Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest

The Netherlands has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 60 times since making its debut as one of the seven countries at the first contest in 1956. The country has missed only four contests, twice because the dates coincided with Remembrance of the Dead (1985, 1991) and twice because of being relegated due to poor results the previous year (1995 and 2002). The Netherlands hosted the contest in Hilversum (1958), Amsterdam (1970), twice in The Hague (1976 and 1980), and would've hosted the contest in Rotterdam in 2020, but the edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rotterdam will remain as the host city of the 2021 contest.

Netherlands
Member stationAVROTROS (2014–)[1]
National selection events
Participation summary
Appearances60 (51 finals)
First appearance1956
Best result1st: 1957, 1959, 1969, 1975, 2019
Nul points1962, 1963
External links
songfestival.nl
Netherlands's page at Eurovision.tv
For the most recent participation see
Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021

The Netherlands has won the contest five times, with Corry Brokken (1957), Teddy Scholten (1959), Lenny Kuhr in a four-way tie (1969), Teach-In (1975) and Duncan Laurence (2019). The country's other top five results are Sandra & Andres fourth (1972), Mouth & MacNeal third (1974), Maggie MacNeal fifth (1980), Marcha fifth (1987), Edsilia Rombley fourth (1998), and second with The Common Linnets (2014). The Netherlands finished last in 1958, 1962, 1963, 1968, and in the semifinal in 2011.

After the introduction of the semifinals in 2004, the Netherlands failed to reach the final for eight years in a row from 2005 to 2012, the record of the contest, but have since reached six of the last seven finals.

History

1956–1959

The 1958 scoreboard

The Netherlands was one of seven countries competing in the inaugural 1956 contest. NTS presented the Nationaal Songfestival to select Dutch entries to the contest. Corry Brokken and Jetty Paerl finished top two and qualified to Lugano. After a year, success came fast as "Net als toen" from Brokken won the 1957 contest in Frankfurt. This song is a ballad asking the husband about early days as a couple. This song received points from every single country. Sem Nijveen provided the violin solo. NTS hosted the 1958 in Hilversum. Brokken's Heel de wereld received the first point from the first voting country, Switzerland, but it turned out to be the only point for her and finished tied ninth and last. Hosting and finishing last would not be repeated until Portugal in 2018. Austria in 2015 scored zero points but from tie-breaker finished second last. In 1959 in Cannes, the Netherlands was represented by Teddy Scholten after Brokken failed to qualify. 'n Beetje is about concentrating about being unfaithful in a relationship. the UK led before Italy sent seven points to the Dutch and France sent four more for another Dutch victory.

1960–1968

Rudi Carrell and Annie Palmen won the national final with Wat een geluk in 1960 before Carrell was selected for the night but the song finished 12th (second last). Greetje Kauffeld failed to win three selections before being internally selected in 1961 with Wat een dag, which finished tied tenth. \ De Spelbrekers won with "Katinka". This song is in the distinguished list for finishing last with 0 points but still being the more-remembered entries in the Netherlands from the dark age. In 1963, The members of the orchestra went on strike, which made the televised selection impossible. Palmen performed three songs for juries before "Geen ander", later renamed "Een speeldoos" was selected. The song once again finished tied last with zero points. Dutch-Indonesian Anneke Grönloh with "Jij bent mijn leven" finished tied tenth in 1964. The 1965 Nationaal Songfestival had five semi-finals to select the song for each entrant. It was hosted by Teddy Scholten. Conny Vandenbos won with "'t Is genoeg". Norway gave was the only country to give any points, the maximum 5 points, making the Netherlands finish 11th. Milly Scott was the first black performer to participate in 1966, Ireland and United Kingdom both gave "Fernando en Filippo" 1 point, having the Netherlands finish 15th. Harmelen hosted the 1967 selection. Winner Thérèse Steinmetz finished 14th with "Ring-dinge-ding". in 1968, the Netherlands finished last again with "Morgen" from Ronnie Tober.

From Lenny Kuhr to Teach-In

1969 Nationaal Songfestival brought Europe together by asking every single participating country in 1969 to vote with Dutch juries. Conny Vink's "De toeteraar" was beaten by Lenny Kuhr's "De troubadour". Dolf van der Linden refused to go to Madrid and the song was conducted by Frans de Kok. The last two countries brought the Netherlands, France, the UK and Spain tied in first place with 18 points. Because there was no tie-breaking rule in place at the time, all 4 countries were announced as winners, which led to multiple countries withdrawing in 1970. The Netherlands beat France in coin-toss to host the Eurovision Song Contest 1970 in RAI Amsterdam. Hearts of Soul finished 7th with "Waterman". Saskia & Serge finished second in 1970 national final before being internally selected for 1971. The ballad "Tijd" finished tied sixth that night. It was the last song Dolf van der Linden conducted after 13 songs were conducted by him, of which two victories. Sandra & Andres's "Als het om de liefde gaat" was the first entry where the audience clapped along. The Netherlands finished fourth, one point behind Germany. After "De oude muzikant" from Ben Cramer finished 14th in 1973, the country sent Mouth & MacNeal with "I See a Star". 1974 was the first year that allowed songs to be in English, so the lyrics were changed to English. At the contest, had to face stars like ABBA, former winner Gigliola Cinquetti and Olivia Newton-John before finishing third. 1975 Nationaal Songfestival Teach-In with Ding-a-dong won the 1975 Nationaal Songfestival, which was the first time since 1970 that the singers weren't internally selected. The song received six twelve points, winning the contest for the fourth time, being the first song to win while allocated te first slot.

Multiple hostings

Sandra Reemer with the outfit she wore in 1979

The Hague hosted Eurovision 1976 in Congresgebouw with former winner Corry Brokken presenting the show. Sandra Reemer returned with "The Party's Over" finishing 9th. The country slumped to three non top-tens after, "De mallemolen" with Heddy Lester, 12th, "'t Is OK" with Harmony, 13th, and the band Xandra, once again with Sandra Reemer, with "Colorado", finishing 12th. The congresbouw returned to host 1980 contest after Israel declined hosting after winning twice in a row and withdrew, because the date of the contest coincided with their Remembrance Day. Rogier van Otterloo made a debut as a conductor. Maggie MacNeal returned "Amsterdam". The song would be the last internally selected song until 2013. The song led the voting after first three twelve points from four countries. The song later slipped to fifth. Linda Williams went to Eurovision Song Contest 1981 with "Het is een wonder". Finished 7th. A year later The Millionaires's "Fantasie eiland" controversially missed the ticket because expert juries sent "Jij en ik" with Bill van Dijk. The English trio Tight Tit covered the song as Fantasy Island, which became a top 5 hit in The United Kingdom. In 1982 "Fantasie eiland" went on to win the OGAE Second Chance Contest. Germany's five points led "Jij en ik" to finished third last. The 1983 Nationaal Songfestival is also seen as dramatic. Vulcano's Een beetje van dit tied with Bernadette's "Sing Me a Song" before the last set of the jury votes gave Bernadette one point and Vulcano none, which sent her to Munich. The Netherlands finished 7th. After almost winning the Nationaal Songfestival in 1981, Maribelle represented the country in 1984 with"Ik hou van jou", the entry finished 13th before the first ever withdrawn in 1985 due to the Remembrance of the Dead.

1986–1995

Girl group Frizzle Sizzle were the Dutch entry in 1986 with "Alles heeft ritme", which again finished 13th. At the 1987 edition of Nationaal Songfestival, Marcha performed all six competing songs, and "Rechtop in de wind" was selected. Marcha finished joint fifth, the Netherlands's first top five result since 1980. The song was the last conducted by van Otterloo before his death from cancer. In 1998, Gerard Joling was internally selected as the Dutch representative, and "Shangri-La" was later selected as the Dutch entry. The song finished ninth. Justine Pelmelay, a chorus member of "Shangri-La", won the selection in 1989 with the song "Blijf zoals je bent", which finished 15th. In 1990, The country was represented by sisters Maywood with the power ballad "Ik wil alles met je delen", again finishing 15th. As the contest was held on 4 May 1991, The Netherlands decided against participating due to the Remembrance of the Dead. Humphrey Campbell won the 1992 selection with "Wijs me de weg", which finished ninth. In 1993 and 1994, NOS opted to internally select the Dutch artist, and use Nationaal Songfestival to select the Dutch song. In 1993, Ruth Jacott was selected as the artist, and "Vrede" was selected as the entry, finishing sixth. In 1994, Willeke Alberti was selected with the song "Waar is de zon?". The song placed 23rd with four points, and the Netherlands were relegated from the 1995 contest.

1996–2004

Nationaal Songfestival returned in 1996 with five semi-finals to select a song for each singer. Maxine and Franklin Brown represented the country with "De eerste keer". The song finished seventh, after an error. Dick Bakker, co-writer of "Ding-a-dong", made his debut as a conductor. In 1997, Mrs. Einstein, which the German television jokingly announced as the Dutch Spice Grandmothers, represented the Netherlands with "Niemand heeft nog tijd" finishing tied 22nd with five points. Nurlaila's "Alsof je bij me bent" finished second in the pre-selection, but won the OGAE Second Chance Contest 1998.[3] The highest-scoring entry that period was Edsilia Rombley's "Hemel en aarde": it even led the voting for some time. It was the last time the Netherlands was leader of the scoreboard until 2014. The song finished fourth, the Netherlands's best result since 1975. Marlayne won the Dutch final in 1999. She came joint 8th with the song "One Good Reason". In 2000, the song "No Goodbyes", sung by Linda Wagenmakers, placed 13th. In 2001, Michelle and her song "Out on My Own" finished 18th, and the Netherlands was not allowed to participate in 2002 due to poor results. Esther Hart won the national final in 2003 with the same writing team as 1999. Esther finished in 13th place. The country sent the male duo Re-Union in 2004 with the song "Without You" and qualified for the final. They placed 20th with 11 points.

2005–2012: non-qualification streak

In 2005, Glennis Grace's "My Impossible Dream" failed to reach the grand final. Treble also did not qualify a year later, with their song "Amambanda". In 2007, Rombley returned with her song "On Top of the World". She could not repeat her 1998 success and failed to qualify. In 2008, Hind participated with the song "Your Heart Belongs to Me": she too failed to qualify. In 2009 De Toppers's "Shine" failed to qualify. The year after Sieneke was selected through a national final with "Ik ben verliefd (Sha-la-lie)" sung in Dutch: she did not qualify. The 3JS had the lowest score of all participants in the 2011 contest, and Joan Franka also failed to qualify. The Netherlands missed out on the final eight years in a row, making it the country with the longest period of non-qualification in the contest.

2013–present: qualification streaks and fifth victory

The string of consecutive non-qualifications of much of the 2000s and early 2010s led the Dutch broadcaster to re-think their strategy, which led to the internal selection of rock singer Anouk in 2013. Anouk chose the song and the background singers herself and went on to break the Netherlands' long non-qualification streak. She gave the country its first top 10 placing since 1999. The following years, the Dutch Eurovision committee continued to choose their artists internally. The year following Anouk, The Common Linnets (consisting of singers Ilse DeLange and Waylon) won their semi-final and finishing second overall. After a non-qualification with Trijntje Oosterhuis in 2015, the Dutch then recorded four consecutive qualifications with Douwe Bob and OG3NE both finishing in 11th place in their respective appearances, and returning singer Waylon placing 18th. Duncan Laurence brought the country its 5th overall victory (tying with France, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom) and first win in 44 years with his song "Arcade".

Non-participations

The Netherlands has missed only four contests in its Eurovision history. The first one was at the 1985 contest, held in Gothenburg, Sweden. The contest, held on 4 May conflicted with the Dutch Remembrance of the Dead and therefore the Netherlands withdrew.[4]

In 1991 the contest was again held on 4 May, and so the Netherlands withdrew for the same reason as six years earlier.[5]

There was no Dutch participation in the 1995 and 2002 contests, due to relegation as a result of the country's poor showings in the previous year.

The Netherlands did compete in 2000. But at 22:00 (UTC+2) on Saturday 13 May, the broadcast of the Eurovision final was halted as an explosion in a fireworks factory destroyed parts of a suburb in Enschede a few hours before.[6] The points awarded by the Netherlands were taken from the back-up jury vote, as there was no televote after the program was cut short.

Contestants

Table key
1 Winner
2 Second place
3 Third place
 Last place
X Entry selected but did not compete
Year Artist Language Song Final Points Semi Points
Jetty Paerl Dutch "De vogels van Holland" 2[lower-alpha 1] N/A No semi-finals
Corry Brokken Dutch "Voorgoed voorbij"
Corry Brokken Dutch "Net als toen" 1 31
Corry Brokken Dutch "Heel de wereld" 9 ◁ 1
Teddy Scholten Dutch "Een beetje" 1 21
Rudi Carrell Dutch "Wat een geluk" 12 2
Greetje Kauffeld Dutch "Wat een dag" 10 6
De Spelbrekers Dutch "Katinka" 13 ◁ 0
Annie Palmen Dutch "Een speeldoos" 13 ◁ 0
Anneke Grönloh Dutch "Jij bent mijn leven" 10 2
Conny Vandenbos Dutch "'t Is genoeg" 11 5
Milly Scott Dutch "Fernando en Filippo" 15 2
Thérèse Steinmetz Dutch "Ring-dinge-ding" 14 2
Ronnie Tober Dutch "Morgen" 16 ◁ 1
Lenny Kuhr Dutch "De troubadour" 1 18
Hearts of Soul Dutch "Waterman" 7 7
Saskia & Serge Dutch "Tijd" 6 85
Sandra & Andres Dutch "Als het om de liefde gaat" 4 106
Ben Cramer Dutch "De oude muzikant" 14 69
Mouth & MacNeal English "I See a Star" 3 15
Teach-In English "Ding-a-Dong" 1 152
Sandra Reemer English "The Party's Over" 9 56
Heddy Lester Dutch "De mallemolen" 12 35
Harmony Dutch "'t Is OK" 13 37
Xandra Dutch "Colorado" 12 51
Maggie MacNeal Dutch "Amsterdam" 5 93
Linda Williams Dutch "Het is een wonder" 9 51
Bill van Dijk Dutch "Jij en ik" 16 8
Bernadette Dutch, English "Sing Me a Song" 7 66
Maribelle Dutch "Ik hou van jou" 13 34
Frizzle Sizzle Dutch "Alles heeft ritme" 13 40
Marcha Dutch "Rechtop in de wind" 5 83
Gerard Joling Dutch "Shangri-La" 9 70
Justine Pelmelay Dutch "Blijf zoals je bent" 15 45
Maywood Dutch "Ik wil alles met je delen" 15 25
Humphrey Campbell Dutch "Wijs me de weg" 9 67
Ruth Jacott Dutch "Vrede" 6 92 Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
Willeke Alberti Dutch "Waar is de zon?" 23 4 No semi-finals
Maxine & Franklin Brown Dutch "De eerste keer" 7 78 9 63
Mrs. Einstein Dutch "Niemand heeft nog tijd" 22 5 No semi-finals
Edsilia Rombley Dutch "Hemel en aarde" 4 150[lower-alpha 2]
Marlayne English "One Good Reason" 8 71
Linda Wagenmakers English "No Goodbyes" 13 40
Michelle English "Out on My Own" 18 16
Esther Hart English "One More Night" 13 45
Re-Union English "Without You" 20 11 6 146
Glennis Grace English "My Impossible Dream" Failed to qualify 14 53
Treble Imaginary, English "Amambanda" 20 22
Edsilia Rombley English "On Top of the World" 21 38
Hind English "Your Heart Belongs to Me" 13 27
De Toppers English "Shine" 17 11
Sieneke Dutch "Ik ben verliefd (Sha-la-lie)" 14 29
3JS English "Never Alone" 19 ◁ 13
Joan Franka English "You and Me" 15 35
Anouk English "Birds" 9 114 6 75
The Common Linnets English "Calm After the Storm" 2 238 1 150
Trijntje Oosterhuis English "Walk Along" Failed to qualify 14 33
Douwe Bob English "Slow Down" 11 153 5 197
O'G3NE English "Lights and Shadows" 11 150 4 200
Waylon English "Outlaw in 'Em" 18 121 7 174
Duncan Laurence English "Arcade" 1 498 1 280
Jeangu Macrooy English "Grow" Contest cancelled[lower-alpha 3] X
Jeangu Macrooy Host country

Hostings

Corry Brokken rehearsing for the Eurovision Song Contest 1976
Year Location Venue Presenter(s) Notes Ref.
1958 Hilversum AVRO Studio Hannie Lips The rule that a winning country may organize Eurovision the following year first in force.
1970 Amsterdam Congrescentrum Willy Dobbe
1976 The Hague Congresgebouw Corry Brokken
1980 The Hague Congresgebouw Marlous Fluitsma The 1979 winner, Israel, declined the organization.
2020 Rotterdam Rotterdam Ahoy Chantal Janzen, Edsilia Rombley and Jan Smit Cancelled[lower-alpha 3]
2021 Rotterdam Rotterdam Ahoy Chantal Janzen, Edsilia Rombley, Jan Smit and Nikkie de Jager [7]

Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light

On 16 May 2020, Hilversum hosted the live show Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light as a replacement for the cancelled Eurovision Song Contest 2020.[8] The show was presented by Chantal Janzen, Edsilia Rombley and Jan Smit.[9]

Year Location Venue Presenter(s)
2020 Hilversum Studio 21 Chantal Janzen, Edsilia Rombley and Jan Smit

Awards

Marcel Bezençon Awards

Year Category Song Composer(s)
lyrics (l) / music (m)
Performer Final Points Host city Ref.
2003 Artistic Award[lower-alpha 4] "One More Night" Tjeerd van Zanen, Alan Michael Esther Hart 13 45 Riga
2014 Artistic Award[lower-alpha 5] "Calm After the Storm" Ilse DeLange, JB Meijers, Rob Crosby,
Matthew Crosby, Jake Etheridge
The Common Linnets 2 238 Copenhagen
Composer Award
2019 Press Award "Arcade" Duncan de Moor, Joel Sjöö, Wouter Hardy, Will Knox Duncan Laurence 1 498 Tel Aviv

Barbara Dex Award

Year Performer Host city Ref.
2015 Trijntje Oosterhuis Vienna

Conductors

Year Conductor[lower-alpha 6] Musical Director Notes Ref.
1956 Fernando Paggi N/A Host conductor [14]
1957 Dolf van der Linden
1958 Dolf van der Linden [lower-alpha 7]
1959 N/A
1960
1961
1962
1963 Eric Robinson Host conductor
1964 Dolf van der Linden
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969 Frans de Kok
1970 Dolf van der Linden Dolf van der Linden [lower-alpha 8] [15]
1971 N/A
1972 Harry van Hoof
1973
1974
1975
1976 Jan Stulen
1977 N/A
1978
1979
1980 Rogier van Otterloo Rogier van Otterloo [16]
1981 N/A
1982
1983 Piet Souer
1984 Rogier van Otterloo
1986 Harry van Hoof
1987 Rogier van Otterloo
1988 Harry van Hoof
1989
1990
1992
1993
1994
1996 Dick Bakker
1997
1998

Commentators and spokespersons

Over the years NOS/TROS commentary has been provided by several experienced radio and television presenters, including Willem Duys, Ivo Niehe, Pim Jacobs, Ati Dijckmeester and Paul de Leeuw. Willem van Beusekom provided NOS TV commentary every year from 1987 until 2005.[17] However, on November 7, 2005 it was announced that Van Beusekom would quit his role as Dutch commentator saying "It's good to step back".[18] He was replaced by his co-commentator Cornald Maas who commentated on the contest from 2004 until 2010.

On June 29, 2010, Maas was sacked as commentator after putting insults on Twitter about Sieneke, Joran van der Sloot and the Party for Freedom (PVV).[19] After this, DJ Daniël Dekker, who had been commentating next to Maas, took over together with Jan Smit. In 2014, Maas returned, now himself replacing Dekker, as commentator together with Smit.

Year Commentator Spokesperson Ref.
1956 Piet te NuylNo spokesperson
1957 Willem Duys
1958 Siebe van der ZeePiet te Nuyl
1959 Piet te NuylSiebe van der Zee
1960
1961
1962 Willem DuysGer Lugtenburg
1963 Pim Jacobs
1964 Ageeth Scherphuis
1965 Teddy Scholten
1966
1967 Leo NelissenEllen Blazer
1968 Elles BergerWillem Duys
1969 Pim JacobsLeo Nelissen
1970 Flip van der Schalie
1971 No spokesperson
1972
1973
1974 Willem DuysDick van Bommel
1975
1976
1977 Ati DijckmeesterRalph Inbar
1978 Willem DuysDick van Bommel
1979 Ivo Niehe
1980 Pim JacobsFlip van der Schalie
1981
1982
1983 Willem Duys
1984 Ivo Niehe
1985 Gerrit den BraberDid not participate
1986 Leo van der GootJoop van Zijl
1987 Willem van BeusekomRalph Inbar
1988 Joop van Os
1989
1990
1991 No television broadcastDid not participate
1992 Willem van BeusekomHerman Slager
1993 Joop van Os
1994
1995 Paul de LeeuwDid not participate
1996 Willem van BeusekomMarga Bult
1997 Corry Brokken
1998 Conny Vandenbos
1999 Edsilia Rombley
2000 Marlayne
2001
2002 Did not participate
2003 Marlayne
2004 Willem van Beusekom, Cornald MaasEsther Hart
2005 Nancy Coolen
2006 Cornald Maas, Paul de LeeuwPaul de Leeuw
2007 Paul de Leeuw and Edsilia Rombley
2008 Cornald MaasEsther Hart
2009 Yolanthe Sneijder-Cabau
2010 Cornald Maas, Daniël Dekker
2011 Jan Smit, Daniël DekkerMandy Huydts
2012 Vivienne van den Assem
2013 Cornald Maas
2014 Jan Smit, Cornald MaasTim Douwsma
2015 Edsilia Rombley
2016 Jan Smit, Cornald Maas (all shows), Douwe Bob (semi-final 2)Trijntje Oosterhuis
2017 Jan Smit, Cornald MaasDouwe Bob
2018 O'G3NE
2019 Emma Wortelboer

See also

Notes

  1. The full results for the first contest in 1956 are unknown, only the winner was announced. The official Eurovision site lists all the other songs as being placed second.
  2. Spain originally gave its 12 points to Israel and 10 to Norway. After the broadcast it was announced that Spanish broadcaster wrongly tallied the votes and Germany should have got the top mark - 12 points - instead of being snubbed, as it happened. The mistake was corrected and so Germany was placed 7th over Norway. Israel and Norway both received 2 points less than originally and Croatia, Malta, Portugal, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Estonia and Turkey all received one point less than indicated during the broadcast.
  3. The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  4. Voted by previous winners.
  5. Voted by commentators.
  6. All conductors are of Dutch nationality unless otherwise noted.
  7. van der Linden also conducted the Belgian, German, Luxembourgish, and Swedish entries
  8. Also conducted the Irish entry.

References

  1. "AVRO en TROS worden samen AvroTros". nu.nl (in Dutch). 2013-05-06. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  2. van Tongeren, Mario (2009-01-25). "NOS quits Eurovision, Dutch participation goes on". Oikotimes. Archived from the original on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  3. "Second Chance 1998". sechuk.com. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  4. History - Eurovision Song Contest 1985 Archived 2008-09-26 at the Wayback Machine Eurovision.tv
  5. History - Eurovision Song Contest 1991 Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine Eurovision.tv
  6. "Eurovisie Songfestival: Deze Eeuw - vandaagindemuziek.nl - Day to Day". www.vandaagindemuziek.nl.
  7. "Rotterdam returns as Eurovision Song Contest Host City in 2021". eurovision.tv. EBU. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  8. Granger, Anthony (1 April 2020). "Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light To Be Broadcast Live From Hilversum". Eurovoix. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  9. "Eurovision: Europe Shine A Light will bring audiences together on 16 May". Eurovision.tv. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  10. "Marcel Bezençon Awards". eurovision.tv. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  11. "Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards". eurovision.tv. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  12. "Here are the winners of the 2019 Marcel Bezençon Awards". eurovision.tv. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  13. Adams, William Lee (9 July 2015). "Poll: Who was the worst dressed Barbara Dex Award winner?". Wiwibloggs. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  14. Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 93–101. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
  15. Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 142–168. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
  16. Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
  17. www.eurovisionartists.nl. "Welkom op de website van Eurovision Artists". www.eurovisionartists.nl.
  18. "Van Beusekom quits Eurovision role".
  19. "Eurovision Cornald Maas fired by TROS - ESCToday.com". 30 June 2010.
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