Municipalities of Cuba

The provinces of Cuba are divided into 168 municipalities or municipios. They were defined by Cuban Law Number 1304 of July 3, 1976 [1] and reformed in 2010 with the abrogation of the municipality of Varadero and the creation of two new provinces: Artemisa and Mayabeque in place of former La Habana Province.

Municipalities of Cuba
Cuba
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Cuba
Constitution
Communist Party
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
Related topics
 Cuba portal

Summary

The municipalities are listed below, by province:

ProvinceMunicipalities
Artemisa Province
Camagüey Province
Ciego de Ávila Province
Cienfuegos Province
Granma Province
Guantánamo Province
Havana
Holguín Province
Isla de la JuventudIsla de la Juventud (seat: Nueva Gerona)
Las Tunas Province
Matanzas Province
Mayabeque Province
Pinar del Río Province
Sancti Spíritus Province
Santiago de Cuba Province
Villa Clara Province

List of municipalities
ProvinceMunicipalityPopulation
(2019)[2]		Population
(2004)[3]		Area
(km²)[4]		LocationRemarks
ArtemisaAlquizar33,46729,61619422.80667°N 82.58278°W / 22.80667; -82.58278 (Alquizar)
ArtemisaArtemisa86,16181,20968922.81361°N 82.76333°W / 22.81361; -82.76333 (Artemisa)Provincial capital
ArtemisaBahía Honda43,02445,96878422.90639°N 83.16361°W / 22.90639; -83.16361 (Bahía Honda)Transferred from Pinar del Río Province in 2011
ArtemisaBauta51,13545,50915622.99194°N 82.54917°W / 22.99194; -82.54917 (Bauta)
ArtemisaCaimito42,34636,81324022.95778°N 82.59639°W / 22.95778; -82.59639 (Caimito)
ArtemisaCandelaria21,20119,52329922.74444°N 82.96583°W / 22.74444; -82.96583 (Candelaria)Transferred from Pinar del Río Province in 2011
ArtemisaGuanajay28,15628,42911022.93056°N 82.68778°W / 22.93056; -82.68778 (Guanajay)
ArtemisaGüira de Melena40,14237,83817722.80222°N 82.50472°W / 22.80222; -82.50472 (Güira de Melena)
ArtemisaMariel44,95642,50427122.99389°N 82.75389°W / 22.99389; -82.75389 (Mariel)
ArtemisaSan Antonio de los Baños50,82746,30012622.88889°N 82.49861°W / 22.88889; -82.49861 (San Antonio de los)
ArtemisaSan Cristóbal71,72670,83093622.71694°N 83.05111°W / 22.71694; -83.05111 (San Cristóbal)Transferred from Pinar del Río Province in 2011
CamagüeyCamagüey332,427324,9211,09321.38389°N 77.90722°W / 21.38389; -77.90722 (Camagüey)Provincial capital, World Heritage Site
CamagüeyCarlos Manuel de Céspedes23,30225,70766421.57694°N 78.27750°W / 21.57694; -78.27750 (Carlos M. de Cespedes)
CamagüeyEsmeralda29,61629,9531,22421.85611°N 78.11111°W / 21.85611; -78.11111 (Esmeralda)
CamagüeyFlorida70,38073,6121,74421.52944°N 78.22250°W / 21.52944; -78.22250 (Florida)
CamagüeyGuáimaro36,96357,0861,84921.05889°N 77.34778°W / 21.05889; -77.34778 (Guáimaro)
CamagüeyJimaguayú20,04621,16979321.26667°N 77.83028°W / 21.26667; -77.83028 (Jimaguayú)
CamagüeyMinas36,68038,5171,00521.48944°N 77.60472°W / 21.48944; -77.60472 (Minas)
CamagüeyNajasa15,00216,47090121.08389°N 77.74694°W / 21.08389; -77.74694 (Najasa)
CamagüeyNuevitas60,78544,8821,77821.54028°N 77.26444°W / 21.54028; -77.26444 (Nuevitas)
CamagüeySanta Cruz del Sur41,85751,3351,23420.71944°N 77.99083°W / 20.71944; -77.99083 (Santa Cruz del Sur)
CamagüeySibanicú29,69331,11774521.23917°N 77.52083°W / 21.23917; -77.52083 (Sibanicú)
CamagüeySierra de Cubitas18,04218,58956021.73306°N 77.77056°W / 21.73306; -77.77056 (Sierra de Cubitas)Most populated town: Sola
CamagüeyVertientes50,00153,2992,02421.25722°N 78.14889°W / 21.25722; -78.14889 (Vertientes)
Ciego de ÁvilaBaraguá32,18532,40873721.68222°N 78.62444°W / 21.68222; -78.62444 (Baraguá)Seat: Gaspar
Ciego de ÁvilaBolivia15,30116,61289422.07500°N 78.35028°W / 22.07500; -78.35028 (Bolivia)
Ciego de ÁvilaChambas37,09939,8681,17722.19667°N 78.91306°W / 22.19667; -78.91306 (Chambas)
Ciego de ÁvilaCiego de Ávila156,571135,73643621.84806°N 78.76278°W / 21.84806; -78.76278 (Ciego de Ávila)Provincial capital
Ciego de ÁvilaCiro Redondo30,36129,56057622.01889°N 78.70278°W / 22.01889; -78.70278 (Ciro Redondo)
Ciego de ÁvilaFlorencia18,79319,81128422.14750°N 78.96694°W / 22.14750; -78.96694 (Florencia)
Ciego de ÁvilaMajagua25,41526,61754221.92444°N 78.99056°W / 21.92444; -78.99056 (Majagua)
Ciego de ÁvilaMorón70,59560,61258622.11083°N 78.62778°W / 22.11083; -78.62778 (Morón)
Ciego de ÁvilaPrimero de Enero22,82527,81371721.94528°N 78.41889°W / 21.94528; -78.41889 (Primero de Enero)Former name: Violeta
Ciego de ÁvilaVenezuela26,17327,33383621.75111°N 78.77889°W / 21.75111; -78.77889 (Venezuela)
CienfuegosAbreus30,71930,33056122.28056°N 80.56778°W / 22.28056; -80.56778 (Abreus)
CienfuegosAguada de Pasajeros31,84331,68768022.38472°N 80.84611°W / 22.38472; -80.84611 (Aguada de Pasajeros)
CienfuegosCienfuegos177,958163,82434122.14583°N 80.43639°W / 22.14583; -80.43639 (Cienfuegos)Provincial capital, World Heritage Site
CienfuegosCruces29,79032,13919822.34222°N 80.27611°W / 22.34222; -80.27611 (Cruces)
CienfuegosCumanayagua48,30151,4351,10222.15250°N 80.20111°W / 22.15250; -80.20111 (Cumanayagua)
CienfuegosLajas21,66922,60243222.41639°N 80.29056°W / 22.41639; -80.29056 (Lajas)
CienfuegosPalmira32,51433,15331822.24444°N 80.39417°W / 22.24444; -80.39417 (Palmira)
CienfuegosRodas33,51133,47754922.34278°N 80.55528°W / 22.34278; -80.55528 (Rodas)
GranmaBartolomé Masó47,82853,02463520.16861°N 76.94250°W / 20.16861; -76.94250 (Bartolomé Masó)
GranmaBayamo239,225222,11891820.38167°N 76.64250°W / 20.38167; -76.64250 (Bayamo)Provincial capital
GranmaBuey Arriba31,18131,32745420.17361°N 76.74917°W / 20.17361; -76.74917 (Buey Arriba)
GranmaCampechuela42,91946,09257920.23333°N 77.27889°W / 20.23333; -77.27889 (Campechuela)
GranmaCauto Cristo20,57421,15955220.56222°N 76.46944°W / 20.56222; -76.46944 (Cauto Cristo)
GranmaGuisa45,88250,92359620.26111°N 76.53806°W / 20.26111; -76.53806 (Guisa)
GranmaJiguaní59,84860,32064620.37333°N 76.42222°W / 20.37333; -76.42222 (Jiguaní)
GranmaManzanillo127,167130,78950020.33972°N 77.10861°W / 20.33972; -77.10861 (Manzanillo)
GranmaMedia Luna32,31935,33037120.14444°N 77.43611°W / 20.14444; -77.43611 (Media Luna)
GranmaNiquero41,99341,25258820.04722°N 77.57806°W / 20.04722; -77.57806 (Niquero)
GranmaPilón29,24829,75146019.90556°N 77.32083°W / 19.90556; -77.32083 (Pilón)
GranmaRío Cauto46,37847,8331,50520.56389°N 76.91722°W / 20.56389; -76.91722 (Río Cauto)
GranmaYara55,18059,41557120.27694°N 76.94694°W / 20.27694; -76.94694 (Yara)
GuantánamoBaracoa79,27081,79497420.35056°N 74.51028°W / 20.35056; -74.51028 (Baracoa)
GuantánamoCaimanera11,26910,56236119.99500°N 75.15972°W / 19.99500; -75.15972 (Caimanera)
GuantánamoEl Salvador42,12045,66263420.20972°N 75.22278°W / 20.20972; -75.22278 (El Salvador)
GuantánamoGuantánamo225,699244,60373720.13694°N 75.21389°W / 20.13694; -75.21389 (Guantánamo)Provincial capital
GuantánamoImías20,90320,95952720.07694°N 74.65167°W / 20.07694; -74.65167 (Imías)
GuantánamoMaisí28,72428,27652320.24333°N 74.15583°W / 20.24333; -74.15583 (Maisí)Seat: La Máquina
GuantánamoManuel Tames36,90014,20052720.18056°N 75.05139°W / 20.18056; -75.05139 (Manuel Tames)Seat: Jamaica
GuantánamoNiceto Pérez16,32017,78363720.12778°N 75.34194°W / 20.12778; -75.34194 (Niceto Pérez)
GuantánamoSan Antonio del Sur25,71926,50958520.05694°N 74.80778°W / 20.05694; -74.80778 (San Antonio del Sur)
GuantánamoYateras20,35818,93066320.35028°N 74.92417°W / 20.35028; -74.92417 (Yateras)Seat: Palenque
HavanaArroyo Naranjo205,701210,0538223.04361°N 82.33278°W / 23.04361; -82.33278 (Arroyo Naranjo)
HavanaBoyeros199,633188,59313023.00722°N 82.40167°W / 23.00722; -82.40167 (Boyeros)
HavanaCentro Habana133,898158,151323.13333°N 82.38333°W / 23.13333; -82.38333 (Centro Habana)
HavanaCerro124,646132,3511023.11361°N 82.36333°W / 23.11361; -82.36333 (Cerro)
HavanaCotorro82,04974,6506623.02611°N 82.24750°W / 23.02611; -82.24750 (Cotorro)
HavanaDiez de Octubre201,435227,2931223.08806°N 82.35972°W / 23.08806; -82.35972 (Diez de Octubre)
HavanaGuanabacoa125,702112,96412923.06111°N 82.28972°W / 23.06111; -82.28972 (Guanabacoa)
HavanaHabana del Este174,807178,04114123.15694°N 82.29694°W / 23.15694; -82.29694 (La Habana del Este)
HavanaOld Havana81,31395,383423.13889°N 82.35556°W / 23.13889; -82.35556 (La Habana Vieja)World Heritage Site
HavanaLa Lisa145,023131,1483723.02472°N 82.46306°W / 23.02472; -82.46306 (La Lisa)
HavanaMarianao134,994135,5512223.08417°N 82.42972°W / 23.08417; -82.42972 (Marianao)
HavanaPlaya178,557186,9593523.09417°N 82.44889°W / 23.09417; -82.44889 (Playa)
HavanaPlaza de la Revolución141,781161,6311223.12444°N 82.38611°W / 23.12444; -82.38611 (Plaza de la Revolución)Government district
HavanaRegla43,83344,4311023.12556°N 82.31528°W / 23.12556; -82.31528 (Regla)
HavanaSan Miguel del Padrón159,022159,2732623.09639°N 82.32667°W / 23.09639; -82.32667 (San Miguel del Padrón)
HolguínAntilla12,53912,22210120.84861°N 75.75250°W / 20.84861; -75.75250 (Antilla)
HolguínBáguanos49,02452,85480620.76306°N 76.02944°W / 20.76306; -76.02944 (Báguanos)
HolguínBanes77,31781,27478120.97000°N 75.71139°W / 20.97000; -75.71139 (Banes)
HolguínCacocum39,99042,62366020.74389°N 76.32417°W / 20.74389; -76.32417 (Cacocum)
HolguínCalixto García54,45057,86761720.85417°N 76.60194°W / 20.85417; -76.60194 (Calixto Garcia)Seat: Buenaventura
HolguínCueto31,36734,50332420.64833°N 75.93167°W / 20.64833; -75.93167 (Cueto)
HolguínFrank País22,89625,62151220.66472°N 75.28139°W / 20.66472; -75.28139 (Frank País)Seat: Cayo Mambí
HolguínGibara70,96572,81062621.10722°N 76.13667°W / 21.10722; -76.13667 (Gibara)
HolguínHolguín356,942326,74065820.88889°N 76.25722°W / 20.88889; -76.25722 (Holguín)Provincial capital
HolguínMayarí96,248105,5051,31120.65944°N 75.67778°W / 20.65944; -75.67778 (Mayarí)
HolguínMoa73,09371,07973220.64000°N 74.91750°W / 20.64000; -74.91750 (Moa)
HolguínRafael Freyre53,77050,08061821.02833°N 75.99639°W / 21.02833; -75.99639 (Rafael Freyre)Seat: Santa Lucía
HolguínSagua de Tánamo46,14452,01370220.58611°N 75.24167°W / 20.58611; -75.24167 (Sagua de Tánamo)
HolguínUrbano Noris38,95843,89284520.60139°N 76.13250°W / 20.60139; -76.13250 (Urbano Noris)Seat: San Germán
Isla de la JuventudIsla de la Juventud83,54486,4202,41921.88472°N 82.86583°W / 21.88472; -82.86583 (Isla de la Juventud)Special municipality, seat: Nueva Gerona
Las TunasAmancio37,30841,52385320.81972°N 77.58417°W / 20.81972; -77.58417 (Amancio)
Las TunasColombia31,99932,94256020.99083°N 77.41583°W / 20.99083; -77.41583 (Colombia)
Las TunasJesús Menéndez47,90751,00263721.16361°N 76.47722°W / 21.16361; -76.47722 (Jesús Menéndez)
Las TunasJobabo42,00849,40388620.90806°N 77.28306°W / 20.90806; -77.28306 (Jobabo)
Las TunasLas Tunas212,732187,43889520.96000°N 76.95444°W / 20.96000; -76.95444 (Victoria de Las Tunas)Provincial capital
Las TunasMajibacoa41,11840,26462220.91722°N 76.87611°W / 20.91722; -76.87611 (Calixto)Seat: Calixto
Las TunasManatí29,65333,57395421.31472°N 76.93750°W / 21.31472; -76.93750 (Manatí)
Las TunasPuerto Padre91,45993,7051,18021.19528°N 76.60139°W / 21.19528; -76.60139 (Puerto Padre)
MatanzasCalimete27,88029,73695822.53389°N 80.90972°W / 22.53389; -80.90972 (Calimete)
MatanzasCárdenas158,112103,08761423.04278°N 81.20361°W / 23.04278; -81.20361 (Cárdenas)Varadero merged into Cárdenas in 2011
MatanzasCienaga de Zapata10,3198,7504,16222.28806°N 81.19750°W / 22.28806; -81.19750 (Playa Larga)Seat: Playa Larga
MatanzasColón69,27771,57959722.72250°N 80.90639°W / 22.72250; -80.90639 (Colón)
MatanzasJagüey Grande60,43857,77188222.52944°N 81.13250°W / 22.52944; -81.13250 (Jagüey Grande)
MatanzasJovellanos58,03158,68550422.81056°N 81.19778°W / 22.81056; -81.19778 (Jovellanos)
MatanzasLimonar26,77825,42144922.95611°N 81.40861°W / 22.95611; -81.40861 (Limonar)
MatanzasLos Arabos23,80125,70276022.74000°N 80.71583°W / 22.74000; -80.71583 (Los Arabos)
MatanzasMartí21,93323,4751,02922.95250°N 80.91667°W / 22.95250; -80.91667 (Martí)
MatanzasMatanzas163,568143,70631523.05139°N 81.57500°W / 23.05139; -81.57500 (Matanzas)Provincial capital
MatanzasPedro Betancourt30,36332,21838722.73056°N 81.29083°W / 22.73056; -81.29083 (Pedro Betancourt)
MatanzasPerico30,41431,14727922.77528°N 81.01500°W / 22.77528; -81.01500 (Perico)
MatanzasUnión de Reyes35,84640,02286622.80056°N 81.53694°W / 22.80056; -81.53694 (Unión de Reyes)
MayabequeBatabanó27,43125,66422822.72472°N 82.28972°W / 22.72472; -82.28972 (Batabanó)
MayabequeBejucal28,16025,42512122.93278°N 82.38694°W / 22.93278; -82.38694 (Bejucal)
MayabequeGüines66,03168,95143722.84778°N 82.02361°W / 22.84778; -82.02361 (Güines)
MayabequeJaruco24,49125,65827623.04278°N 82.00917°W / 23.04278; -82.00917 (Jaruco)
MayabequeMadruga27,21330,64046322.91639°N 81.85694°W / 22.91639; -81.85694 (Madruga)
MayabequeMelena del Sur20,44520,44522822.78167°N 82.14833°W / 22.78167; -82.14833 (Melena del Sur)
MayabequeNueva Paz23,83224,27751322.76333°N 81.75806°W / 22.76333; -81.75806 (Nueva Paz)
MayabequeQuivicán30,05929,25328522.82472°N 82.35583°W / 22.82472; -82.35583 (Quivicán)
MayabequeSan José de las Lajas80,30569,37559722.96806°N 82.15583°W / 22.96806; -82.15583 (San José de las Lajas)Provincial capital
MayabequeSan Nicolás20,72321,56324122.78194°N 81.90667°W / 22.78194; -81.90667 (San Nicolás)
MayabequeSanta Cruz del Norte35,17932,57637923.15583°N 81.92639°W / 23.15583; -81.92639 (Santa Cruz del Norte)
Pinar del RíoConsolación del Sur88,41587,5001,11222.50000°N 83.51528°W / 22.50000; -83.51528 (Consolación del Sur)
Pinar del RíoGuane35,65935,89371722.20056°N 84.08361°W / 22.20056; -84.08361 (Guane)
Pinar del RíoLa Palma33,91535,42662122.75611°N 83.55333°W / 22.75611; -83.55333 (La Palma)
Pinar del RíoLos Palacios38,35138,95078622.58250°N 83.24889°W / 22.58250; -83.24889 (Los Palacios)
Pinar del RíoMantua23,70626,06591522.29083°N 84.28722°W / 22.29083; -84.28722 (Mantua)
Pinar del RíoMinas de Matahambre31,60934,41985822.58250°N 83.94917°W / 22.58250; -83.94917 (Minas de Matahambre)
Pinar del RíoPinar del Río192,776190,53270822.42583°N 83.68833°W / 22.42583; -83.68833 (Pinar del Río)Provincial capital
Pinar del RíoSan Juan y Martínez43,07445,06140922.26667°N 83.83389°W / 22.26667; -83.83389 (San Juan y Martínez)
Pinar del RíoSan Luis31,74134,08577322.28306°N 83.76778°W / 22.28306; -83.76778 (San Luis)
Pinar del RíoSandino36,10539,2451,71822.08111°N 84.22167°W / 22.08111; -84.22167 (Sandino)
Pinar del RíoViñales29,02827,12970422.61528°N 83.71583°W / 22.61528; -83.71583 (Viñales)World Heritage Site
Sancti SpíritusCabaiguán64,92567,22459622.08389°N 79.49528°W / 22.08389; -79.49528 (Cabaiguán)
Sancti SpíritusFomento31,97533,52847522.10528°N 79.72000°W / 22.10528; -79.72000 (Fomento)
Sancti SpíritusJatibonico42,76442,70876321.94639°N 79.16750°W / 21.94639; -79.16750 (Jatibonico)
Sancti SpíritusLa Sierpe16,64416,9371,03521.76083°N 79.24333°W / 21.76083; -79.24333 (La Sierpe)
Sancti SpíritusSancti Spíritus143,252133,8431,15121.93417°N 79.44361°W / 21.93417; -79.44361 (Sancti Spíritus)Provincial capital
Sancti SpíritusTaguasco33,54236,36551522.00528°N 79.26500°W / 22.00528; -79.26500 (Taguasco)
Sancti SpíritusTrinidad77,18573,4661,15921.80444°N 79.98278°W / 21.80444; -79.98278 (Trinidad)World Heritage Site
Sancti SpíritusYaguajay54,79158,9381,04222.33056°N 79.23694°W / 22.33056; -79.23694 (Yaguajay)
Santiago de CubaContramaestre105,370101,83261120.30000°N 76.25056°W / 20.30000; -76.25056 (Contramaestre)
Santiago de CubaGuama34,20635,51695019.95361°N 76.74944°W / 19.95361; -76.74944 (Guama)
Santiago de CubaMella34,61433,66732320.36944°N 75.91083°W / 20.36944; -75.91083 (Mella)
Santiago de CubaPalma Soriano121,943124,58585120.21417°N 75.99167°W / 20.21417; -75.99167 (Palma Soriano)
Santiago de CubaSan Luis78,70288,49633720.18806°N 75.84861°W / 20.18806; -75.84861 (San Luis)
Santiago de CubaSantiago de Cuba509,841472,2551,02620.04028°N 75.81472°W / 20.04028; -75.81472 (Santiago de Cuba)Provincial capital, World Heritage Site
Santiago de CubaSegundo Frente40,41340,88553620.41194°N 75.52861°W / 20.41194; -75.52861 (Mayarí Arriba)Seat: Mayarí Arriba
Santiago de CubaSongo – La Maya91,143100,28772020.17333°N 75.64611°W / 20.17333; -75.64611 (La Maya)Seat: La Maya
Santiago de CubaTercer Frente30,40330,45736620.17194°N 76.32722°W / 20.17194; -76.32722 (Cruce de los Baños)Seat: Cruce de los Baños
Villa ClaraCaibarién40,61638,06442622.51583°N 79.47222°W / 22.51583; -79.47222 (Caibarién)
Villa ClaraCamajuaní58,73663,54461322.46806°N 79.72361°W / 22.46806; -79.72361 (Camajuaní)
Villa ClaraCifuentes26,85133,39151322.62083°N 80.06583°W / 22.62083; -80.06583 (Cifuentes)
Villa ClaraCorralillo25,33627,57183722.98583°N 80.58278°W / 22.98583; -80.58278 (Corralillo)
Villa ClaraEncrucijada32,39733,64156322.61722°N 79.86611°W / 22.61722; -79.86611 (Encrucijada)
Villa ClaraManicaragua63,19073,3701,06422.15028°N 79.97611°W / 22.15028; -79.97611 (Manicaragua)
Villa ClaraPlacetas67,00571,83760122.31611°N 79.65528°W / 22.31611; -79.65528 (Placetas)
Villa ClaraQuemado de Güines21,00022,59034022.79000°N 80.25583°W / 22.79000; -80.25583 (Quemado de Güines)
Villa ClaraRanchuelo52,41759,06255422.33611°N 80.11278°W / 22.33611; -80.11278 (Ranchuelo)
Villa ClaraRemedios43,57046,48255922.49222°N 79.54556°W / 22.49222; -79.54556 (Remedios)
Villa ClaraSagua la Grande51,08856,09794522.80889°N 80.07083°W / 22.80889; -80.07083 (Sagua la Grande)
Villa ClaraSanta Clara246,871237,58151822.40556°N 79.95389°W / 22.40556; -79.95389 (Santa Clara)Provincial capital
Villa ClaraSanto Domingo48,42353,84088122.58361°N 80.23833°W / 22.58361; -80.23833 (Santo Domingo)

Municipal maps

The maps below show the municipal subdivision of each province, in yellow, within Cuba. Each provincial capital is shown in red.1

Note:

^1 – Exceptions related to the provinces shown only in red: Havana is a city-province, and shows also its 15 municipal boroughs. Isla de la Juventud is a special (and single) municipality having provincial level.

See also

References
  1. Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Vol. II, published by the United Nations, New York, 1991
  2. "Estudios y Datos de la Población. Cuba y sus Territorios. Enero–Diciembre 2019" (PDF). onei.gob.cu (in Spanish). La Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información. March 2020. pp. 17–19.
  3. Atenas.cu (2004). "2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  4. Statoids (2010). "Municipalities of Cuba". Retrieved 2021-01-28.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.