Simian

In earlier classification, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans – collectively known as simians or anthropoids – were grouped under Anthropoidea (/ˌænθrəˈpɔɪdiə/; Ancient Greek: άνθρωπος, romanized: anthropos, lit. 'human'; also called anthropoids), while the strepsirrhines and tarsiers were grouped under the suborder "Prosimii". Under modern classification, the tarsiers and simians are grouped under the suborder Haplorhini, while the strepsirrhines are placed in suborder Strepsirrhini.[3] Strong genetic evidence for this is that five SINEs are common to all haplorhines whilst absent in strepsirrhines — even one being coincidental between tarsiers and simians would be quite unlikely.[4] Despite this preferred taxonomic division, "prosimian" is still regularly found in textbooks and the academic literature because of familiarity, a condition likened to the use of the metric system in the sciences and the use of customary units elsewhere in the United States.[5] In the Anthropoidea, evidence indicates that the Old World and New World primates went through parallel evolution.[6]

Primatology, paleoanthropology, and other related fields are split on their usage of the synonymous infraorder names, Simiiformes and Anthropoidea. According to Robert Hoffstetter (and supported by Colin Groves), the term Simiiformes has priority over Anthropoidea because the taxonomic term Simii by van der Hoeven, from which it is constructed, dates to 1833.[1][7] In contrast, Anthropoidea by Mivart dates to 1864,[8] while Simiiformes by Haeckel dates to 1866, leading to counterclaims of priority.[1] Hoffstetter also argued that Simiiformes is also constructed like a proper infraorder name (ending in "iformes"), whereas Anthropoidea ends in -"oidea", which is reserved for superfamilies. He also noted that Anthropoidea is too easily confused with "anthropoïdes", which translates to "apes" from several languages.[7]

Extant simians are split into three distinct groups. The New World monkeys in parvorder Platyrrhini split from the rest of the simian line about 40 million years ago (Mya), leaving the parvorder Catarrhini occupying the Old World. This group split about 25 Mya between the Cercopithecidae and the apes.

Some lines of extinct simian also are either placed into the Eosimiidae (to reflect their Eocene origin) and sometimes in Amphipithecidae, thought to originate in the Early Oligocene. Additionally, Phileosimias is sometimes placed in the Eosimiidae and sometimes categorised separately.[9]

The following is the listing of the various simian families, and their placement in the order Primates:[1][2]

• Order Primates
  • Suborder Strepsirrhini: nontarsier prosimians
  • Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers and monkeys, including apes
    • Infraorder Tarsiiformes
    • Infraorder Simiiformes
      • Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
        • Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins
        • Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
        • Family Aotidae: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
        • Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis, and uakaris
        • Family Atelidae: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys
      • Parvorder Catarrhini
        • Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
          • Family Cercopithecidae
        • Superfamily Hominoidea
          • Family Hylobatidae: gibbons
          • Family Hominidae: great apes, including humans
      • †Amphipithecidae
      • †Eosimiidae
      • †Aseanpithecus

Below is a cladogram with some of the extinct simian species with the more modern species emerging within the Eosimiidae. The simians originated in Asia, while the crown simians were in Afro-Arabia.[10][11][3][12][5][13] It is indicated approximately how many Mya the clades diverged into newer clades.

Usually the Ekgmowechashalidae are considered to be Strepsirrhini, not Haplorhini.[14] A 2018 study places Eosimiidae as a sister to the crown haplorhini.[15] In 2020 papers, the Proteopithecidae are part of the Parapithecoidea,[13][16] and Nosmips aenigmaticus (previously in Eosimidae[11]) is a basal simian.[16]

In a section of their 2010 assessment of the evolution of anthropoids (simians) entitled "What Is An Anthropoid", Williams, Kay, and Kirk set out a list of biological features common to all or most anthropoids, including genetic similarities, similarities in eye location and the muscles close to the eyes, internal similarities between ears, dental similarities, and similarities on foot bone structure.[4] The earliest anthropods were small primates with varied diets, forward-facing eyes, acute color vision for daytime lifestyles, and brains devoted more to vision and less to smell.[4] Living simians in both the New World and the Old World have larger brains than other primates, but they evolved these larger brains independently.[4]

• Simia, Carl Linnaeus's original classification of these primates.

• BioMed Central Full text Gene conversion and purifying selection of a placenta-specific ERV-V envelope gene during simian evolution
• ADW Simiiformes Classification
• Taxonomy browser (Simiiformes)
• Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids
• Mouse-Sized Primates Shed Light on Human Origins