Shaikhs in South Asia
Shaikh, also rendered as Sheikh, Sheik, Shaik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Shekh, Cheikh, Šeih, Šejh, Şeyh and other variants (Arabic: شيخ, shaykh; pl. شيوخ shuyūkh), is a title given to many South Asian Muslim castes. It originally was a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that commonly designated a chief of a tribe, royal family member, Muslim religious scholar, or "Elder". However in South Asia it was used as a title by castes that rarely had any Arab descent.
Origin
In South Asia it is not an ethnic title but an occupational title generally attributed to Muslim trading families. The Shaikhs claimed to be descendants of Arabs, however almost all Shaikhs did not actually descend from Arabs. Hindus who converted to Islam and took the title shaikh tended to be of the Kshatriya varna, although use of the title was flexible. In the former Frontier Regions and Punjab of Pakistan, the title shaikh was given to recent converts and not those of Arab descent.[1] The Julaha weaver caste became Ansaris, who claimed to descend from Abu Ansar. The butcher castes claimed to descend from the Quraysh tribe. The Kayastha record keeper caste became Siddiques, who claimed to descend from Abu Bakr Siddiqui.[2][3][4]
A famous saying which attests to the flexibility of the title of shaikh stated: "Last year I was a Julaha (weaver); this year I am a sheikh; next year, if the crops are good, I shall be a Syed."[1][4]
Sub-divisions
The subdivisions of the Shaikh include:
- Shaikh Qidwai, who claim to be descendants of the Qazi Qidwa, a son of the Sultans of Rum
- Shaikh Hashmi, who claim to be descendants of the Banu Hashim clan of the Banu Quraish tribe. The Islamic prophet, Muhammad belonged to this clan. Usually carry the title Sayyid or Sharif
- Shaikh Siddiqui, who claim to be descendants of Abu Bakar, the first Khalifa of Islam. Actually are descendants of the Hindu Kayastha caste.[2][3]
- Shaikh Usmani (Osmani), who claim to be descendants of Uthman Ibn Affan the third Khalifa of Islam
- Shaikh Farooqi, Honorific reverence to Umar Farooq Bin Al-Khattab
Notable people
- Javed Sheikh, Pakistani Actor.
- Farooq Sheikh, Indian actor (Bollywood and theatre), television presenter and philanthropist.
- Shaikh Ayaz, Sindhi poet of Pakistan.
- Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bengali statesman and leader of the Bangladesh independence movement.
- Sheikh Hasina, the current Prime Minister of Bangladesh.
- Sheikh Abdullah Kashmiri politician and statesman.
- Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad Pakistani Politician
See also
References
- Nyrop, Richard F. (1983). Pakistan a country study (4 ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 149.
- Robinson, Rowena (2004). Sociology of religion. SAGE Publications. p. 90.
- Khanam, Azra (2013). Muslim backward classes: a sociological perspective. SAGE Publications. p. 22.
- Delage, Rémy (29 September 2014). Muslim Castes in India. ISSN 2105-3030.