Odia calendar

The Odia calendar (Odia: ପାଞ୍ଜି Pāñji) is a lunisolar calendar followed in the state of Odisha, India. The calendar follows the sidereal solar cycle while using the lunar Purnimanta phase for the religious dates.[1] The New Year in the Odia calendar is known as Pana Sankranti. It occurs on the first day of the traditional solar month of Meṣa, hence equivalent lunar month Baisakha. The Odia calendar follows the Amli era, which began on Bhādra śukla dvādaśī from 592 CE.[2]

Odia calendar

New Year and Era
Main article: Pana Sankranti

As per the siderial solar cycle followed by the Odia Panjika, the first day of the year or New Year falls on Mesa Sankranti (Sun-crossing into Siderial Aries) in Mid-April. The Odia New Year festival is known as Pana Sankranti (Odia: ପଣା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି) or Maha Vishuba Sankranti (Odia: ମହା ବିଷୁବ ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି).[3]

The Amli era for the Odia calendar began on 592 CE on Bhādra śukla dvādaśī. Hence the Era calendar new year falls on the 12th day of the full moon fortnight or the waxing moon lunar phase of the Bhādra month in September. This day is termed as the Odia fiscal New Year and is known as the festival of Sunia (Odia: ସୁନିଆଁ) which denotes the start of the beginning of the new fiscal calendar year for the collection of revenue, publishing of almanacs and the palm-leaf horoscopes carrying the reigning year of the Gajapati King. Post-1947, it has been reduced as a ceremonial day and is mostly used in the Panji calendars to denote the change of Odia calendar year for records and horoscopes.[4][5][6]

New Year Date
New YearOdia monthGregorianCycle
Odia New Year
(Pana Sankranti)		 1 Baisakha (Mesa)14 April
13 April (Gregorian leap year)		Solar
Odia fiscal New Year
(Sunia)		 ଭାଦ୍ର ଶୁକ୍ଳ ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ
Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi
12th day of Waxing Moon (Full moon) phase		varies, SeptemberLunar
Odia yearVikrami yearGregorian year
୧୪୨୮ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ/ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ ସନ
1428 Utkaḷābda/Utkaḷīya Sana		२०७७ विक्रम संवत
2077 Vikram Samvat		2020 CE

Anka year

The Anka year (Odia: ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the Eastern Ganga kings for dating their reigns. It had a number of features that mark the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia panjis to mark the titular regnal year of the King of Puri, Gajapati Maharaja Dibyasingha Deb of the Bhoi dynasty, whose title carries the legacy of historical ruling monarchs of Odisha.[7][8]

Features:

  • The Anka system always starts on the Odia fiscal new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August-September) known as Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.
  • Coins were minted on the date of the new year and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.
  • All years ending in 6 was skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.
  • All years ending in 0 was also be skipped, except for the Anka year 10.

Hence no Anka years exists for 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56 and so on.

Timeline of actual Regnal year and Anka year (shown till regnal year 30)
Regnal year 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
Anka year 23457891011121314151718192122232425272829313233343537
Regnal & Anka year of Gajapati king of Puri
(titular reign since 7 July 1970)
Gregorian yearRegnal yearOdia yearAnka year
2020 CE50୧୪୨୮ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ
1428 Utkaḷābda		୬୩ ଅଙ୍କ
63

Panji
Main article: Panjika

Notable Odia Panji calendars include Kohinoor Panji, Biraja Panji, Radharaman Panji, Bhagyadeepa Panji, Bhagyajyoti Panji, Bhagyachakra Panji.[9]

Madala Panji (Odia: ମାଦଳ ପାଞ୍ଜି) is a chronicle of the Jagannath Temple, Puri in Odisha. It describes the historical events of Odisha related to Jagannath and the Jagannath Temple. The Madala Panji dates from the 12th century and was traditionally written on a year-to-year basis on Vijayadashami Day by the Karanas community. The tradition of keeping this chronicle began with Eastern Ganga king Anantavarman Chodaganga (1077–1150).

Months
Odia (Lunar)
ମାସ māsa		DaysVikrami (Lunar)
मासाः māsāḥa		Odia (Solar)
ରାଶି rāsi		Vikrami (Solar)
राशी rāśi		ZodiacSignGregorian
ବୈଶାଖ
Baisākha		31वैशाखः
Vaiśākhaḥ		ମେଷ
Meṣa (Mesa)		मेष
Meṣa		AriesApril–May
ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ
Jyesṭha		31ज्येष्ठः
Jyeṣṭhaḥ		ବୃଷ
Vṛṣa (Vrusa)		वृषभ
Vṛṣabha		TaurusMay–June
ଆଷାଢ଼
Āsāḍha		32आषाढः
Āṣāḍhaḥ		ମିଥୁନ
Mithuna		मिथुन
Mithuna		GeminiJune–July
ଶ୍ରାବଣ
Srābaṇa		31श्रावणः
Śrāvaṇaḥ		କର୍କଟ
Karkaṭa		कर्क
Karka		CancerJuly–August
ଭାଦ୍ରବ/ଭାଦ୍ର
Bhādraba/Bhādra		31भाद्रपदः
Bhādrapadaḥ		ସିଂହ
Siṅha		सिंह
Siṃha		LeoAugust–September
ଆଶ୍ୱିନ
Āswina		31आश्विनः
Āśvinaḥ		କନ୍ୟା
Kanyā		कन्या
Kanyā		VirgoSeptember–October
କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ
Kārttika		30कार्तिकः
Kārtikaḥ		ତୁଳା
Tuḷā		तुला
Tulā		LibraOctober–November
ମାର୍ଗଶିର
Mārgasira		29मार्गशीर्षः
Mārgaśīrṣaḥ		ବିଛା
Bicha		वृश्चिक
Vṛścika		ScorpioNovember–December
ପୌଷ
Pausa		29पौषः
Pauṣaḥ		ଧନୁ
Dhanu		धनुष
Dhanuṣa		SagittariusDecember–January
ମାଘ
Māgha		30माघः
Māghaḥ		ମକର
Makara		मकर
Makara		CapricornJanuary–February
ଫାଲ୍ଗୁନ/ଫଗୁଣ
Phālguna/Phaguṇa		30फाल्गुनः
Phālgunaḥ		କୁମ୍ଭ
Kumbha		कुम्भ
Kumbha		AquariusFebruary–March
ଚୈତ୍ର
Chaitra		30चैत्रः
Chaitraḥ		ମୀନ
Mīna (Mina)		मीन
Mīna		PiscesMarch–April

Days

The Odia calendar incorporates the seven-day week.

Day (Odia)Celestial objectEquivalentDay (English)Day (Sanskrit)
ରବିବାର
Rabibāra		SuryaSunSundayरविवासर
Ravivāsara
ସୋମବାର
Somabāra		ChandraMoonMondayसोमवासर
Somavāsara
ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର
Maṅgaḷabāra		MangalaMarsTuesdayमङ्गलवासर
Maṅgalavāsara
ବୁଧବାର
Budhabāra		BudhaMercuryWednesdayबुधवासर
Budhavāsara
ଗୁରୁବାର
Gurubāra		BrihaspatiJupiterThursdayबृहस्पतिवासर
Brhaspativāsara
ଶୁକ୍ରବାର
Sukrabāra		ShukraVenusFridayशुक्रवासर
Śukravāsara
ଶନିବାର
Sanibāra		ShaniSaturnSaturdayशनिवासर
Śanivāsara

Seasons
Odia Rutu
ଋତୁ		SeasonSanskrit Ritu
ऋतुः r̥tuḥ		Odia monthsGregorian
ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ
Grisma		Summerग्रीष्म:
Grīṣmaḥ		Baiśākha–JyeṣṭhaApril–June
ବର୍ଷା
Barsā		Monsoonवर्षाः
Varṣāḥ		Āṣāṛha–ŚrābaṇaJune–August
ଶରତ
Sarata		Autumnशरद्
Śarad		Bhādraba–ĀświnaAugust–October
ହେମନ୍ତ
Hemanta		Pre-Winterहेमन्तः
Hemantaḥ		Kārttika–MārgaśiraOctober–December
ଶୀତ
Sita		Winterशिशिर:
Śiśiraḥ		Pauṣa–MāghaDecember–February
ବସନ୍ତ
Basanta		Springवसन्तः
Basantaḥ		Phālguna–ChaitraFebruary–April

Time
TimeGregorianUnitsEquivalent
ଦିନ
dina		Day୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା
12 ghaṇṭā		12 hours
ରାତି
rāti		Night୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା
12 ghaṇṭā		12 hours
ଦିବସ
dibasa		Solar day୨୪ ଘଣ୍ଟା
24 ghaṇṭā		24 hours
୧ ସପ୍ତାହ
1 saptaha		1 week୭ ଦିନ
7 dina		7 days
୧ ପକ୍ଷ
1 pakhya		1 fortnight୧୫ ଦିନ
15 dina		15 days
୧ ବର୍ଷ
1 barsa		1 year୩୬୫ ଦିନ
365 dina		365 days
୧ ବର୍ଷ
1 barsa		1 year୧୨ ମାସ
12 māsa		12 months
Lunar week
Paksha ପକ୍ଷ (pakhya)PeriodLunar phaseDays
ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ
śukḷapakhya		From ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) to ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima)
New moon to Full moon		Waxing moon15 days
କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ
krushṇapakhya		From ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) to ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā)
Full moon to New moon		Waning moon15 days
Lunar Day
ତିଥି (tithi)		 Bright fortnight
ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ (śukḷapakhya)		 Lunar phase Dark fortnight
କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ (krushṇapakhya)		 Lunar phase
1 ପ୍ରତିପଦ
pratipada		 Waxing Crescent ପ୍ରତିପଦ
pratipada		 Waning Gibbous
2 ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା
dwitīyā		 ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା
dwitīyā
3 ତୃତୀୟା
tr̥̄tīyā		 ତୃତୀୟା
tr̥̄tīyā
4 ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ
caturthī		 ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ
caturthī
5 ପଞ୍ଚମୀ
pañcamī		 ପଞ୍ଚମୀ
pañcamī
6 ଷଷ୍ଠୀ
ṣaṣṭhī		 ଷଷ୍ଠୀ
ṣaṣṭhī
7 ସପ୍ତମୀ
saptamī		 First Quarter ସପ୍ତମୀ
saptamī		 Last Quarter
8 ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ
aṣṭamī		 ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ
aṣṭamī
9 ନବମୀ
nabamī		 Waning Crescent ନବମୀ
nabamī		 Waxing Gibbous
10 ଦଶମୀ
daśamī		 ଦଶମୀ
daśamī
11 ଏକାଦଶୀ
ekādaśī		 ଏକାଦଶୀ
ekādaśī
12 ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ
dwādaśī		 ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ
dwādaśī
13 ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ
trayodaśī		 ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ
trayodaśī
14 ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ
caturddaśī		 ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ
caturddaśī
15 ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା
pūrṇṇima		 Full Moon ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା
amābāsyā		 New Moon

Festivals

Pan-Indian and Odia regional festivals observed as per Odia calendar:

Months Festivals
BaisākhaPana Sankranti (Maha Vishuba Sankranti)
JyesṭhaBuddha Purnima, Akshaya Tritiya, Savitri Brata, Sitalsasthi
ĀsāḍhaRaja Parba, Ratha Jatra
SrābaṇaRaksha Bandhan (Gamha Purnima)
BhādrabaKrishna Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Nuakhai, Sunia
ĀswinaVishwakarma Puja, Mahalaya, Durga Puja, Dusehra, Kumara Purnima
KārttikaKali Puja, Dipabali, Jagaddhatri Puja, Bali Jatra
MārgasiraPrathamastami
PausaDhanu jatra, Samba Dashami, Pousha Purnima
MāghaMakar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami
PhālgunaMaha Shivaratri
ChaitraHoli(Dol Purnima), Odisha Day (Utkala Dibasa)

References
  1. S. Balachandra Rao (2000), Indian Astronomy: An Introduction, Universities Press, p. 44, ISBN 9788173712050
  2. VK Mishra (2010), The Calendars of India, p. 55, 81, arXiv:1007.0062
  3. Crump, William D. (2014), Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, MacFarland, page 114
  4. "Sunia". puriwaves. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  5. Subhash Sahu (2009), Sunia (The Odia Calendar) (PDF), retrieved 5 December 2020
  6. Roland Hardenberg (July 2000), The Anka Ceremony of the King of Puri (India), Journal of Social Sciences, retrieved 5 December 2020
  7. Pankaj Tandon (2012), Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021
  8. Pankaj Tandon (2018), Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021
  9. "Odia calendar". Retrieved 17 November 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.