Voiced labiodental approximant

The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is similar to an English w pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.[1][2]

Voiced labiodental approximant
ʋ
IPA Number150
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʋ
Unicode (hex)U+028B
X-SAMPAP or v\
Braille
Audio sample
source · help

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian and South African varieties of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.[3]

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:

  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArmenianEastern[4]ոսկի[ʋɔski]'gold'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaichawa‎[haːʋa]'wind'Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties.
CatalanBalearictreballava[t̪ɾəbəˈʎ̟aʋə]'worked'Allophone of /v/.[5] See Catalan phonology
Valencian[5][t̪ɾe̠bäˈʎ̟aʋä]
Chinese Mandarin 为 / wèi [ʋêi] 'for' Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Chuvash аван [aʋ'an] 'good, well' Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
DanishStandard[6]véd[ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]'know(s)'Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆]; rarely realized as a fricative [v] instead.[7] See Danish phonology
DutchStandardwang[ʋɑŋ]'cheek'In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞]. See Dutch phonology
EnglishIndian[3]vine[ʋaɪn]'vine'Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents.
Some speakersred[ʋe̞d̥]'red'Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal[8] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization
Faroese[9]røða[ˈɹøːʋa]'speech'Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v].[9] See Faroese phonology
Finnishvauva [ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]'baby'See Finnish phonology
GermanStandardwas[ʋas]'what'Post-consonantal allophone of /v/ for most speakers. Also used word-initially by some, especially in the South. See Standard German phonology.
SwissCorresponds to /v/ in Standard German[10]
Guaraníavañe'ẽ[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]'Guaraní language'Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/
Hawaiianwikiwiki[ʋikiʋiki]'fast'May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
Hindiवरुण[ʋəruɳ]'Varuna'See Hindustani phonology
ItalianSome speakers[11]raro[ˈʋäːʋo]'rare'Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].[11] See Italian phonology.
Lithuanianvanduo[ʋɐn̪d̪uə]'water'See Lithuanian phonology.
Marathiवजन[ʋə(d)zən]'weight'See Marathi phonology
Miyako[12][ʋ̩tɑ]'thick'May be syllabic.
NorwegianUrban East[13][14]venn[ʋe̞nː]'friend'Sometimes realized as a fricative [v].[14][15] See Norwegian phonology
Nsengaŵanthu[ʋaⁿtʰu]'people'
Punjabiਵਾਲ[ʋäːl]'hair'
Russian[16]волосы[ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]'hair'Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form.[16] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatianцврчак / cvrčak[t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]'cricket'May also be realized as [v], depending on dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shonavanhu[ʋan̤u]'people'Contrasts with /v/ and /w/.
Slovak[17]voda[ˈʋo̞dä] 'water'Usual realization of /v/.[17] See Slovak phonology
Slovene[18]veter[ˈʋéːtər]'wind'Also described as fricative [v].[19][20] See Slovene phonology
Swedishvän[ʋɛːn]'friend'Some speakers. See Swedish phonology
Spanish[21] Chilean hablar [äˈʋläɾ] 'to speak' Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology
Tamilவாய்[ʋɑj]'mouth'See Tamil phonology
Ukrainian[22]він[ʋin]'he'Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/.[22] See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisianwêr[ʋɛːr]'where'See West Frisian phonology

See also

Notes
  1. Peter Ladefoged (1968) A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey, p. 26.
  2. Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane (1996), Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study, vol. 1, p. 79
  3. Mesthrie (2004:960)
  4. Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
  5. Saborit Vilar (2009:52)
  6. Basbøll (2005:62)
  7. Basbøll (2005:27 and 66)
  8. Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
  9. Árnason (2011:115)
  10. Schmid, Stephan (2010), Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects, retrieved 2015-04-27
  11. Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
  12. Thomas Pellard, Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine (presentation)
  13. Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
  14. Vanvik (1979:41)
  15. Kristoffersen (2000:74)
  16. Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
  17. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
  18. Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
  19. Priestley (2002:394)
  20. Greenberg (2006:18)
  21. "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF).
  22. Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)

References
  • Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314.
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold
  • Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
  • Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Priestley, T.M.S. (2002), "Slovene", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 388–451, ISBN 0-415-28078-8
  • Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
  • Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola
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