Sallaans dialect

Sallaans
Native to	Netherlands
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Ingvaeonic Low Saxon Dutch Low Saxon Gelders-Overijssels Sallaans; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sdz
Glottolog	sall1238

Sallaans (Dutch: Sallands) is a collective term for the Dutch Low Saxon dialects of the region Salland, in the eastern Netherlands. A common term used by native speakers for their dialect, which is also used by Low Saxon speakers from other regions for their respective dialects, is plat or simply dialect. Yet another common usage is to refer to the language by the name of the local variety, where for instance Dal(f)sens would be the name for the Sallaans variety spoken in the village of Dalfsen. Sallands is more influenced by the Hollandic dialects than Twents or Achterhoeks. This influence is known as the Hollandse expansie. For example, the word 'house' is hoes in Twente but huus in Salland. The Hollandic dialects of the 17th century still had uu sounds in their vocabulary, and due to the prestige of the Hollandic dialects these dialects influenced Sallaans.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants in the dialect of Raalte[1]
		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ŋ
Stop	voiceless	p	t	k
Stop	voiced	b	d	(ɡ)
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	χ	h
Fricative	voiced	v	z	ɣ
Trill			r
Approximant		ʋ	l	j

[ɡ] appears only as an allophone of /k/ before voiced consonants.[2]
/ʋ/ occurring before and after back-rounded vowels is pronounced as a labio-velar approximant [w].
After long close and close-mid vowels, /r/ surfaces as a diphthongization of the vowel, as in zoer [ˈzuːə̯]. This also happens in compounds: veurkämer [vøːə̯kæːmr̩]. It is also often dropped preconsonantally after /ə/.[3]

Vowels

Raalte monophthongs[4]
	Front				Central	Back
	unrounded		rounded			Back
	short	long	short	long		short	long
Close	i	iː	y	yː		u	uː
Close-mid	ɪ	eː	ʏ	øː	ə	ʊ	oː
Open-mid	ɛ	ɛː	œ	œː	ə	ɔ	ɔː
Open	æ	æː				ɑ	ɑː

Unlike in Standard Dutch, the long close-mid monophthongs /eː, øː, oː/ are actual monophthongs and not narrow closing diphthongs [ei, øy, ou]. They do not appear before /r/ whenever that consonant occurs before a vowel or at the end of a word, where the open-mid series /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ occurs instead.[5]
The schwa /ə/ is often dropped before /n/, resulting in a syllabic nasal homorganic with the preceding consonant. This occurs after most consonants, including nasals themselves: piepen [ˈpiːpm̩], slóffen [ˈslʊfɱ̍], gieten [ˈχiːtn̩], kieken [ˈkikŋ̍], esprungen [əˈspruŋŋ̍], lachen [ˈlɑχɴ̩]. The sequences /əl/ and /ər/ are treated the same, except for the fact that they do not assimilate to the place of articulation of the preceding consonant.[6]

Raalte diphthongs[7]
	Front		Back
Close	ij, iu	yi, yu	uw
Open	ɛi ɪu	œy	ɔi ʊi	ɑu

/œy/ is realized as [œi] before vowels and in the word-final position.[8]

Some examples

For eastern Sallaans:

Present tense

Sallaans	Dutch	English
Ik loop(e)	Ik loop	I walk
Ie loopt	Jij loopt	You walk
Hee/hi'j / Zie/zi'j lup(t)	Hij / Zij loopt	He / she walks
Wie loopt / loop'n	Wij lopen	We walk
Jullie / Juulu loopt / loop'n	Jullie lopen	You walk (plural)
Zie loopt / loop'n	Zij lopen	They walk

Past tense

Sallaans	Dutch	English
Ik liepe	Ik liep	I walked
Ie liep'n	Jij liep	You walked
Hee / Zee liep	Hij / Zij liep	He / She walked
Wuu-lu liep'n	Wij liepen	We walked
Jullie / Juu-lu liep'n	Jullie liepen	You walked (plural)
Zie liep'n	Zij liepen	They walked

Plurals and diminutives

Sallaans	Dutch	English
eene komme	een kom	One bowl
twee komm'n	twee kommen	Two bowls

Sallaans	Dutch	English
een kömmegie	een kommetje	one little bowl
twee kömmegies	twee kommetjes	two little bowls

References

Spa (2011), pp. 40, 47.
Spa (2011), p. 47.
Spa (2011), pp. 42–43.
Spa (2011), pp. 11–35.
Spa (2011), pp. 19, 21, 23, 42.
Spa (2011).
Spa (2011), pp. 35–39.
Spa (2011), p. 44.

Bibliography

Spa, J.J. (2011). De dialecten van centraal-Salland: Raalte, Heino en Lemelerveld.

External links

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[FOOTNOTESpa201140,_47-1] Spa (2011), pp. 40, 47.

[FOOTNOTESpa201147-2] Spa (2011), p. 47.

[FOOTNOTESpa201142–43-3] Spa (2011), pp. 42–43.

[FOOTNOTESpa201111–35-4] Spa (2011), pp. 11–35.

[FOOTNOTESpa201119,_21,_23,_42-5] Spa (2011), pp. 19, 21, 23, 42.

[FOOTNOTESpa2011-6] Spa (2011).

[FOOTNOTESpa201135–39-7] Spa (2011), pp. 35–39.

[FOOTNOTESpa201144-8] Spa (2011), p. 44.