S-400 missile system

The S-400 Triumf (Russian: C-400 Триумф, Triumf, Translation: Triumph; NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler), previously known as the S-300PMU-3,[2] is an anti-aircraft weapon system developed in the 1990s by Russia's Almaz Central Design Bureau as an upgrade of the S-300 family. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2007.

S-400 Triumf
NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler
S-400 Triumf launch vehicle
TypeMobile surface-to-air missile/anti-ballistic missile system
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service28 April 2007 – present[1]
Used byPrimary user: Russia
See Operators section for others
Production history
DesignerAlmaz-Antey
ManufacturerFakel Machine-Building Design Bureau
Unit cost$300 million per fire unit (artillery battalion) that consists of 9 launchers, 120 missiles, command and support vehicles
Specifications

EngineYaMZ-8424.10 Diesel V12
400 HP/294kW
TransmissionYaMZ
SuspensionLeaf spring
Ground clearance485 mm
Operational
range
400 km (40N6E missile)
250 km (48N6 missile)
120 km (9M96E2 missile)
40 km (9M96E missile)

In 2017, the S-400 was described by The Economist as "one of the best air-defence systems currently made",[3] and Siemon Wezeman of Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) said it "is among the most advanced air defense systems available."[4][5] China was the first foreign buyer to make a government-to-government deal with Russia in 2014, while Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Belarus have all acquired the system since.[6]

Development

The development of the S-400 system began in the late 1980s, and the Russian Air Force announced the system in January 1993.[7] On 12 February 1999, successful tests were reported at Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan, and the S-400 was scheduled for deployment by the Russian army in 2001.[8] Dr Alexander Lemanskiy of Almaz-Antey was the Chief Engineer on the S-400 project.

In 2003, it became apparent that the system was not ready for deployment. In August, two high-ranking military officials expressed concern that the S-400 was being tested with "obsolete" interceptors from the S-300P system and concluded that it was not ready for deployment.[8] The completion of the project was announced in February 2004, and in April, a ballistic missile was successfully intercepted in a test of the upgraded 48N6DM missile.[9][10] In 2007, the system was approved for service.[11] Russia has accepted for service the 40N6 long-range missile for the S-400 air-defence system, a source in the domestic defense industry told TASS news agency in October 2018.[12]

The S-400 Triumf and Pantsir missile system can be integrated into a two-layer defense system.[13][14]

Structure

Command Centre PBU 55K6E

S-400 missile systems are organized around the 30K6E administration system, which can coordinate eight divisions (battalions).[15][16][17] The 55K6E is a command and control center based on the Ural-532301. The 91N6E[18] is a panoramic radar detection system with a 600-kilometre (370 mi) range and protection against jamming, and is mounted on an MZKT-7930. Six battalions of 98ZH6E surface-to-air missile systems (an independent combat system)[19] can track no more than six targets on their own,[20] with an additional two battalions if they are within a 40-kilometre (25 mi) range. The 92N6E (or 92N2E) is a multi-functional radar with a 400-kilometre (250 mi) range, which can track 100 targets.[21] The 5P85TE2 launcher and the 5P85SE2 on a trailer (up to 12 launchers) are used for launch. The 48N6E, 48N6E2, 48N6E3, 48N6DM, 9M96E, 9M96E2, and the ultra-long-range 40N6E missiles have been authorised by a Russian presidential decree.[22] According to the Russian government, the S-400 utilizes an active electronically scanned array.[23]

S-400 92N2 radar and 5P85T2

Optional elements of the S-400 (98ZH6E)[19][24] include the 15I6ME–98ZH6E, which extends coverage 30, 60 and 90 km (19, 38 and 57 mi) from that provided by the 30K6E. The 96L6E[25] has a 300-kilometre (190 mi) detection range. The 40B6M is housing for the 92N6E or 96L6E radar. The Protivnik-GE is an anti-stealth UHF radar with a 400-kilometre (250 mi) range.[26] The Moscow-1 passive sensor is 2 12 times more effective than the Protivnik, with a 400-kilometre (250 mi) range[27] Orion[28] for a target-designation on-the-air defense system, and the Avtobaza-M[29] and Orion+ Avtobaza add high-precision detection. The 1RL220BE[19][30] versions were reportedly used for jamming.[31] The 400-kilometre (250 mi)-range S-200D Dubna (SA-5c) missiles and S-300 P-family radar systems can be used without additional command-and-control centers.[32] S-300 (SA-20A, SA-20B) missiles may also be guided.[33] A-50 and A-50U[15] aircraft provide early warning and command-and-control target designation.[34]

The 30К6Е control system can be integrated with the[19] S-400 Triumf 98ZH6E system; the S-300PMU2 (through the 83М6Е2 control system); the S-300PMU1 (through the 83М6Е control system); the Tor-M1 through the Ranzhir-M battery-command post; the Pantsir-S1 through the lead battery vehicle. The Protivnik-GE and Gamma-DE radars, integrated with the 92H6E radar system, enables communication between each battery with Baikal-E senior command posts and similar types; nearby 30К6Е, 83М6Е and 83М6Е2 administration systems; the Polyana-D4М1 command post; fighter-aircraft command post, and mobile long-range radars. The system's VHF component provides sector search-and-tracking, with the X- and L-band components providing fine-tracking capability. Good placement of the radars relative to the threat axis enables the L- and X-band components to illuminate the incoming target from angles where the target radar cross-section (RCS) is sub-optimal. The RLM-S and RLM-D have better elevation-tracking accuracy than the RLM-M, and the Nebo M should be capable of producing high-quality tracks suitable for mid-course guidance of modern surface-to-air missiles and trajectory guidance of legacy SAMs.[35]

The Gamma-C1E SHF mobile radar station has a 300-kilometre (190 mi) detection range.[36] The Nebo VHF mobile radar station and the Resonance-NE radar station have a detection range of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), and 65 kilometres (40 mi) to a height of 500 metres (1,600 ft). All Nebo-family locators are doubled for army air defense.[37] During the 1970s, the long-range mobile UHF 5H87, and SHF 5H69 low-altitude locators were used.[38][39] A goal of the 1980s was detection at a height of 10 metres (33 ft) at a distance of 40 km (25 mi).[40] The Elbrus-90 computer is used to control the system.[41]

Components

The 91N6E panoramic radar[42] Has a declared anti-stealth targeting range of 150 km (93 mi)[43] Maximum targeting ranges (detection ranges are wider) are:

  • For a ballistic target (speed of 4800 m/s and a RCS of 0.4 square metres): 230 km
  • For a target with RCS of 4 square metres: 390 km
  • For targeting of strategic-bomber sized types: 570 km
96L6 high-altitude radar

The 96L6 high-altitude detector (TSBS)[44][45] radar and equipment operates independently of the 96L6E low-level radar detector. The 96L6E2 export version can track a maximum of 100 targets, and is resistant to false returns of clutter in mountainous terrain. It can perform the functions of a command post for battalions of S-300 (SA20/20A/20B)[46] or S-400. 96L6-1[47] of S-400 and S-500. It serves as the command post for the battalions.[46]

  • Command Center PBU 55K6E[48] The maximum distance between the command center and the battalion of 98ZH6E with the use of re-transmitters is 100 km (62 mi).
92N6A radar for S-400

Missiles are launched from 5P85TE2 self-propelled launchers or 5P85SE2 trailer launchers operating in conjunction with a BAZ-64022 or MAZ-543M tractor-trailer. A new type of transporter was introduced in 2014 to improve mobility while reducing fuel consumption. The cost of transporters in 2014 is 8.7 million rubles.[49]

Missiles

One system comprising up to eight divizion (battalions) can control up to 72 launchers, with a maximum of 384 missiles[50] (including missiles with a range of less than 250 km [160 mi].[51][52] A gas system launches missiles from the launch tubes up to 30 metres (98 ft) into the air before rocket motor ignition.[33] In April 2015, a successful test firing of the missile was conducted at an airborne target at a range of 400 km (250 mi);[53][54] transporter erector launchers (TELs) carrying the long-range 40N6 may only be able to hold two missiles instead of the typical four due to their large size.[55] Another test recorded a 9M96 missile using an active radar homing head that reached a height of 56 km.[56] All the missiles are equipped with directed explosion warhead, which increases the probability of complete destruction of targets.[57] In 2016, Russian anti-aircraft missile troops received new guided missiles for S-300 and S-400 defense systems.[58] The anti-aircraft missile system, designed to destroy aircraft, cruise, and ballistic missiles, can also be used against ground targets.[59] The S-400 is able to intercept cruise missiles at a range of about 40 km due to their low-altitude flight paths.[60]

Missile specifications
GRAU index Range Altitude Maximum velocity Maximum target velocity Weight Warhead Guidance Notes
40N6E[61] 400 km (250 mi)[61] 30 km (98,000 ft)[61] 1190 m/s (Mach 3.5)[62] 4,800 m/s (11,000 mph; Mach 14)[61] 1,893 kg[63] Semi-active radar homing or
active radar homing
With an active radar homing head, climbs to designated altitude then guidance switches to search & destroy mode.[33]

Effective against low-altitude targets at extremely long range (below the radio horizon).[64]

48N6DM/
48N6E3
250 km (160 mi)[65] 60 km (200,000 ft) 2,000 m/s (4,500 mph; Mach 5.9)[65] 4,800 m/s (11,000 mph; Mach 14)[65] 1,835 kg (4,045 lb)[65] 180 kg (400 lb)[65] Semi-active radar homing[19]
48N6E2 200 km (120 mi)[65] 2,000 m/s (4,500 mph; Mach 5.9)[65] 2,800 m/s (6,300 mph; Mach 8.2)[65] 1,835 kg (4,045 lb)[65] 180 kg (400 lb)[65] Semi-active radar homing[19]
9M96 and
9M96E2
120 km (75 mi)[66] 30 km (98,000 ft)[66] 1,000 m/s (2,200 mph; Mach 2.9)[66] 420 kg (930 lb)[66] 24 kg (53 lb)[66] Active radar homing[66] High hit probability with one missile against fast, maneuvering targets. Aircraft = 0.9; UAV = 0.8; Missile = 0.7.[18][66]
Load factor of more than 20 g at 30 km altitude greatly increases the probability to destroy short- to medium-range ballistic missiles.[32]
9M96E 40 km (25 mi)[66][67] 20 km (66,000 ft)[67] 900 m/s (2,000 mph; Mach 2.6)[68] 333 kg (734 lb)[67] 24 kg (53 lb)[67] Active radar homing[69] Targeting at the radio horizon, with homing action to aid interception of low-flying targets at long range. Optical and infrared range of 9M96 versions combined with approximate figures from long-wavelength radar can detect and home-in on stealth targets.[69]
  • The Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) capabilities of the S-400 system are near the maximum allowed under the (now void) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
  • The new anti-ballistic missiles 77N6-N and 77N6-N1 to enter service in 2014 supposedly add inert/kinetic anti-ballistic capability to the system.[70] The same missiles will also be used by the S-500, which has a clearly stated anti-ICBM role.[71]

S-300 system family tree

S-300 Family
S-300VS-300PS-300F
S-300V1S-300V2S-300PTS-300PSFortRif
S-300VMS-300PT-1S-300PMS-300PMUFort-MRif-M
Favorit-S
S-300VM1S-300VM2S-300PT-1AS-300PM1S-300PMU1
Antey 2500S-300PM2S-300PMU2Russian Ver.
S-300V4FavoritExport Ver.
S-300VMDS-400

Morpheus defence system

  • A separate independent air defense system 42S6 Morfey (Morpheus) is being developed. This system is designated as a short-range air defense system to protect the S-400 from various threats at their terminal phases, and will also act together with the S-350E as a supplement to the S-400. Together, these systems form part of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.[72]
  • Development of Morfey started in 2007 and was planned to be introduced in 2013, but was delayed until at least 2015.[73][74][75] The missile system consists of omnidirectional 29YA6 radar, infrared sensors, and 36 missiles.[72] The missiles have up to 10 km range and an altitude of up to 3500 m.[72][76]
  • Exterior target indication separate independent RLS "Niobium." Mobility 5 minutes. Frequency band S and UHF. Detection range of 600 km (RCS 1 square meter to 430 km), the target speed of 8000 km/h, 4791 miles, Mach 6.35. For detection, the owner of the state to transfer command of targeting items (in this application, the maximum speed grows from subordinates systems).[77][78]

Statistics

Main characteristics of the S-400[79]
Max. target speed 4.8 km/s (17,000 km/h; 11,000 mph; Mach 14)[24]
Target detection distance (km) 600
Range against aerodynamic target (km)
  • maximum
  • minimum

400[80]
2[51]
Altitude limits for aerodynamic target (2015, km)
  • maximum
  • minimum

27[24] (easily)/30,[52] 56[81] (9m96e2),[82] up to 185 km (40Н6Е)[63]
0.005(9M96)/0.01(all)
Range against tactical ballistic targets (km)
  • maximum
  • minimum

60
5[19]
The number of simultaneously engaged targets (full system) 80[15][51][83][84][85] earlier in stage of development was 36 (2012)
The number of simultaneously guided missiles (full system) 160[51][52][86][87] can use 2 missile to attack 1 target[88]
Ready for operation on a signal from driving on the march 5 min;[89] 10–15 min during development[85]
Ready for operation on a signal from standby ready and enabled 35 sec; ready 3 min[42]
Time between major overhauls 10,000 hours
Service life
  • ground facilities
  • anti-aircraft guided missiles

At least 20 years
15 years
  • Types of targets:[90][91][92]
    • Strategic bombers such as the B-1, B-2,[93] FB-111, and B-52H
    • Electronic warfare airplanes such as the EF-111A, and EA-6
    • Reconnaissance airplanes such as the TR-1
    • Early-warning radar airplanes such as the E-3A and E-2C
    • Fighter airplanes such as the F-15, F-16, F-35,[94] and F-22
    • Strategic cruise missiles such as the Tomahawk
    • Ballistic missiles (range up to 3,500 km)[67]
  • All-purpose maximum radial velocity is 4.8 kilometres per second (17,000 km/h; 11,000 mph; Mach 14); absolute limit 5 kilometres per second (18,000 km/h; 11,000 mph; Mach 15),[67] the minimum is zero.[19]
  • System response time 9–10 seconds.[95]
  • The complex can move on roads at 60 km/h (37 mph) and off-road at speeds up to 25 km/h (16 mph).[84]
  • According to the Pravda state newspaper, the price of one battalion (about 7–8 launchers) is US$200 million.[96]

Operating history

Russia

A regular S-400 battalion consists of at least eight launchers with 32 missiles and a mobile command post.[97] On 21 May 2007, the Russian Air Force announced that S-400 would be put on combat duty around Moscow and Central Russia by 1 July 2007.[98] The S-400 was also deployed near the town of Elektrostal.[99]

On 6 August 2007, the first regiment equipped with S-400 entered active service in Moscow Oblast near Elektrostal, according to Channel One Russia. This was the 606th Guards Anti-air Rocket Regiment, 9th PVO Division, 1st PVO Corps, of the Special Purpose Command.[100]

On 8 February 2008, Lt. Gen. Vladimir Sviridov announced that Russia would be replacing the S-300 systems in the Northwest of Russia with the S-400. Russian military experts expected that Russia plans for this system to be in place and represent a major component of their ballistic missile defense system until 2020.[101]

In September 2006, Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov announced a new state program of armaments for 2007–15. This program provides for the purchase of 18 missile battalions of S-400s.[102]

On 17 March 2009, Russia's defense minister announced that a second regiment equipped with advanced S-400 Triumf air defense missile systems had been put into combat service.[103]

On 26 August 2009, the General Staff said S-400 systems had been deployed in the Russian Far East to counter possible North Korean missile tests and prevent fragments from falling onto Russian territory.[97]

In February 2011, a second unit of S-400 missile systems was deployed at Dubrovki, north of Moscow. The 210th Air Defense Regiment consists of two battalions, each consisting of eight launch points, each with four missiles.[104] In February 2011, it was also announced that the missile system will be deployed in the southern Kuril Islands "to protect Russia's sovereignty in the Far East".[105]

The Baltic Fleet in Kaliningrad received S-400 SAM systems which went into operational status in April 2012.[106] One S-400 divizion is deployed on combat duty in the Russian far east city Nakhodka.[107]

As of 2012, one system (in Electrostal) was operational, with three more S-400 battalions being deployed. All 56 battalions will be delivered by 2020.[108] Russia is also setting up two regiments of S-400 in the Eastern Military district.[109]

As of September 2013, the Russian Armed Forces had five S-400 regiments: two in Moscow, one in the Pacific fleet, one in the Baltic Fleet, and one in the Southern Military District. From 2014, the army was to receive two to three sets of regimental units of S-400 systems every year.[110] Another S-400 regiment was to be put on combat duty around Moscow by the end of 2013. Russia plans to have 28 S-400 regiments by 2020, each comprising two or three battalions with four systems each, mainly in maritime and border areas.[111]

In November 2015, it was announced that when the Kirov-class battlecruiser Admiral Nakhimov will be recommissioned to the Russian Navy in 2018, it will be equipped with the 48N6DMK anti-aircraft missile derived from the land-based S-400. The inclusion of the 48N6DMK into the Kirov's arsenal extends its air defense range from 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi) with the 48N6E2 missile from the S-300FM to 250 km (160 mi; 130 nmi).[112] Northern Fleet Commander Adm. Vladimir Korolev commented in that same year that Russia's Northern Fleet's Coastal Forces had deployed S-400s.[113][114]

On 1 March 2016, the acting commander of the 14th Air Force and Air Defense Army, major general Vladimir Korytkov, said that six S-400 units had been activated according to his order in the anti-aircraft missile regiment of the Novosibirsk air defense formation in Russia's Novosibirsk Oblast.[115] TASS also reported that as of the end of 2015, a total of eleven Russian missile regiments were armed with S-400, and by the end of 2016 their number was expected to increase to sixteen.[115]

2015 Russian military intervention in Syria

In November 2015, it was reported S-400 will be deployed to Syria, along with the contingent of Russian troops and other military hardware in the course of the air campaign conducted by the Russian forces on the side of the Syrian government.[116] However, those claims were refuted by Russia.[117] On 25 November 2015, the Russian government announced it would deploy S-400s in Syria as a response to the downing of its Su-24M jet by Turkey.[118] On 26 November 2015, deployment of S-400 air defense systems to Syria was underway.[119] The first S-400 unit was activated at the Khmeimim Air Base in Latakia Governorate.[120]

In April and July 2017, a second S-400 unit was activated 13 km northwest of Masyaf, Hama Governorate.[120]

Belarus

On 24 August 2007, Belarus submitted a formal request for supply of two S-400 battalions. In 2011, State Secretary of the Union State of Russia and Belarus Pavel Borodin has stated that Russia will supply the S-400 air defense system to Belarus.[121] In June 2016, Belarus received two S-400 units free of charge from Russia.

China

In March 2014, it was announced that Russian President Vladimir Putin had given authorization to sell the S-400 system to China.[122] On 13 April 2015, the chief executive of the Russian state-run arms trader Rosoboronexport confirmed that China secured a contract for the purchase of the S-400 air defence systems.[123] Delivery of the system began in January 2018.[124] China test fired Russian S-400 systems for the first time in early August 2018.[125][126]

The acquisition of S-400, reported to initially consist of six batteries, significantly improved the country's ability to defend its own air space and served as an effective stand-off weapon against air attacks. With a 400 km (250 mi) coverage range, aircraft in disputed areas off the coast could be targeted by SAMs from the mainland; all of Taiwan could be covered from Fujian, and the Diaoyu Islands could be covered from Shandong, making it difficult for the US and Japan to deploy combat aircraft over those airspaces. Taiwan sought to address these potential advantages by locating activated S-400 batteries using extensive signals intelligence units and destroying them with stand-off weapons, cruise and ballistic missiles, and anti-radiation missiles.[127]

Turkey

In late 2017, the president of Turkey and Russian officials signed a US$2.5 billion agreement for delivery of the S-400 air defence system units.[128][129] The US Secretary of State raised concerns over the deal,[130] but President Erdogan and other Turkish officials rejected the US threat of sanctions, citing existing international protocols agreed to by Turkey and Russia and that the S-400 offer with Russia was a better deal than the MIM-104 Patriot system offered by US.[131] Turkey received its first installment of the Russian S-400 missile defense system on 12 July 2019.[132] The US threatened Turkey with CAATSA sanctions[133][134] and on 17 July suspended Turkey from the F-35 program, stating "F-35 cannot coexist with a Russian intelligence collection platform that will be used to learn about its advanced capabilities".[135] As of 2020, 4 batteries consisting of 36 fire units, and 192+ missiles were delivered to Turkey.[136]

Saudi Arabia

In September 2009, it was reported that the S-400 was a part of a US$2 billion arms deal being negotiated between Russia and Saudi Arabia.[137] The agreement was reportedly delayed due to Saudis trying to acquire the more advanced S-400 but Russia was willing to sell only the S-300 air defence systems at the time.[138] In October 2017, agreement was reached about the delivery of the S-400 air defense systems to Saudi Arabia. In November 2019, it was reported that the deal had still not been finalized.[139]

India

On 15 October 2016, during the BRICS Summit, India and Russia signed an Inter-governmental Agreement (IGA) for the supply of five S-400 regiments.[140] The US$5.43 billion deal (₹40,000 crore) was formally signed on 5 October 2018, ignoring threat of US sanctions.[141] The deliveries are expected to commence by the end of 2020[142][143][144] and brought into service in October 2020.[145] The United States threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defense system from Russia because India chose S-400 over American origin Patriot PAC 3.[146]

Other foreign interest

Iran

In September 2007, Vice Chairman of Russia's State Duma, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, urged that "S-400 anti-aircraft missile systems should be delivered as soon as possible to enable Iran to defend its airspace.".[147] In June 2019, amid tensions with the United States, some Iranian officials expressed interest for procurement of the S-400 missile system to further improve nation's defense capabilities along with previously bought S-300PMU2. Russia stated that it is ready to sell the S-400 system to Iran if an official request is made.

South Korea

South Korea is developing a simplified medium range SAM system, M-SAM Cheolmae-2, based on technology from the 9M96 missile and with help of the Almaz. The prime contractor is Samsung Thales, a joint venture between Samsung and Thales.[148] The M-SAM will be composed of an X band multi-function radar vehicle built by Samsung Thales in technical cooperation with Almaz,[149] fire-control vehicles and transporter erector launchers built by Doosan,[150] and missiles provided by LIG Nex1.[151]

Egypt

In February 2017, Sergey Chemezov, CEO of Rostec, stated that Egypt was interested in the S-400 air defense system. He explained that Russia offered to sell Egypt either the Antey-2500 or S-400. According to Chemezov, the negotiations were delayed due to Egypt's financial issues.[152]

Iraq

In February 2018, Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs Ibrahim al-Jaafari confirmed ongoing rumors that his country had shown interest in the S-400 and that negotiations with Russia were underway.[153][154][155] In May 2019, the ambassador of Iraq to Russia, Haidar Mandour Hadi, said that the Iraqi government had decided to procure the S-400 air defence system.[156]

Qatar

In January 2018, Russian state media TASS reported that Qatar was in an advanced state of talks to procure the S-400 air defense system.[157][158]

United States

In June 2020, United States Senate Majority Whip, John Thune, R-S.D., proposed an amendment to the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act to allow the US Department of Defense to purchase Turkey’s S-400 system, using the U.S. Army’s missile procurement account. The reasoning is that this would remove the issue of Turkey having a foreign military system that contravenes the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act of 2017, under which a nation procuring a major defense article from Russia faces major sanctions. This would then allow the USA to re-integrate Turkey into the F-35 Lightning II acquisition and ownership program.[159]

Operators

Current operators of the S-400 missile system

Current operators

 Russia
 Algeria
 Belarus
  • Belarusian Armed Forces – Contract under negotiations.[184]
 People's Republic of China
 Turkey

Turkish Air Force:

Future operators

 Saudi Arabia
 India
  • Indian Armed Forces – contract signed in October 2018 during official meeting between Russia's President Vladimir Putin and India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi. Deal worth of $US5.43 billion includes delivery of 1st regiments of the S-400 by end of 2021.[194]

See also

References

  1. "ЗРС С-400 Триумф" [S-400 Triumf] (in Russian). S400.ru. Archived from the original on 31 October 2001. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  2. Bryen, Stephen (17 October 2017). "Russia's S-400 Is a Game Changer in the Middle East (and America Should Worry)". Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  3. "Turkey and Russia cosy up over missiles". The Economist. 4 May 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  4. "US gives Turkey ultimatum on Russian missiles". BBC News. 9 June 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  5. Ritzen, Yarno. "Why do countries want to buy the Russian S-400?". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  6. "Why China wants Russian S-400 missile defence system?". International Insider. 24 March 2020.
  7. Land Based Air Defence, Jane's, 2010–2011.
  8. "S-400 (SA-20)". Missile Threat. CSIS.
  9. "Russia: New S-400 Air Defense System Coming Soon". Periscope Daily Defense News Capsules. 4 April 2001.
  10. "Russia Trumpets New S-400 Missile System". BBC Monitoring. 23 March 2001.
  11. "400". VPK. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  12. "Advanced long-range missile for S-400 system accepted for service in Russia". TASS. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  13. "Russia's newest anti-air defenses are in Syria – and the US should be worried". Business Insider. 11 April 2018. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  14. "The S-400–Pantsir 'Tandem': The New-Old Feature of Russian A2/AD Capabilities". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  15. "Зенитный ракетный комплекс С-400 'Триумф'" [Anti-aircraft missile system S-400 'triumph'] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  16. "Характеристики зенитной ракетной системы С-400 "Триумф"" [Characteristics of surface-to-air missile systems s-400 "triumph"]. RIA Novosty (in Russian). 17 February 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  17. "-400 "" (, )". -. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  18. "Зенитный ракетный комплекс С-400 'Триумф'". new-factoria.ru. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  19. "ГСКБ Концерна ПВО Алмаз-Антей имени академика А.А. Расплетина (ОАО НИЭМИ) : с-25 беркут, бункин борис васильевич, с 300 пму, с-300 пму, зрс, с-400 триумф, средства пво, четырёхсотка, противовоздушная оборона". Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  20. "Западные СМИ: зенитно-ракетные комплексы S-400 и S-500 могут стать лучшими комплексами противовоздушной обороны в мире". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  21. "ГСКБ Концерна ПВО Алмаз-Антей имени академика А.А. Расплетина". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  22. Частокол противовоздушной обороны / Вооружения / Независимая газета (in Russian). Nvo.ng.ru. 29 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  23. "Пять преимуществ С-400 над Patriot". Российская газета. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  24. Мобильная многоканальная зенитная ракетная система С-400 "Триумф" [Mobile multichannel air defense missile system S-400 "Triumf"] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  25. "АО НПО ЛЭМЗ – ПРОДУКТЫ и УСЛУГИ – УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ВОЗДУШНЫМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ". lemz.ru. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  26. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. "Армия получит комплекс радиолокации "Москва-1"". rostec.ru. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  28. "RusArmy.com –". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  29. "1Л222 Автобаза". Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  30. "Индексы ГРАУ МО СССР / РФ". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  31. "Россия представит уникальные военные разработки". Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  32. "-400". Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  33. "Зенитная ракетная система С-400 "Триумф"". Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  34. "ТАНТК им. Г. М. Бериева – самолёт радиолокационного дозора и наведения А-50Э". beriev.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  35. "Russian / PLA Low Band Surveillance Radars". Archived from the original on 2 March 2017.
  36. "RusArmy.com – Радиолокационная станция "Гамма-C1E"". rusarmy.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  37. bmpd (21 April 2016). "Закупка радиолокационных станций "Ниобий-СВ"". Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  38. "5Н87". pvo.guns.ru. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  39. "РЛС "Противник-Г"- ломка стереотипов | Журнал "Воздушно-космическая оборона"". www.vko.ru. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  40. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. Sudakov, Dmitry (25 September 2017). "Russia's S-400 air defence systems for NATO armies". Pravda Report. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018. The S-400 works equally well in 360 degrees of activity area. Its phased array radar antenna with Elbrus-90 computer ensures the detection range of up to 600 kilometres.
  42. "НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, ВООРУЖЕНИЯ, ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ОПК, БАСТИОН ВТС, НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ЖУРНАЛ, СБОРНИК, ВПК, АРМИИ, ВЫСТАВКИ, САЛОНЫ, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ, НОВОСТИ, ПОСЛЕДНИЕ НОВОСТИ, ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, СОБЫТИЯ ФАКТЫ ВПК, НОВОСТИ ОПК, ОБОРОННАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ, МИНИСТРЕСТВО ОБОРОНЫ, СИЛОВЫХ СТРУКТУР, КРАСНАЯ АРМИЯ, СОВЕТСКАЯ АРМИЯ, РУССКАЯ АРМИЯ, ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, ВиВТ, ПВН" [Nevsky Bastion, The Military Technical Collection, Weapons, Military Equipment, Military Technical Collection, State of the Art, The History of the Development of the Defense Industrial Complex, The Bastion of the PTS, Nevsky Bastion, Magazine Sampler, Mic, Army, Exhibitions, Showrooms, Military-Technical, News, Latest News, Military News, Events, Facts of the MIC, Mic News Defense Industry, Ministry of Defence, The Security Forces, The Red Army, The Soviet Army, Russian Army, Foreign Military News, A And Me, HRP]. nevskii-bastion.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  43. "С-400 vs Patriot: в чем американцы уступают нашим ЗРС". 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  44. "РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ 96Л6Е" [96L6E RADAR]. guns.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  45. "ОРУЖИЕ ОТЕЧЕСТВА, ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЕ ОРУЖИЕ И ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА (ОВТ)ВООРУЖЕНИЯ, ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ОПК, БАСТИОН ВТС, НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ЖУРНАЛ, СБОРНИК, ВПК, АРМИИ, ВЫСТАВКИ, САЛОНЫ, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ, НОВОСТИ, ПОСЛЕДНИЕ НОВОСТИ, ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, СОБЫТИЯ ФАКТЫ ВПК, НОВОСТИ ОПК, ОБОРОННАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ, МИНИСТРЕСТВО ОБОРОНЫ, СИЛОВЫХ СТРУКТУР, КРАСНАЯ АРМИЯ, СОВЕТСКАЯ АРМИЯ, РУССКАЯ АРМИЯ, ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, ВиВТ, ПВН" [Weapons of the Fatherland, Our Arms And Military Equipment (OVT) Weapons, Military Equipment, Military Technical Collection, State of the Art, The History of the Development of the Defense Industrial Complex, The Bastion of the PTS, Nevsky Bastion, Magazine Sampler, Mic, Army, Exhibitions, Showrooms, Military-Technical, News, Latest News, Military News, Events, Facts of the MIC, Mic News Defense Industry, Ministry of Defence, The Security Forces, The Red Army, The Soviet Army, Russian Army, Foreign Military News, A And Me, HRP]. bastion-opk.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  46. "Масштабные учения со стрельбами из С-300 и С-400 пройдут под Астраханью" [Extensive exercises with the firing of S-300 and S-400 will be Astrakhan]. arms-expo.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  47. "ЗРС С-500 начнут поступать в войска в 2016" [S-500 will come to troops in 2016]. arms-expo.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  48. "ЗРС С-400 "Триумф": обнаружение – дальнее, сопровождение – точное, пуск – поражающий – Журнал "Воздушно-космическая оборона"" [S-400 "triumph": Discovery-far, escorts-fine, start-striking-magazine "air-space defense"]. vko.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  49. "Ростех :: Новости :: "Авиационное оборудование" модернизировало транспортную машину для С-400" [Rustech: News: aviation equipment "modernized transport car for S-400]. rostec.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  50. "Missiles sol-air S-400 (Triumph)" (in French). RIA Novosti. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  51. "ЗРС С-400 "Триумф"". Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  52. "Характеристики зенитной ракетной системы С-400". РИА Новости. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  53. "Минобороны России испытало новую ракету для ЗРС С-400". РИА Новости. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  54. "ТАСС: Армия и ОПК – Минобороны испытало дальнюю ракету для С-400". ТАСС. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  55. Are Russia’s Lethal S-400 SAMs Equipped with the Latest Long-Range Missiles? Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Nationalinterest.org, 19 January 2017
  56. "SA-21 GROWLER (S-400)". Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015 via Scribd.
  57. "Применение ЗРС С-400 Триумф". s400.ru. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013.
  58. "Russian Aerospace Force receives over 30 planes and helicopters in 2016". TASS. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  59. "Russian troops in Crimea receive S-400 antiaircraft missile system". TASS. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  60. After U.S. Strikes Syrian Air Base, Russians Ask: 'Where Were Our Vaunted Air Defense Systems?' Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty, 7 April 2017
  61. "Характеристики зенитной управляемой ракеты большой дальности 40Н6". livejournal.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  62. "Характеристики зенитной управляемой ракеты большой дальности 40Н6". 24 August 2018.
  63. сборник, БАСТИОН: военно-технический. "НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, ВООРУЖЕНИЯ, ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ОПК, БАСТИОН ВТС, НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ЖУРНАЛ, СБОРНИК, ВПК, АРМИИ, ВЫСТАВКИ, САЛОНЫ, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ, НОВОСТИ, ПОСЛЕДНИЕ НОВОСТИ, ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, СОБЫТИЯ ФАКТЫ ВПК, НОВОСТИ ОПК, ОБОРОННАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ, МИНИСТРЕСТВО ОБОРОНЫ, СИЛОВЫХ СТРУКТУР, КРАСНАЯ АРМИЯ, СОВЕТСКАЯ АРМИЯ, РУССКАЯ АРМИЯ, ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, ВиВТ, ПВН". nevskii-bastion.ru. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  64. "Триумф "Ворчуна"". S-400. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  65. "S-400 Triumf AusAirpower". AusAirpower.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  66. Dr C Kopp. "S-400 Triumf AusAirpower". AusAirpower.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  67. "С-400 "Триумф", зенитная ракетная система" [S-400 "Triumph" surface-to-air missile system]. Arms Expo (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2011.
  68. "Зенитный ракетный комплекс ПВО средней дальности С-350 50Р6А "Витязь"". Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  69. "Пять преимуществ С-400 над Patriot". 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  70. Andrei Kislyakov, specially for RIR (18 December 2012). "Russia to roll out new hypersonic missiles". Indrus.in. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  71. "S-500 Prometheus". MissileThreat.com. 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  72. "Национальная оборона / Оборонно-промышленный комплекс / В интересах ВКО России". oborona.ru. 2 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  73. Редактор. "В России создаётся новый ЗРК "Морфей"". army-news.ru. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  74. "НОВЫЙ ЗРК "МОРФЕЙ"". narod.ru. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  75. ""Морфей" опаздывает на два года". vpk-news.ru. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  76. "42С6 "Морфей" – зенитный ракетный комплекс ближнего действия". army.lv. Archived from the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  77. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  78. сборник, БАСТИОН: военно-технический. "ВООРУЖЕНИЯ, ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ОПК, БАСТИОН ВТС, НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ЖУРНАЛ, СБОРНИК, ВПК, АРМИИ, ВЫСТАВКИ, САЛОНЫ, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ, НОВОСТИ, ПОСЛЕДНИЕ НОВОСТИ, ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, СОБЫТИЯ ФАКТЫ ВПК, НОВОСТИ ОПК, ОБОРОННАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ, МИНИСТРЕСТВО ОБОРОНЫ, СИЛОВЫХ СТРУКТУР, КРАСНАЯ АРМИЯ, СОВЕТСКАЯ АРМИЯ, РУССКАЯ АРМИЯ, ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, ВиВТ, ПВН, информация по военной технике, сайт по Военной технике". bastion-karpenko.ru. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  79. "ЗРС "Триумф" – ОАО "НПО "Алмаз"". Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  80. New missile for the s-400 is already being prepared for serial production Archived 30 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine "Military parity" (18 March 2010)
  81. "Противоракетная защита Москвы пополнится пятым по счету полком С-400". Российская газета. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  82. "ЗЕНИТНАЯ РАКЕТНАЯ СИСТЕМА С-400 "ТРИУМФ", ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM S-400 "TRIUMPH"". narod.ru. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  83. "Триумф "Ворчуна"". S-400. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  84. "Зенитная ракетная система большой и средней дальности С-400 "Триумф"". vpk.name. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  85. "С-400 и С-500 в программе "Военная Тайна"". Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2014 via YouTube.
  86. "Ракеты для С-400 поставят на поток в третьем квартале 2010 года". РИА Новости. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  87. "RusArmy.com – Зенитная ракетная система большой и средней дальности С-400 "Триумф"". rusarmy.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  88. "S-400令土耳其疏遠北約 普京乘虛而入". BBC. 13 September 2017.
  89. "Зенитная ракетная система С-400 "Триумф" в деталях". Военно-патриотический сайт "Отвага". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  90. "Характеристики С-400 "Триумф"". 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  91. "Ошибка – нет ни одного сайта". raspletin.ru. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
  92. Defense Update. "After 3 years Delay, S-400 Triumf is Officially Fielded". Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  93. "Характеристики С-400 "Триумф"". РИА Новости (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  94. "- .name". Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  95. "S-500 Prometheus". Missile Threat. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  96. "С-400 против MEADS" [S-400 against MEADS]. Правда.Ру (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  97. Denisov, Anton (26 August 2008). "Russia deploys S-400 air defense systems in Far East". RIA Novosti. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010. A regular S-400 battalion comprises at least eight launchers with 32 missiles and a mobile command post.
  98. "S-400 missile defense systems to start defending Moscow July 1". RIA Novosti. 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  99. "Systém S-400 připraven k obraně Moskvy" [The S-400 is ready to defend Moscow]. ATM online (in Czech). CS. RIA Novosti. 31 May 2007. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2010. …S-400 will be given to full combat readiness to defend Moscow and central Russia (near the town of Elektrostal in the Moscow region) on 1 July 2007.
  100. "Russia to Belarus fearing of Ukraine". Charter 97.org. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010. …sources report the regiment based at Elektrostal is the 606th Guards Anti-air Rocket Regiment, 9th PVO Division, 1st PVO Corps, of the Special Purpose Command
  101. "Russia moves to longer-range interceptors". United Press International. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2010. Russian military experts expect the S-400 to be the backbone of the country's missile defenses through at least 2020.
  102. Оружия не хватит – Для переоснащения армии нет средств [The Army cannot afford enough weapons for retooling]. Vedomosti (in Russian). 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2010. LG-2015 provides for… the purchase of… 18 anti-aircraft missile battalions of S-400
  103. "Second S-400 air defense regiment put into service in Russia". RIA Novosti. 17 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  104. "Defense Russia's second S-400 missile unit enters service", Rian, 16 February 2011.
  105. "Russia to deploy modern missile defense systems on disputed Kuril Islands", Rian, 15 February 2011.
  106. "Baltic Fleet Receives S-400 Air Defense Missile Systems". Rus navy. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  107. "SA-21 Growler/S400 Triumph Long Range TABM/SAM – Russian Military Analysis". be: Warfare. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  108. "Russia to induct three S-400 battalions in 2012". Air Force Technology. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  109. "Russia's Eastern Military District Gets S-400 Missiles". Rian. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  110. "Russian army will receive two or three new regiments of S-400 defense missile systems every year", Armyrecognition, 15 September 2013.
  111. "New regiment of S-400 air defense missile system will enter in service with the Russian army", Army recognition, 8 October 2013.
  112. "Russia's Kirov Class Cruiser Admiral Nakhimov to be Fitted with 48N6DMK Missiles From S-400", Navy recognition, 12 November 2015.
  113. Henderson, Isaiah M. (18 July 2019). "Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline". The California Review. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  114. Bora, Kukil (1 June 2015). "Russian Military To Deploy Bastion Anti-Ship Missile Complexes In Arctic In 2015". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  115. "S-400 Triumph missile systems put on combat duty in Siberia". TASS. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  116. Россия разместила в Сирии новейшие системы ПВО С-400 "Триумф", утверждает пресса Archived 15 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine NEWSru, 13 November 2015.
  117. No, This Image Is Not Proof That Russia Deployed S-400 Advanced SAMs To Syria Archived 14 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Foxtrotalpha.Jalopnik.com, 13 November 2015
  118. Missing Russian jet pilot 'alive and well' in Syria Archived 19 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  119. "Россия развернула в Сирии ЗРК С-400". Kommersant. 26 November 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  120. Binnie, Jeremy; O'Connor, Sean (29 September 2017). "Second Russian S-400 in Syria confirmed". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  121. "Россия установит в Белоруссии ракетные системы С-400 "Триумф"". km.ru. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  122. Administrator. "Russia gives green light to sell S-400 air defense missile systems to China 3103144 – March 2014 Global Defense Security news UK – Defense Security Global news Industry army 2014". armyrecognition.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  123. "Китай закупил у России зенитную ракетную систему С-400" [China has purchased Russian anti-aircraft missile system S-400]. NTV.ru (in Russian). 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  124. Dominguez, Gabriel (18 January 2018). "Russia begins delivering S-400 air defence systems to China, says report". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018. Russia has begun delivering the Almaz-Antei S-400 Triumf self-propelled surface-to-air missile (SAM) system to China under the terms of a contract signed in 2014, TASS news agency cited an unnamed source close to the Russian military-industrial complex as saying on 18 January.
  125. "China to test fire Russian S-400 systems for first time in late July-early August – source". TASS. 27 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018. China plans to carry out the first-time test firing of Russia's S-400 Triumf missile defense systems in the end of July or in early August, a military and diplomatic source told TASS.
  126. "China successfully tests Russia's S-400 missile air defence system". The Economic Times. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  127. China's Checkmate: S-400 Looms Large Over Taiwan – Defensenews.com, 6 December 2014
  128. Gumrukcu, Tuvan. "Turkey, Russia sign deal on supply of S-400 missiles". U.S. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  129. "Turkey signs deal to get Russian S-400 air defence missiles". BBC. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  130. Editorial, Reuters. "Pompeo presses Turkey on S-400 missiles purchase from Russia". U.S. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  131. "Erdogan: No step back from S-400 deal with Russia". Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  132. "US warns of sanctions as Turkey gets Russian S400". Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  133. "Turkey preparing for possible U.S. sanctions over S-400s: minister". Reuters. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  134. "Erdogan: No step back from S-400 deal with Russia". Al-Jazeera. 4 June 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  135. "US removes Turkey from F-35 fighter jet programme". BBC. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  136. "S-400'leri beklerken: Kaç tane alıyoruz, maliyeti ne?". Diken. 29 June 2019.
  137. "Saudi Arabia to buy Russian tanks and helicopters in $2 billion weapons deal". 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 December 2009.
  138. "Riyadh mulls big Russian missile buy". United Press International. 22 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  139. "Saudi Arabia warms to idea of purchasing S-400s from Russia". 4 November 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  140. "Russia preparing to supply S-400 missile systems to India: Dmitry Rogozin". news. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  141. "India, facing sanctions for Russian arms deals, says it wants to pivot spending to the US". CNBC. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  142. Bedi, Rahul (1 October 2018). "India's CCS clears procurement of five S-400 air-defence missile systems". IHS Jane's 360. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  143. Peri, Dinakar (5 October 2018). "India signs $5.43 billion S-400 missile deal with Russia". The Hindu. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  144. "India inks $5.43 billion deal to buy S-400 Triumf missiles from Russia". The Times of India. New Delhi. 5 October 2018. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  145. Bedi, Rahul (3 January 2019). "India to begin inducting S-400 air-defence systems from October 2020". Jane's 360. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  146. "Why Punishing India on Russia Would Be a Mistake for the United States". The Diplomat. 17 May 2018. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  147. "Iran's army to be equipped with S-400". 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  148. "대한민국 방위산업의 미래를 지키는 기업 Hanwha Thales". samsungthales.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
  149. "Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis". Jane's Information Group. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  150. "Doosan Corporation Mottrol : Defence Weapon". Doosan.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  151. "True Dream Partner – LIG Nex1". Lignex1.com:8001. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  152. "Россия ведет с Турцией и Египтом переговоры по продаже С-400". newsru.com. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  153. "Iraq needs S-400 air defense systems to defend against air attacks — MP". TASS. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  154. Binnie, Jeremy (1 March 2018). "Iraqi foreign minister confirms interest in S-400". London. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  155. Rogoway, Tyler (26 February 2018). "Iraq Looking To Buy Russia's S-400 Air Defense System: Report". The Drive. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  156. "Iraq to purchase Russia's S-400 missile systems". TASS. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  157. Ostroukh, Andrey; El Yaakoubi, Aziz; Jones, Gareth (25 January 2018). "Qatar in talks to buy Russia's S-400 systems: Tass". Reuters. Moscow. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  158. Khan, Bilal (25 January 2018). "Qatar reportedly planning to procure S-400 SAM from Russia". Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  159. US could buy Turkey’s Russian-made S-400 under Senate proposal, Joe Gould, Defense News, 2020-06-29
  160. "Новый полковой комплект зенитной ракетной системы С-400 получили войска ПВО России". bmpd.livejournal.com. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  161. "В Подмосковье заступает на боевое дежурство второй полк ЗРС С-400 "Триумф"". vesti.ru. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  162. Беларусь. "210-й зенитно-ракетный полк ВВС и ПВО России, дислоцированный около поселка Морозки Дмитровского района Московской области, получил на вооружение два дивизиона новейшей зенитно-ракетной системы С-400. / Союзное вече / Приложения / Народная газета". Ng.by. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  163. "Бойцы ПВО показали, как работает новый ЗРК С-400 "Триумф"". РИА Новости. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  164. "Еще пять дивизионов новейших систем ПВО С-400 могут поступить в ВВС в будущем году". Interfax.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  165. "BBC Russian – Россия – Минобороны: три полка С-400 защитят Москву к концу года" (in Russian). BBC. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  166. "Оборону Москвы усилили четвертым полком С-400". ТВ Центр – Официальный сайт телекомпании (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  167. "Зенитчики ЮВО приняли на вооружение новую зенитную ракетную систему С-400 "Триумф" : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". function.mil.ru. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  168. "Новые комплексы С-400 "Триумф" поступили на вооружение ЗВО". Interfax.ru. 25 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  169. "Первый комплекс С-400 развернут в Калининградской области". Российская газета. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  170. "Лужский дивизион ПВО в Ленобласти перевооружен на С-400 "Триумф"". rossaprimavera.ru. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  171. "В Калининградской области развернули батареи С-400 "Триумф"". ria.ru. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  172. "В Находке заступил на боевое дежурство четвертый полк С-400 "Триумф"". arms-expo.ru. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  173. "Партия зенитной ракетной системы С-400 прибыла на Камчатку". РИА Новости. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  174. С-400 прибывает на Камчатку [The S-400 arrives at Kamchatka] (in Russian). livejournal.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015.
  175. "Источник: Минобороны РФ в декабре впервые получит С-400 трехдивизионного состава". ТАСС. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  176. "Военные во Владивостоке начали осваивать С-400 "Триумф"". РИА Новости. 25 November 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  177. "Зенитные комплексы С-400 прикрыли дальневосточное небо". dvnovosti.ru. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  178. "Зенитно-ракетный полк ЮВО ВВС России получил на вооружение комплекс С-400 "Триумф" – Телеканал "Звезда"". Tvzvezda.ru. 2 January 2011. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  179. "Новые С-400 прибыли на место дислокации в Саратовскую область". 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  180. "Первый полк С-400 заступил на боевое дежурство в Мурманской области" [The first Regiment with the S-400 entered active military duty in the Murmansk region]. NTV.ru (in Russian). 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  181. ""Триумф" на Кольском полуострове защитит РФ от самолетов-разведчиков". Российская газета. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  182. Akramov (27 September 2018). "L'Algérie, potentielle victime collatérale des tensions entre les États-Unis et la Russie". TSA. Retrieved 1 February 2021. Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help)
  183. Akramov (25 December 2019). "Une modernisation profonde de l'ANP sous l'impulsion du défunt Gaïd Salah". Algeria Press Service. Retrieved 1 February 2021. Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help)
  184. https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28770/Belarus_Negotiating_to_buy_Russian_S_400_Air_Defense_System
  185. "Russia starts shipping S-400 air defense missile system to China: TASS cites source". Reuters. 18 January 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  186. "Russia begins delivering S-400 air defence systems to China, says report". 18 January 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018.
  187. "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Janes.com.
  188. "S-400 tartışmaları ve son gelişmeler". VeryansınTV. 26 August 2019.
  189. "ABD'liler S-400'leri uydudan izleyecek, etraftaki tarlalar satın alınacak". www.aydinlik.com.tr.
  190. "S-400'ler bakın nereye yerleştirilecek". odatv.
  191. "S-400 hazırlığı başladı! S-400'ler nereye kurulacak?". Ahaber.
  192. "S-400 nereye konuşlanacak? İşte öne çıkan 3 yer..." www.aydinlik.com.tr.
  193. "Саудовская Аравия купит у России комплексы С-400 и тяжелые огнеметы". rg.ru. 9 October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  194. "First S-400 unit to be delivered by end of 2021". Manu pubby. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.