Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial

Arlington House from a pre-1861 sketch, published in 1875

The mansion was built on the orders of George Washington Parke Custis, the step-grandson and adopted son of George Washington and only grandson of Martha Custis Washington. Custis became a prominent resident of an area that was then known as Alexandria County, at the time a part of the District of Columbia.

Arlington House was built at a high point on a 1,100-acre (445 ha) estate that Custis's father, John Parke Custis, had purchased in 1778 and named "Mount Washington"[6] ("Jacky" Custis died in 1781 at Yorktown after the British surrender). The younger Custis decided to build his home on the property in 1802 following the death of Martha Washington and three years after the death of George Washington. After acquiring the property, Custis renamed it "Arlington" after the Custis family's homestead on the Eastern Shore of Virginia.[7]

Almost immediately, Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land. Hiring George Hadfield as architect, he constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America.[8] Custis intended the mansion to serve as a living memorial to George Washington and a place for his collection of George Washington artifacts. Its design included elements similar to those of George Washington's house, Mount Vernon.[9]

Construction began in 1803, eleven years after L'Enfant's Plan for the future "Federal City" (later called "Washington City", then Washington D.C.) had designated an area directly across the Potomac River to be the site of the "President's House" (later called the "Executive Mansion", now the White House) and the "Congress House" (now the United States Capitol). Custis located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike (at the approximate location of the present Eisenhower Drive in Arlington National Cemetery), the Potomac River and the growing Washington City on the opposite side of the river.[8] The mansion was built using materials on site, though the building was interrupted by the War of 1812 (and material shortages after the British burned the American capital city). The Custis mansion's exterior was completed in 1818.[10]

The north and south wings were completed in 1804. The large center section and the portico, presenting an imposing front 140 ft (43 m) long, were finished 13 years later. The house has two kitchens, a summer and a winter. The most prominent features of the house are the 8 massive columns of the portico, each 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter.

Guests at the house included such notable people as Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, who visited in 1824 (see: Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States). At Arlington, Custis experimented with new methods of animal husbandry and other agriculture. The property also included Arlington Spring, a picnic ground on the banks of the Potomac that Custis originally built for private use but later opened to the public, eventually operating it as a commercial enterprise.

Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh. Their only child to survive to adulthood was Mary Anna Randolph Custis. Robert E. Lee, whose mother was a cousin of Mrs. Custis, frequently visited Arlington and knew Mary Anna as they grew up. Two years after graduating from West Point, Lieutenant Lee married Mary Anna Custis at Arlington on June 30, 1831. For 30 years Arlington House was home to the Lees. They spent much of their married life traveling between United States Army duty stations and Arlington, where six of their seven children were born. They shared this home with Mary's parents. After their deaths, Mary's parents were buried not far from the house on land that is now part of Arlington National Cemetery.

Map of Custis Mansion and surrounding gardens in 1864

The Custises extensively developed the Arlington estate. Much of the steep slope to the east of the house became a cultivated English landscape park, while a large flower garden with an arbor was constructed and planted south of the house. To the west of Arlington House, tall grass and low native plants led down a slope into a natural area of close-growing trees the Custises called "the Grove."[11] About 60 feet (18 m) to the west of the flower garden, "the Grove" contained tall elm and oak trees which formed a canopy. An informal flower garden was planted beneath the trees and maintained by the Custis daughters.[12] It is not clear when "the Grove" began to be developed, but it was under way by at least 1853.[12]

Upon George Washington Parke Custis's death in 1857, he left the Arlington estate to Mary Custis Lee for her lifetime and thence to the Lees' eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee. The estate needed much repair and reorganization, and Robert E. Lee, as executor of Custis's will, took a three-year leave of absence from the Army to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements.

Officers of the 8th New York State Militia at Arlington House, June 1861

In April 1861, Virginia seceded from the United States. Robert E. Lee resigned his commission in the United States Army on April 20, 1861, and joined the Confederate States Army.[13] With Arlington House on high ground overlooking the capital, the government of the United States knew it must occupy the mansion or be left in an untenable military position.[14] Although unwilling to leave Arlington House, Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be occupied by federal soldiers and left to stay with relatives on May 14, having been warned by her young cousin William Orton Williams, then serving as aide to General Winfield Scott.[15][16][17] Union Army troops seized and occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24.[18]

In June 1862, the 37th United States Congress enacted legislation that imposed a property tax on all land in "insurrectionary" areas of the United States.[19] The 1863 amendments to the statute required these taxes to be paid in person.[16][20] But Mary Lee, afflicted with severe rheumatoid arthritis and behind Confederate lines, could not pay the tax in person.[20] The Arlington estate was seized for nonpayment of taxes. It was auctioned off on January 11, 1864, and the U.S. government won the property for $26,800 ($447,618 today).[16][21]

During the war, Union Army troops cut down many of the trees on the Arlington estate, especially those to the north and east of Arlington House in and near Fort Whipple (north of the house) and Arlington Springs (near the Potomac River). However, a number of large trees remained, particularly those in a forested area (now known as Arlington Woods) west of the house.[22]

East front of Arlington House with Union Army Soldiers on lawn (1864)

By early 1864, the military cemeteries of Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia, were rapidly filling with war dead. Quartermaster General of the United States Army Montgomery C. Meigs proposed using 200 acres (81 ha) of the Arlington estate as a cemetery.[13] United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15, 1864, creating Arlington National Cemetery.[16][23] Meigs believed that since Lee had committed treason in deciding to fight against the Union,[24] denying Lee use of the mansion after the war was a rough form of justice.[25] Meigs decided that a large number of burials should occur close to Arlington House to render it unlivable. Officers were to be buried next to the main flower garden south of the house, and the first burial occurred here on May 17.[26] Meigs ordered that additional burials commence immediately on the grounds of Arlington House in mid-June.[26] When Union officers bivouacked in the mansion complained and had the burials temporarily stopped, Meigs countermanded their orders and had another 44 dead officers buried along the southern and eastern sides of the main flower garden within a month.[26]

In September 1866, the remains of 2,111 Union and Confederate soldiers who died at the First Battle of Bull Run, Second Battle of Bull Run, and along the Rappahannock River were buried on the former site of "the Grove", southeast of the mansion, beneath the Civil War Unknowns Monument.[13][27]

Robert E. Lee made no attempt to visit or restore his title to Arlington before his death in 1870. Mary Lee died in 1873, having visited the house only one more time, a few months before her death. Too upset at its condition, she refused to enter and left after just a few moments.[27]

In April 1874, Robert E. Lee's eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee, filed suit against the United States government in a Virginia circuit court to regain his property.[18][28] Custis Lee was a major general in the Civil War and was captured by Union forces at the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865 (see David Dunnels White). A jury found in favor of Custis Lee,[29] leading to extensive appeals by both parties. In 1882, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Lee in United States v. Lee, 106 U. S. 196. The court, by a 5–4 majority, found that the estate had been "illegally confiscated" in 1864 and ordered it returned.[30][31][32] But Lee was less interested in obtaining the estate than he was in a cash compensation for its value. After several months of difficult negotiations, Lee and the federal government settled on a sale price of $150,000 ($4,115,893 in 2019 dollars).[33][27] Congress enacted legislation funding the purchase on March 3, 1883; Lee signed over the title on March 31; and the title transfer was recorded on May 14, 1883.[33][27]

East side of Arlington House, circa 1900, from a photochrom postcard

In 1920, the Virginia General Assembly changed the name of Alexandria County to Arlington County to end ongoing confusion between Alexandria County and the independent city of Alexandria. The name Arlington was chosen to reflect the presence of the Arlington estate.[34]

On March 4, 1925, the 68th United States Congress enacted Public Resolution 74, which authorized the restoration of the Lee Mansion in the Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[35] The War Department then began to restore Arlington House, and the Department of the Army continues to manage over half of the original plantation's 1,100 acres (450 ha), as Arlington National Cemetery. However, for several years after Congress enacted the authorizing legislation, the War Department, which was responsible for managing the house and grounds, largely ignored the legislation. Contradicting the authorizing legislation, the Department, largely at the insistence of Charles Moore, the director of the United States Commission of Fine Arts, furnished and interpreted the Mansion to “the first half of the republic.” This decision was based, in part, on the popularity of the Colonial Revival movement which was still popular in 1925. The Mansion was restored to the period of George Washington Parke Custis, and no furniture manufactured after 1830 was accepted. This approach negated Lee's role and presence at Arlington.

Restored second-floor chamber shared by Lee and his wife, with replica pattern 1858 U. S. Army (colonel of cavalry) uniform across the bed (2005)

Potting shed near Arlington House converted to museum (2012)

In 1955, the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84-107, a joint resolution that designated the manor as the "Custis-Lee Mansion" as a permanent memorial to Robert E. Lee. The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation, "thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied".[36] Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E. Lee as specified in the original legislation.

The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building and some 28 acres (11 ha) of adjacent gardens (distinguished from the cemetery) beginning June 10, 1933.[37]

In 1972, the 92nd United States Congress enacted Public Law 92-333, an Act that amended Public Law 84-107 to designate the manor as "Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial".[38]

One of the lesser known histories about Arlington House concerns the Gray family, who helped to preserve the legacy of George Washington Parke Custis as well as the Lee family. Selina Norris Gray, the daughter of Leonard and Sally Norris, was a second-generation Arlington slave.[39] In 1831, Selina married Thornton Gray, a fellow Arlington slave, and eventually had eight children who grew up at Arlington. With the onset of the Civil War, the Lee family had to evacuate their home before the Union troops came and occupied the property. Even though Selina was a personal maid to Mrs. Lee, she and her family were left behind; however, before leaving, Mrs. Lee left the house keys to Selina and the responsibility to protect the treasures of the home. Several of these treasures included cherished family heirlooms that had once belonged to Mrs. Lee's great-grandmother, Martha Custis Washington, and President George Washington.[39]

Within months of Union Army General Irvin McDowell occupying the home in 1861, Selina realized that several precious heirlooms were missing due to soldiers looting the property. When she discovered that some of the Washington relics had also disappeared, she promptly provided a list of the missing objects to General McDowell and convinced him that the significance of the collection required his involvement. He first secured the attic and basement areas to prevent further theft, then had the remaining Lee heirlooms shipped to the Patent Office in Washington, D.C for safekeeping.[40] While Selina is credited with saving the heirlooms and treasures of Arlington House, her children later on are credited with helping to restore the home as well as provide accurate details about the layout of the home, personal stories of the Lee family, and help preservationists in the early twentieth century.

During major restorative efforts to Arlington House from 1929 to 1930, the Gray family made another important contribution to the history of Arlington County and the nation. Four of Selina and Thornton's daughters provided crucial details about the house and its furnishings, and their input proved vital to the authenticity of the project.[40] In 2014, the National Park Service acquired a rare photograph of Selina.[41]

Old Administration Building, Arlington National Cemetery (2011)

In 1919, a replica was built for the short-lived Lanier University in Atlanta, designed by architect A. Ten Eyck Brown. It is still standing at 1140 University Drive NE, and houses the Ben H. Zimmerman Religious School and the Canterbury School.[60] Arlington Hall, a two-thirds scale replica of Arlington House, was built in 1939 in Robert E. Lee Park in Dallas, Texas.[61]

The façade of the Old Administration Building in Arlington National Cemetery resembles that of Arlington House. The building is 500 feet (150 m) west of Arlington House.[62]

• List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia

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• Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J., eds. (2000). "Arlington". Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Volume 1. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 9781576070666.
• Pencak, William, ed. (2009). "Arlington National Cemetery". Encyclopedia of the Veteran in America. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313340086.
• Atkinson, Rick (2007). Where Valor Rests: Arlington National Cemetery. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. ISBN 9781426200892.
• Chase, Enoch Aquila (1930). "The Arlington Case: George Washington Custis Lee Against the United States of America". Records of the Columbia Historical Society: 207–233.
• Davis, Ren; Davis, Helen (2011). Atlanta Walks: A Comprehensive Guide to Walking, Running, and Bicycling the Area's Scenic and Historic Locales. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers. ISBN 9781561455843.
• Fellman, Michael (2003). The Making of Robert E. Lee. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0679456503.
• Fernandez, Martin (2013). Best Bike Rides Washington, D.C.: Great Recreational Rides in the Metro Area. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 9780762780815.
• Gerem, Yves (2004). A Marmac Guide to Dallas. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Co. ISBN 1565544072.
• Grant, Eric (Fall 1996). "A Revolutionary View of the Seventh Amendment and the Just Compensation Clause". Northwestern University Law Review: 144–242.
• Hanna, Jennifer (October 2001). "Cultural Landscape Report: History: Volume 1" (PDF). Arlington House: The Robert E. Lee Memorial. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service: United States Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
• Holt, Dean W. (2010). American Military Cemeteries. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786440238.
• McCaslin, Richard B. (2004). Lee in the Shadow of Washington. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807126969.
• Meyer, Randy L. (Fall 1998). "The Supreme Court's Analysis in Idaho v. Coeur D'Alene Tribe of Idaho: Is the Young Exception to the Eleventh Amendment Inapplicable to Indian Tribe Claims?". Toledo Law Review: 131–182.
• Peters, James Edward (1986). Arlington National Cemetery: Shrine to America's Heroes. Bethesda, Md.: Woodbine House. ISBN 1890627143.
• Perry, John (2010). Lee: A Life of Virtue. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
• Poole, Robert M. (2009). On Hallowed Ground: The Story of Arlington National Cemetery. New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 9780802715487.
• Randall, J.G. (1913). The Confiscation of Property During the Civil War. Indianapolis: Mutual Printing and Lithographing Co. The Confiscation of Property During the Civil War.
• Rudy, William George (2010). Interpreting America's First Grecian Style House: the Architectural Legacy of George Washington Parke Custis and George Hadfield. Masters Thesis. College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
• United States Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District (March 2013). Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment (PDF). Norfolk, Virginia. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
• United States Department of the Interior (2003). The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial.

• Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial official Web site
• Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial at Google Cultural Institute
• "Virtual Museum Exhibit: Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial". Museum Management Program. National Park Service: United States Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
• PBS Interview with Matt Penrod, Education Programs Manager at Arlington House
• U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial