Quantum noise

Quantum noise may be observed in any system where conventional sources of noise (industrial noise, vibrations, fluctuations of voltage in the electric power supply, thermal noise due to Brownian motion, etc.) are somehow suppressed. Still Generally, quantum noise can be considered as the error of the description of any physical system within classical (not quantum) theory. It is reasonable to include consideration of quanta appearing or disappearing spontaneously in spacetime due to the most basic laws of conservation, hence, no area in spacetime is devoid of potential addition or subtraction of a least common denominator quanta element, causing "noise" in a given experiment. This could manifest as quantum decoherence in an entangled system, normally attributed to thermal differences in the conditions surrounding each entangled particle considered to be part of an entangled set. Because entanglement is studied intensely in simple pairs of entangled photons, for example, decoherence observed in these experiments could well be synonymous with "quantum noise" as to the source of the decoherence. e.g. If it were possible for a quanta of energy to spontaneously appear in a given field, a region of spacetime, then thermal differences must be associated with this event, hence, it would cause decoherence in an entangled system in proximity of the event. In an electric circuit, the random fluctuations of a signal due to the discrete character of electrons can be called quantum noise.[1] The random error of interferometric measurements of position, due to the discrete character of photons registered during measurement, can be attributed to quantum noise. Even the uncertainty of position of a probe in probe microscopy may be partly attributable to quantum noise, although this is not the dominant mechanism that determines the resolution of such a device. In most cases, quantum noise refers to the fluctuations of signal in extremely precise optical systems with stabilized lasers and efficient detectors.

Although coherent states can be realized in a wide variety of physical systems, they are primarily used to describe the state of laser light. Although the light from a laser can be interpreted as a classical wave, the generation of that light requires the language of quantum mechanics, and specifically, the use of coherent states to describe the system. For a total number of photons of order of 10⁸, which corresponds to a very moderate energy, the relative error of measurement of the intensity due to the quantum noise is only of order of 10⁻⁵; this is considered to be of good precision for most of applications.

Quantum noise becomes important when considering the amplification of a small signal. Roughly, the quantum uncertainty of the quadrature components of the field is amplified as well as the signal; the resulting uncertainty appears as noise. This determines the lower limit of noise of a quantum amplifier.

A quantum amplifier is an amplifier which operates close to the quantum limit of its performance. The minimal noise of a quantum amplifier depends on the property of the input signal, which is reproduced at the output. In a narrow sense, the optical quantum amplifier reproduces both amplitude and phase of the input wave. Usually, the amplifier amplifies many modes of the optical field; special efforts are required to reduce the number of these modes. In the idealized case, one may consider just one mode of the electromagnetic field, which corresponds to a pulse with definite polarization, definite transversal structure and definite arrival time, duration and frequency, with uncertainties limited by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The input mode may carry some information in its amplitude and phase; the output signal carries the same phase but larger amplitude, roughly proportional to the amplitude of the input pulse. Such an amplifier is called a phase-invariant amplifier.[2]

Mathematically, quantum amplification can be represented with a unitary operator, which entangles the state of the optical field with internal degrees of freedom of the amplifier. This entanglement appears as quantum noise; the uncertainty of the field at the output is larger than that of the coherent state with the same amplitude and phase. The lower bound for this noise follows from the fundamental properties of the creation and annihilation operators.

• Quantum error correction
• Quantum optics

• C. W. Gardiner and Peter Zoller, Quantum Noise: A Handbook of Markovian and Non-Markovian Quantum Stochastic Methods with Applications to Quantum Optics, Springer-Verlag (1991, 2000, 2004).