Roundhouse (dwelling)

A reconstruction of a British Iron Age Celtic roundhouse.

Roundhouses were the standard form of housing built in Britain from the Bronze Age throughout the Iron Age, and in some areas well into the Sub Roman period. The people built walls made of either stone or of wooden posts joined by wattle-and-daub panels, and topped with a conical thatched roof. These ranged in size from less than 5m in diameter to over 15m. The Atlantic roundhouse, Broch, and Wheelhouse styles were used in Scotland. The remains of many Bronze Age roundhouses can still be found scattered across open heathland, such as Dartmoor, as stone 'hut circles'.

Early archeologists determined what they believed were the characteristics of such structures by the layout of the postholes, although a few timbers were found preserved in bogs. The rest has been postulated by experimental archaeology, which has tried different techniques to demonstrate the most likely form and function of the buildings. For example, experiments have shown that a conical roof with a pitch of about 45 degrees would have been the strongest and most efficient design.

Peter J. Reynolds also demonstrated that, although a central fire would have been lit inside for heating and cooking, there could not have been a smoke hole in the apex of the roof, for this would have caused an updraft that would have rapidly set fire to the thatch. Instead, smoke would have been allowed to accumulate harmlessly inside the roof space, and slowly leak out through the thatch.[1]

Many modern simulations of roundhouses have been built, including:

Image	Name	Town	County	Country	Notes
	Barbury Castle	Swindon	Wiltshire	England	(destroyed by fire)
	Beeston Bronze Age Roundhouse	Beeston Castle	Cheshire	England	Built 2019
	Bodrifty Iron Age Settlement		Cornwall	England
	Brigantium Archeological Centre	High Rochester	Northumberland	England	Now Dismantled
	Butser Ancient Farm		Hampshire	England
	Cae Mabon			Wales
	Castell Henllys		Pembrokeshire	Wales
	Cockley Cley,	near Swaffham	Norfolk	England
	Flag Fen	near Peterborough		England
	Mellor roundhouse reconstruction		Greater Manchester	England
	Peat Moors Centre		Somerset	England	Closed to the public 31 October 2008
	Raincliffe Woods	Scarborough	North Yorkshire	England	Roof destroyed by fire April 2013. Timbers and thatch removed by Scarborough Conservation Volunteers. Walls undamaged.
	Ryedale Folk Museum	near Pickering	North Yorkshire	England
	St Fagans National History Museum		South Glamorgan	Wales
	Scottish Crannog Centre	Loch Tay	Perthshire	Scotland	Roundhouse reconstruction on a man made island
	Stonehenge Visitor Centre roundhouses		Wiltshire	England
	Tatton Iron Age roundhouse and pit		Cheshire	England

Much of the earlier supposition was confirmed or denied at a stroke by the finding of a set of Bronze Age roundhouses at the archaeological dig at Must Farm in Cambridgeshire, UK, where samples of all the materials, from posts to walls, to roof were all found, collapsed and charred, but still in situ after 3 000 years.

That Roundhouse, constructed in 1997

New designs of roundhouse are again being built in Britain and elsewhere. In the UK straw bale construction or cordwood walls with reciprocal frame green roofs are used. There is one manufacturer of contemporary Roundhouses in Cheshire, England, using modern materials and engineering to bring the circular floorplan back for modern living.

A modern-day roundhouse – one of many constructed by a UK firm "Rotunda Roundhouses" attempting to revive the ancient form of architecture and make it more compatible with contemporary living

A modern-day Round Garden Building built by Imagiine[2]

That Roundhouse is an early example of a modern roundhouse dwelling which was built in Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, Wales without planning permission as part of the Brithdir Mawr village which was discovered by the authorities in 1998.[3] It is constructed from a wooden frame of hand-cut Douglas Fir forest thinnings with cordwood infill, and reciprocal frame turf roof based on permaculture principles mainly from local natural resources. It was subject to a lengthy planning battle including a court injunction to force its demolition before finally receiving planning approval for 3 years in September 2008.[4]

Irish crannógs are located in Craggaunowen, Ireland; the Irish National Heritage Park, in Wexford, Ireland

Trulli (singular: trullo) are houses with conical roofs, and sometimes circular walls, found in parts of the southern Italian region of Apulia.

A palloza in Galicia, Spain

A palloza is a traditional thatched house as found in Leonese county of El Bierzo, Serra dos Ancares in Galicia, and south-west of Asturias; corresponding to Astur tribes area, one of pre Hispano-Celtic inhabitants of northwest Hispania. It is circular or oval, and about ten or twenty metres in diameter and is built to withstand severe winter weather at a typical altitude of 1,200 metres.

The main structure is stone, and is divided internally into separate areas for the family and their animals, with separate entrances. The roof is conical, made from rye straw on a wooden frame. There is no chimney, the smoke from the kitchen fire seeps out through the thatch.

As well as living space for humans and animals, a palloza has its own bread oven, workshops for wood, metal and leather work, and a loom. Only the eldest couple of an extended family had their own bedroom, which they shared with the youngest children. The rest of the family slept in the hay loft, in the roof space.

Roundhouses are still in use in Papua New Guinea and are very similar to the ones built in western Europe.[8]