Jade Emperor, the Court of Heaven appoints Sun Wukong as "Keeper of the Heavenly Horses," which is a fancy name for a stable boy. Angered by this, Wukong rebels and the Havoc in Heaven begins. During the Havoc in Heaven, Wukong is assigned to be the "Guardian of the Heavenly Peach Garden." The peach garden include three types of peaches, all of which grant over 3,000 years of life if only one is consumed. The first type blooms every three thousand years; anyone who eats it will become immortal, and their body will become both light and strong. The second type blooms every six thousand years; anyone who eats it will be able to fly and enjoy eternal youth. The third type blooms every nine thousand years; anyone who eats it will become "eternal as heaven and earth, as long-lived as the sun and moon." While serving as the guardian, Wukong does not hesitate to eat the peaches, thus granting him immortality and the abilities that come with the peaches. If Wukong had not been appointed as the Guardian of the Heavenly Peach Garden, he would not have eaten the Peaches of Immortality and gained another level of immortality.[9]

Heavenly Wine

Because of Wukong's rebellious antics following his immortality after being a disciple to Subhuti and removing his name to the book of mortals, Wukong is not considered as an important celestial deity and is thus not invited to the Queen Mother of the West's royal banquet. After finding out that the Queen Mother of the West has not invited him to the royal banquet, which every other important deity was invited to, Wukong impersonates one of the deities that was invited and shows up early to see the deal with the banquet. He immediately gets distracted by the aroma of the wine and decides to steal and drink it. The heavenly wine also happens to have the ability to turn anyone who drinks it to an immortal.[9]

Pills of Longevity

While drunk from the heavenly wine from the royal banquet, Wukong stumbles into Laozi's alchemy lab, where he finds Laozi's pills of longevity, known as "The Immortals' Greatest Treasure." Filled with curiosity about the pills, Wukong eats a gourd of them. Those who eat the pills will become immortal. If Wukong had not been drunk from the heavenly wine, he would not have stumbled into Laozi's alchemy lab and eaten the pills of longevity.[9]

Aftermath of Immortality

Following Wukong's three cause-and-effect methods of immortality during his time in heaven, he escapes back to his home at the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit. The Court of Heaven finds out what Wukong has done and a battle to capture Wukong ensues. Due to the five levels of immortality Wukong has achieved, his body has become nearly invincible and thus survives the multiple execution attempts by heaven. In the notable last execution, Wukong has placed inside Laozi's furnace in hopes that he will be distilled into the pills of the immortality elixir. Wukong survives 49 days of the samadhi fire in Laozi's furnace and gains the ability to recognize evil. In desperation, the court of heaven seeks help from Buddha, who finally imprisons Wukong under a mountain. Wukong's immortality and abilities ultimately come into use after Guanyin suggest him to be a disciple to Tang Sanzang in the Journey to the West. There, he protects Sanzang from the evil demons who try to eat Sanzang to gain immortality. Wukong's immortality protects him from the various ways the demons try to kill him, such as beheading, disemboweling, poisoning, boiling oil, and so on, none of which kill Wukong.[9]

Sometime during the journey, Wukong and his companions obtain Man-fruit (人參果), a fruit even rarer and more powerful than the Peaches of Immortality, as only 30 of them will grow off one particular tree only found on the Longevity Mountain (萬壽山) every 10,000 years. While one smell can grant 360 years of life, consuming one will grant another 47,000 years of life.

All these methods that Sun Wukong uses to achieve immortality were indeed successful. However, all of these are only ways to lengthen life, not exactly giving immortality. Furthermore, it is still possible for the Monkey King to be killed. This is evident in the chapter with the Red Son, where Wukong is very nearly killed by his fire.

On-top of all of the immortality-granting wines and medicines that the Monkey King had consumed while in heaven, upon reaching the Buddha's temple, the pilgrims were provided with Buddhist equivalents of such foods, therefore becoming even more immortal.

In Xiyoubu

The brief satirical novel Xiyoubu (西遊補, "Supplement to the Journey to the West," c. 1640) follows Sun as he is trapped in a magical dream world created by the Qing Fish Demon, the embodiment of desire (情, qing). Sun travels back and forth through time, during which he serves as the adjunct King of Hell and judges the soul of the recently dead traitor Qin Hui during the Song dynasty, takes on the appearance of a beautiful concubine and causes the downfall of the Qin dynasty, and even faces King Paramita, one of his five sons born to the demoness Princess Iron Fan,[10] on the battlefield during the Tang dynasty.[11] The events of the Xiyoubu take place between the end of chapter 61 and the beginning of chapter 62 of Journey to the West.[12] The author, Tong Yue (童說), wrote the book because he wanted to create an opponent—in this case, desire-itself—that Sun could not defeat with his great strength and martial skill.[13]

Influence

Sun Wukong's shrine at Thien Hau Temple, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
  • Some scholars believe this character may have originated from the first disciple of Xuanzang, Shi Banto.[8]
  • The Hindu deity Hanuman from the Ramayana is also considered by some scholars to be origin for Sun Wukong.[5]
  • In The Shaolin Monastery (2008), Tel Aviv University Prof. Meir Shahar claims that Sun influenced a legend concerning the origins of the Shaolin staff method. The legend takes place during the Red Turban Rebellion of the Yuan dynasty. Bandits lay siege to the monastery, but it is saved by a lowly kitchen worker wielding a long fire poker as a makeshift staff. He leaps into the oven and emerges as a monstrous giant big enough to stand astride both Mount Song and the imperial fort atop Shaoshi Mountain (which are five miles apart). The bandits flee when they behold him. The Shaolin monks later realize that the kitchen worker was the Monastery's local guardian deity, Vajrapani, in disguise. Shahar compares the worker's transformation in the stove with Sun Wukong's time in Laozi's crucible, their use of the staff, and the fact that Sun Wukong and his weapon can both grow to gigantic proportions.[14]
  • Chinese DAMPE satellite is nicknamed after Wu Kong. The name could be understood as "understand the void" literally, relates to the undiscovered dark matter.[15]

Manga and animation

Cartoon-style models of Monkey King on the streets of Lianyungang
  • The character of Son Goku in Dragon Ball is based on Sun Wukong, as attested by his monkey tail, staff, and name (which is simply the Japanese reading of the same name in Chinese: "孫悟空").[16]
  • In The God of High School, the protagonist Mori Jin's true identity is God Sun Wukong.[17]
  • The character Sun Wukong in RWBY is based on the lore; but instead of using his hair to make the clones, he can make the clones using his semblance through his aura.[18]
  • The character of Sun Wukong, explicitly said to be the trickster of legend, plays a major role in the Dreamworks animated series Kung Fu Panda: The Paws of Destiny.
  • The main character of Jesse Dart Spaceketeers is based on the monkey king in Force Five where he wears a golden band around his head that is controlled by the princess and may induce agony as well as his primary weapon a long javelin that decreases in size and shape.

Video games

  • In Lunar: Eternal Blue (1994), according to scenario writer Kei Shigema, the concept of an oppressive god came from the image of Sun Wukong being unable to escape from the gigantic palm of the Buddha.[19] Shigema stated that "it was a picture showing the arrogance of a god who is saying, 'In the end, you pathetic humans are in my hands.' The moment I understood that, I thought, 'Oh, I definitely want to do this,' it'll definitely match perfectly. So we used it just like that."[20]
  • In Dota 2, a MOBA from Valve, there is a hero called Sun Wukong, the Monkey King, which is based on Sun Wukong. His backstory within Dota also roughly follows the story of Journey to the West.[21]
  • In Heroes of Newerth, a MOBA by S2 Games, there is a hero named "Monkey King."[22]
  • Sun Wukong is a playable character in HiRez Studio's MOBA, Smite. Wukong has abilities based on his staff shifting size, his ability to transform, and his ability to duplicate.[23]
  • In Heroes of the Storm, Blizzard's crossover MOBA, a legendary skin the Monkey King for a hero called Samuro is based on Sun Wukong,[24]
  • League of Legends, a MOBA game from Riot Games, has a champion called Wukong, the Monkey King.[25]
  • In LittleBigPlanet (2008), the Monkey King appeared as a downloadable costume for the game.[26]
  • In Warframe, a Digital Extremes shooter, Sun Wukong appears as one of the playable characters, inhabiting his signature staff, cloning ability, flying ability and immortality techniques.[27]
  • In Mobile Legends: Bang Bang, MOBA from Moonton, the character Sun is based on Sun Wukong.[28]
  • In Honor of Kings, a MOBA from Tencent Gaming, the character Sun Wukong is based on the Monkey King.[29]
  • In Black Myth: Wukong, an upcoming 3rd-person action/RPG game featuring Souls-like gameplay by Chinese indie developer Game Science.[30]
  • Sun Wukong is one of twelve mythological heroes able to be summoned by civilizations in Civilization VI's Heroes and Legends Mode.[31]

See also

Notes

  1. Naming the demon kings is difficult (as are many other things in Journey to the West). First, there are several translations into English. Second, some of them translate some names incorrectly. Third, Chinese characters used to describe certain animals at the time the text was written are less specific than may be desired. It is thought that the 6th brother is (with increasing precision and decreasing certainty) derived from a colobine (subfamily Colobinae), a snub-nosed monkey (genus Rhinopithecus), and a golden snub-nosed monkey (species R. roxellana).

References

  1. (from Hokkien pronunciation of "行者" (Hêng-chiá))
  2. Shahar, Meir (2008). The Shaolin monastery: History, religion, and the Chinese martial arts. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9780824831103.
  3. Wu Cheng'en and Anthony Yu. The Journey to the West: Vol. 2 (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press), 108-109.
  4. Journey to the West, Wu Cheng'en (1500–1582), Translated by Foreign Languages Press, Beijing 1993.
  5. Hera S. Walker, "Indigenous or Foreign?: A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong," Sino-Platonic Papers, 81 (September 1998)
  6. Wendy Doniger. "Hanuman (Hindu mythology)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  7. Ramnath Subbaraman, "Beyond the Question of the Monkey Imposter: Indian Influence on the Chinese novel The Journey to the West," Sino-Platonic Papers, 114 (March 2002)
  8. "CCTV-大唐西游记". www.cctv.com.
  9. Wu, Cheng−en (1982). Journey to the West. Translated by Jenner, William John Francis. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 0835110036.
  10. King Paramita is the only son to make an appearance and to be called by name in the novel. These sons did not originally appear in Journey to the West.
  11. Tong, Yue, Shuen-fu Lin, Larry James Schulz, and Chengẻn Wu. The Tower of Myriad Mirrors: A Supplement to Journey to the West. Michigan classics in Chinese studies, 1. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan, 2000
  12. Tong, The Tower of Myriad Mirrors, p. 5
  13. Tong, The Tower of Myriad Mirrors, p. 133
  14. Shahar, Meir. The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2008 (ISBN 0-8248-3110-1)
  15. "China's new Monkey King set for journey into space". Xinhua. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  16. "From Sun Wukong to Son Goku: Mythology in Graphic Novels – The Graphic Novel".
  17. "Episode 11: "lay/key"". アニメ「THE GOD OF HIGH SCHOOL ゴッド・オブ・ハイスクール」公式サイト. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  18. "RWBY episodes". roosterteeth. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  19. Game Arts (1997). Lunar I & II Official Design Material Collection. Softbank. p. 90. ISBN 4-89052-662-5.
  20. Game Arts (1997). Lunar I & II Official Design Material Collection. Softbank. p. 91. ISBN 4-89052-662-5.
  21. "Dota 2". Monkey King. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  22. "Heroes of Newerth - Hero - Monkey King". Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  23. "Mixer_Icon_White". Smitegame.com. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  24. Heroes of the Storm Samuro Monkey King Skin announcement 风暴英雄 猴王(孙悟空)萨穆罗皮肤, retrieved 1 October 2019
  25. "League of Legends". na.leagueoflegends.com. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  26. "The Monkey King – Free costume out now". Media Molecule. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  27. "Warframe: Wukong". Warframe. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  28. "Monkey King: Hero is Back is not the groundbreaking experience it could have been". Abacus. 28 October 2019.
  29. "王者荣耀孙悟空-王者荣耀官网网站-腾讯游戏". pvp.qq.com. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  30. Black Myth: Wukong - Everything We Know About Gameplay, Release Date, and More - IGN, retrieved 11 October 2020
  31. Civilization VI - November 2020 DLC | New Frontier Pass
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