Pompeo Batoni

Pompeo Girolamo Batoni (25 January 1708 – 4 February 1787) was an Italian painter who displayed a solid technical knowledge in his portrait work and in his numerous allegorical and mythological pictures. The high number of foreign visitors travelling throughout Italy and reaching Rome during their "Grand Tour" made the artist specialize in portraits. Batoni won international fame largely thanks to his customers, mostly British of noble origin, whom he portrayed, often with famous Italian landscapes in the background. Such Grand Tour portraits by Batoni were in British private collections, thus ensuring the genre's popularity in Great Britain. One generation later, Sir Joshua Reynolds would take up this tradition and become the leading English portrait painter. Although Batoni was considered the best Italian painter of his time, contemporary chronicles mention his rivalry with Anton Raphael Mengs.

Pompeo Batoni
Self portrait, 1773-1774.
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Born(1708-01-25)25 January 1708
Lucca
Died4 February 1787(1787-02-04) (aged 79)
Rome
NationalityItalian
EducationAgostino Masucci, Sebastiano Conca
Known forpainter
Spouse(s)Caterina Setti, Lucia Fattori

In addition to art-loving nobility, Batoni's subjects included the kings and queens of Poland, Portugal and Prussia, the Holy Roman Emperors Joseph II and Leopold II (a fact which earned him noble dignity), as well the popes Benedict XIV, Clement XIII and Pius VI, Elector Karl Theodor of Bavaria and many more. He also received numerous orders for altarpieces for churches in Italy (Rome, Brescia, Lucca, Parma, etc.), as well as for mythological and allegorical subjects.

Batoni's style took inspiration and incorporated elements of classical antiquity, French Rococo, Bolognese classicism, and the work of artists such as Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain and especially Raphael. As such Pompeo Batoni is considered a precursor of Neoclassicism.

Biography
John Talbot, later 1st Earl Talbot, 1773. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
William Fermor, 1758. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Portrait of Maria Anna of Austria, Queen of Portugal

Early life

Pompeo Batoni was born in Lucca, the son of a goldsmith, Paolino Batoni. He moved to Rome in 1727, and apprenticed with Agostino Masucci, Sebastiano Conca and/or Francesco Imperiali (1679–1740).

Career

Batoni owed his first independent commission to the rains that struck Rome in April 1732. Seeking shelter from a sudden storm, Forte Gabrielli di Gubbio, count of Baccaresca took cover under the portico of the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitoline Hill. Here the nobleman met the young artist who was drawing the ancient bas-reliefs and the paintings of the staircase of the palace. Impressed by his skill and the purity of the design, Gabrielli asked Batoni to see some of his works, and when conducted to the painter's studio he was so awed by his talent that he offered him to paint a new altarpiece for the chapel of his family in San Gregorio Magno al Celio, the Madonna on a Throne with Child and four Saints and Blesseds of the Gabrielli family (1732–33), a second version of which (1736) is now at the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.[1] The Gabrielli Madonna obtained general admiration and by the early 1740s Batoni started to receive other independent commissions. His celebrated painting, The Ecstasy of Saint Catherine of Siena (1743)[2] illustrates his academic refinement of the late-Baroque style. Another masterpiece, his Fall of Simon Magus[3] was painted initially for the St Peter's Basilica.

Batoni became a highly-fashionable painter in Rome, particularly after his rival, the proto-neoclassicist Anton Raphael Mengs, departed for Spain in 1761. Batoni befriended Winckelmann and, like him, aimed in his painting to the restrained classicism of painters from earlier centuries, such as Raphael and Poussin, rather than to the work of the Venetian artists then in vogue. Commenting on Batoni, the art historians Boni and de Rossi said of Batoni and Mengs the other prominent painter in Rome during the second half of the 18th century, that Mengs was made painter by philosophy: Batoni by nature...(Batoni) was more painter than philosopher, (Mengs) more philosopher than painter.[4] In 1741, he was inducted into the Accademia di San Luca.

He was greatly in demand for portraits, particularly by the British travelling through Rome,[5][6] who took pleasure in commissioning standing portraits set in the milieu of antiquities, ruins, and works of art. There are records of over 200 portraits by Batoni of visiting British patrons.[7] Such "Grand Tour" portraits by Batoni came to proliferate in the British private collections, thus ensuring the genre's popularity in the United Kingdom, where Reynolds would become its leading practitioner. In 1760 the painter Benjamin West, while visiting Rome would complain that Italian artists "talked of nothing, looked at nothing but the works of Pompeo Batoni".[8]

In 1769, the double portrait[9] of the emperor Joseph II and his brother Pietro Leopoldo I (then Grand Duke of Tuscany, later emperor Leopold II), won an Austrian nobility for Batoni. He also portrayed Pope Clement XIII and Pope Pius VI.[10]

It is believed he painted the staffage (background figures) for some of the landscape paintings of Hendrik Frans van Lint.[11]

According to a rumour, before dying in Rome in 1787, he bequeathed his palette and brushes to Jacques-Louis David, to whom, full of admiration for his Oath of the Horatii, Batoni would have confessed: "Only the two of us can call themselves painters".

Death

His late years were affected by declining health; he died in Rome in 1787 at the age of 79, and was buried at his parish church of San Lorenzo in Lucina. Batoni's last will executors were cardinal Filippo Carandini and James Byres, the Scottish antiquary, but the estate was insolvent and his widow was forced by the events to petition the Grand Duke of Tuscany, whom Batoni had painted in 1769, for financial assistance, offering in exchange her husband's unfinished self-portrait, today at the Uffizi in Florence.

Personal life

From 1759 Batoni lived in a large house at 25, Via Bocca di Leone in Rome, which included a studio as well as exhibition rooms and a drawing academy. He was married twice, in 1729 to Caterina Setti (died 1742), and then in 1747 to Lucia Fattori, and had twelve children; three of his sons assisted in his studio.

Influence
Bust on the wall of Batoni's birthplace
Portrait of John V, King of Portugal, aged about 17. Palace of Ajuda, Lisbon.
Thomas Taylour, 1st Marquess of Headfort, 1782. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

Vincenzo Camuccini is said to have frequented his studio. The Italian Angelo Banchero of Sestri Ponente, Benigno Bossi of Arcisate, Paolo Girolamo Brusco of Genoa, Antonio Cavallucci of Sermoneta, Marco Cavicchia of Arpino, Adamo Chiusole, Antonio Concioli of Pergola, Domenico Conti Bazzani of Mantua, Domenico Corvi of Viterbo, Felice Giani of San Sebastiano Curone, Gregorio Giusti of Pistoia,[12] Gaspare Landi of Piacenza, Nicola Antonio Monti of Ascoli Piceno, Giuseppe Pirovani of Pavia, Pasquale Ciaramponi of Treia, and Carlo Giuseppe Ratti of Savona, were among his students or were influenced by his work.[13] Among the foreigners, Henry Benbridge of Philadelphia, Maria Cosway of Florence, Ivan Martos of Poltava, Johann Gottlieb Puhlmann of Zieko, and Johannes Wiedewelt of Copenhagen were among Batoni's most notable followers.

Criticism and exhibitions

Pompeo Batoni was among the most celebrated Italian painters in his day, and his patrons and collectors included royals and aristocrats from all over Europe. His fame and reputation decreased over the 19th century until 20th-century scholars dedicated their critical attention to him and again revived his fame among the general public. Among them the following can be noted: the German Ernst Emmerling, the Englishmen John Steegman and Benedict Nicolson, the Italian Isa Belli Barsali, and the Americans Anthony M. Clark and Edgar Peters Bowron.

The first exhibition devoted to Pompeo Batoni was held in his hometown of Lucca in 1967, after which two other were organized in London and New York in 1982. He was again the subject of a major exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston, the National Gallery in London, and the Ducal Palace in Lucca in 2007-2008.

A portrait of George Oakley Aldrich, a fellow of Merton College, Oxford from the 1750s, identified in the Bodleian Library in Oxford by art historian Bendor Grosvenor and visual sociology researcher Emma Dabiri, is the subject of an episode of BBC Four's Britain's Lost Masterpieces first broadcast on 30 October 2019. After a full restoration by Simon Gillespie, the programme concludes with a positive attribution to Batoni made by expert in British 18th-century portraiture Prof. Robin Simon.[14]

List of works

Allegory and History

(In chronological order)

Portraits

Portraits

Other subjects

Footnotes
  1. "Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice. Sala XVIII". Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  2. "Ecstasy of Saint Catherine of Siena - at Museo di Villa Guinigi in Lucca". Wga.hu. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  3. "Fall of Simon Magus (1750) at Cleveland Museum of Art". Archived from the original on May 12, 2007.
  4. Memorie per servire alla storia della romana Accademia di San Luca by Melchiorre Missirini, page 221.
  5. "Portrait of John Talbot". Getty.edu. 2009-05-07. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  6. "Portrait of John Wodehouse". Oberlin.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-01-06. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  7. Christiansen 1982, pp. 39-41.
  8. Christiansen 1982, p. 40.
  9. "Portrait of Emperor Joseph and his brother, Grand Duke Leopold, in Rome". Archived from the original on October 22, 2006.
  10. "Portrait of Pius VI". Mv.vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  11. Hendrik Frans van Lint, called le Studio (Antwerp 1684 - Rome 1763), Landscape with a Watermill and Dancing Figures (The Wedding of Isaac and Rebecca) Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine at Gallerie Canesso
  12. Guida di Pistoia per gli amanti delle belle arti con notizie By Francesco Tolomei, page 178.
  13. Le belle arti, Volumes 1-2, by Giovanni Battista Gennaro Grossi, page 196.
  14. "BBC Four - Britain's Lost Masterpieces, Series 4, Oxford". BBC.
  15. "Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo - Martirio de Santa Lucía". Academia Colecciones (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  16. "Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo - Manuel de Roda". Academia Colecciones (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  17. Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Real Academia de BBAA de San Fernando. "Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo - Manuel de Roda". Academia Colecciones (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  18. "Francis Basset, 1st Baron of Dunstanville - The Collection - Museo Nacional del Prado". www.museodelprado.es. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  19. "George Legge, Viscount Lewisham - The Collection - Museo Nacional del Prado". www.museodelprado.es. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  20. "Portrait of the Countess Maria Benedetta di San Martino". Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza. Retrieved 4 January 2021.

References and further reading
  • E. Peters Bowron and P. Kerber, Pompeo Batoni, Prince of Painters in Eighteenth-Century Rome (2008)
  • Christiansen, Keith (1982). European Paintings; Notable Acquisitions. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Clark, Antony M. (1985). Pompeo Batoni. Oxford: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-2341-4.
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