Rawagede massacre
The Rawagede massacre (Dutch: Bloedbad van Rawagede, Indonesian: Pembantaian Rawagede), was committed by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on 9 December 1947 in the village of Rawagede (now Balongsari in West Java). Forces of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army were battling Indonesian Republican army fighters TNI and militia forces seeking independence for Indonesia or engaging in criminal activities. Almost all males from the village, amounting to 431 men according to most estimates, were killed by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, since the people of the village would not tell them where the Indonesian independence fighter Lukas Kustaryo was hiding.
| Rawagede massacre | ||
|---|---|---|
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| Location | Rawagede (present-day Balongsari, West Java | |
| Coordinates | 6°15′S 107°17′E | |
| Date | December 9, 1947 (UTC+7) | |
| Target | Villagers | |
Attack type | Massacre | |
| Deaths | 431 | |
| Perpetrators | Royal Netherlands East Indies Army | |
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Background
The Dutch received international pressure following Operation Product, their first police action against the Indonesian Republican forces, which led Dutch Lt. Governor-General Van Mook to order a ceasefire on 5 August 1947.[1] Mediated by the Committee of Good Offices (CGO), a panel of representatives from Australia, Belgium, and the United States, negotiations between the Dutch and Indonesian forces began on 8 December 1947 aboard the USS Renville.[2][3] Despite the ongoing negotiations, the Dutch continued their campaign against the Indonesian army.
Massacre
On 9 December 1947, a day after the initiation of Renville negotiation, Dutch army consist of some 100 conscripts, under command of Major Alphons Wijnen, attacked Rawagede village and raided houses. They had received the order 'to clean up' the village, but could not find members of Indonesia army. This triggered them to force people to get out from their homes to be gathered in a field. Males above 15 years were ordered to stand side by side, and then questioned on the presence of Republic fighters.[4]
On that day, Dutch army executed 431 people of Rawagede; without legal inquiry, lawsuit nor defense. The Dutch army in Rawagede have conducted what they referred as a summary execution; an act which clearly categorized as war crimes which is murder of non-combatants.
Aftermath
This massacre was also known by The CGO. But the commission’ reaction was limited to ‘critic’ against the military action which they called “deliberate and ruthless”, without further strict sanction due to human-rights abuse; let alone treating this massacre against innocent people as war crimes.[4]
Although Dutch Army General Simon Hendrik Spoor recommended that the responsible officer, Major Alphons Wijnen, be prosecuted, no criminal investigation was started. A report from the United Nations published on 12 January 1948 called the killings "deliberate and merciless".[4][5]
Legacy
On 8 September 2008, 10 widows of victims of the massacre officially held the Netherlands responsible for the massacre. The state lawyer replied in a letter published on 24 November 2008, that the Netherlands "deeply regrets" the massacre, but that it believes the term for prosecution had expired. This has drawn some criticism among members of the States-General of the Netherlands, as well as among leading Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad, which argued in an editorial that there is no such thing as a statute of limitations on war crimes.[4]
In December 2009, the 10 widows decided to sue the Dutch state in court.[5] The court decided on 14 September 2011 that the crime, due to its extraordinary nature, is not subject to a statute of limitations, and thus held the Dutch state fully accountable for the damages caused.[5] Following settlement negotiations with the Dutch State, the plaintiffs/widows of the men executed in Rawagedeh were awarded 20,000 euros each in compensation; the State furthermore agreed to extend its formal apologies for the massacre.
On 9 December 2011, the Dutch ambassador to Indonesia stated: "We remember the members of your families and those of your fellow villagers who died 64 years ago through the actions of the Dutch military... On behalf of the Dutch government, I apologize for the tragedy that took place." Only 9 relatives are still alive and will receive 20,000 euros ($27,000) compensation each, but there is no schedule for these payments.[6]
The ruling of the judge also included that the Dutch state was responsible because it has the duty to defend its inhabitants, which also indicated that the area was part of the Dutch East Indies in contradiction of the Indonesian claim of 17 August 1945 as its date of independence.
On 10 July 2012, the massacre received public attention in Netherlands after de Volkskrant, published two photos of an execution. Those photos are the only images documentation of massacre conducted by Royal Netherlands East Indies Army.[4]
See also
- Decision by the district court of The Hague (14 September 2011), ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2011:BS8793
- South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947
- Rengat massacre
References
- Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung (1973). Twenty Years Indonesian Foreign Policy: 1945–1965. Mouton & Co. p. 34–35. ISBN 979-8139-06-2.
- Fischer, Louis (1959). The Story of Indonesia. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 102.
- Kahin (1952), p. 224.
- Lorenz, Chris (2015). Tamm M. (ed.). "Can a Criminal Event in the Past Disappear in a Garbage Bin in the Present? Dutch Colonial Memory and Human Rights: The Case of Rawagede". Afterlife of Events. London: Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies: 219-241.
- van den Herik, Larissa (July 2012). "Addressing 'Colonial Crimes' through Reparations? Adjudicating Dutch Atrocities Committed in Indonesia". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 10 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqs033.
- "Dutch state apologizes for 1947 Indonesia massacre". 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013.
