National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission

No federal agency had authority over the placement or construction of memorials in and around Washington, D.C., until 1910. That year, the United States Congress enacted legislation creating the United States Commission of Fine Arts, and giving it the power to provide advice on the siting of monuments and memorials.[1] On November 28, 1913, President Woodrow Wilson issued Executive Order 1862, which expanded the CFA's advisory authority to cover any "new structures...which affect in any important way the appearance of the City, or whenever questions involving matters of art and with which the federal government is concerned..."[2] Executive Order 3524, issued by President Warren G. Harding on July 28, 1921, further expanded the CFA's review to the design of coins, fountains, insignia, medals, monuments, parks, and statues, whether constructed or issued by the federal government or the government of the District of Columbia.[2][3]

In 1924, Congress created the National Capital Planning Commission and gave it authority over public planning in the D.C. metropolitan area. This new body, too, had authority over the siting and design of memorials and monuments.[3]

However, by the early 1970s, pressure was mounting to place more and more memorials, monuments, and statues on the National Mall. In 1973, the Secretary of the Interior established the National Capital Memorial Advisory Committee. This committee, which was advisory only, was charged with drafting and updating criteria on which memorials and monuments should be approved, and how they should be sited. Members of the advisory committee consisted of representatives from the Architect of the Capitol, American Battle Monuments Commission, Commission of Fine Arts, District of Columbia Government and Public Building Services office, National Park Service, and the National Capital Planning Commission.[4]

In November 1986, Congress enacted the Commemorative Works Act (P.L. 99-652), which established complete federal authority over the location and authorization of memorials on any land owned by the General Services Administration or National Park Service. The legislation covered all land owned by these agencies, whether in the District of Columbia, the United States, or overseas. The law also established the National Capital Memorial Commission. Congress reconstituted the advisory commission as the National Capital Memorial Commission, made it independent of the Department of the Interior, and gave it statutory authority to approve or reject the approval and siting of memorials and monuments.[5]

The 1986 legislation added the Secretary of Defense to the commission's membership. It also required that at least 10 years must elapse until an event can be commemorated. A person must be dead for 25 years before a memorial can be erected in their honor.[6]

In 1997, the National Capital Memorial Commission, the Commission of Fine Arts and National Capital Planning Commission established a Joint Task Force on Memorials to coordinate their joint responsibilities.[3] In 2000, the Joint Task Force issued a new policy for the design and placement of memorials and monuments in the national capital area. The policy led to the Commemorative Zone Policy — a master plan identifying available remaining space on the National Mall for memorials. This master plan kept most of the mall open and devoted to green space. Additional space in and around the city of Washington appropriate for memorials and monuments was also identified, and the agencies agreed to approve sites only in these areas through 2050. The master plan also provided design guidelines for memorials and monuments. These guidelines were intended to move designers away from the traditional statue or granite slab and toward "living memorials" that incorporated green space.[7]

2003 guideline amendments

Map number 869/86501, which defines the Reserve, Area I, and Area I in which memorials can and cannot be placed.

In the 2003 Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act (part of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitor Center Act, Pub.L. 108–126 (text) (pdf)), Congress changed the name of the commission to the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission. The act also laid new significant restrictions on memorial design and approval. These restrictions include:

• A requirement that the core of the cross-axis of the National Mall in the District of Columbia remain free of commemorative works.
• Specific recognition of the Monumental Core (the "Reserve"), Area I, and Area II as defined by the Joint Task Force on Memorials.
• A ban on any new commemorative works or visitors' centers within the Reserve.
• A ban on any commemorative work commemorating a lesser conflict or a unit of any armed forces.
• A requirement that legislative authority for a commemorative work expire after seven years. Exceptions are made for those works which obtain a construction permit from the government before the expiration, and for those works for which a final design has been approved by the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission of Fine Arts and for which 75 percent of the required construction funds have been raised.
• A requirement that no construction permit should issue unless the sponsor of the commemorative work has donated an amount equal to 10 percent of the estimated construction cost as a perpetual maintenance fund.
• A ban on any museum within Area I or East Potomac Park.
• A ban on donor acknowledgements on commemorative works.

As of September 2012, 19 commemorative works had been approved by the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission. Another 16 bills were introduced in the 112th United States Congress (January 3, 2011 to January 3, 2013), to commemorate everything from World War I veterans to environmentalist Rachel Carson to fair housing.[9] Congress has authorized several as-yet unbuilt memorials for the commission to review:[10][11][12]

• Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial (authorized 1999, authorization in Area I 2006; under construction)
• National Liberty Memorial (authorized 2013, authorized in Area I 2014; expires September 26, 2021)[13]
• Peace Corps Memorial (authorized 2014; expires January 24, 2021)[12]
• National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial (authorized 2014, authorized in Area I 2017, expires March 31, 2024)[14]
• National Global War on Terrorism Memorial (authorized 2017, expires August 18, 2024)[15]
• National Emergency Medical Services Memorial (authorized 2018, expires November 3, 2025)[16]

At least two sites were authorized but never built:

• General Francis Marion Memorial (authorized 2008; expired May 8, 2018)[17]
• Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitor Center (authorized 2003; expired November 17, 2014)[18][19]
• Gold Star Mothers National Monument (authorized 2013; expired January 2, 2020)[20]

• List of national memorials of the United States

• National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission official Web site