St. Ignace, Michigan

Saint Ignace, usually written as St. Ignace, is a city near the tip of the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan, on the northern side of the Straits of Mackinac. It sits on the shore of Lake Huron at the north end of the Mackinac Bridge, opposite Mackinaw City, serving as the gateway to the UP for travelers coming from the Lower Peninsula. It is one of two ports with ferry service to Mackinac Island, and is the only mainland city accessible from the island (by snowmobile) when Lake Huron is frozen over. St. Ignace Township is located just to the north of the city, but is politically independent.

St. Ignace, Michigan
City
Downtown St. Ignace along BL I-75 in 2011
Motto(s): 
Gateway to Michigan's Upper Peninsula[1]
Location within Mackinac County
St. Ignace
Location within the state of Michigan
Coordinates: 45°51′57″N 84°43′33″W
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountyMackinac
Settled1671 (St. Ignace Mission)
Incorporated1882 (village)
1883 (city)
Government
 • TypeCity council
 • MayorConnie Litzner
Area
 • Total2.65 sq mi (6.86 km2)
 • Land2.64 sq mi (6.83 km2)
 • Water0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)
Elevation
587 ft (179 m)
Population
 • Total2,452
 • Estimate 
(2019)[4]
2,323
 • Density880.59/sq mi (340.05/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
49781
Area code(s)906
FIPS code26-70840[5]
GNIS ID1621477[6]
WebsiteOfficial website

It is the county seat of Mackinac County.[7] The population was 2,452 at the 2010 census, and nearly one-third of the population of the city identified as Native American. The Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, a state-recognized tribe, is headquartered at St. Ignace. The Ottawa people, also known as Odawa, comprised another Algonquian-speaking tribe before European encounter. Their descendants joined with the Chippewa in this area to organize for self-government.

Jesuit priests established a mission in the 17th century at what was then a village of the Wyandot people, also known by the French as the Huron. They are an Iroquoian-language group. It became a center of fur trading with the French for regional peoples. In the 18th century, the Ojibwe (known as Chippewa in the United States) also entered the area and were an important group near the Great Lakes. In the 21st century, the federally recognized Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians owns and operates a casino on its land in St. Ignace.

History
See also: History of Northern Michigan
The Museum of Ojibwa Culture operates in the former St. Ignace Mission building. The mission is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was established at a historic Wyandot (Huron) village.
Further information: Jesuit missions in North America

St. Ignace is the second-oldest city founded by Europeans in Michigan. Various cultures of Native Americans had inhabited the area for thousands of years before the first exploration here by French colonists. Early historic peoples of the area in the 17th century were predominantly the Iroquoian-speaking Wendat, whom the French called the Huron.

By the early 18th century, the Anishinaabe Ojibwe, who spoke one of the Algonquian languages, became prominent in the region. Another related Anishinaabe people were the Ottawa or Odawa in their language. The third member of the Council of Three Fires, a loose confederacy of these tribes, was the Potowatomi people. All three peoples have descendants who are members of various federally recognized tribes in northern Michigan.

French explorer and priest Jacques Marquette founded the St. Ignace Mission on this site in 1671 and was buried here after his death.[8] He named it for St. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuit religious order, whose priests were active as missionaries across North America. (Ignace is the French version of Ignatius.) Jesuits served at missions to convert First Nations/Native Americans to Catholicism and to share French culture. In 1673, Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet, a French-Canadian explorer, and departed from St. Ignace on May 17, with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry (Métis) on a voyage to find the Mississippi River. They were successful and descended downriver as far as Arkansas.

A monument marks the grave of Father Marquette, where he was buried next to the St. Ignace Mission, now used as the Museum of Ojibway Culture.

While separately exploring the Great Lakes region on the ship Le Griffon with Louis Hennepin, Sieur de La Salle reached St. Ignace on August 27, 1679. Louis de La Porte, Sieur de Louvigny founded Fort de Buade here in 1681 as a fur trading post. It was later directed by Antoine Cadillac. It was closed by the French in 1697.[9] The Jesuits abandoned their mission in 1705.

The Ojibwe, who came to dominate most of the Native American territory of present-day Michigan in the 18th century, were allies of the French in the Seven Years' War against the British. After the British victory in the Seven Years' War, in 1763 they took over the territory of France in North America, including this part of the former New France. After the victory of rebellious colonists in the American Revolutionary War, in 1783 the village was included within the new United States, as part of what became called its Northwest Territory.

An important fur trading site for both the French and the British, St. Ignace declined in importance by the early 19th century. The Ojibwe had allied with Great Britain in the War of 1812, based on their long trading and a hope they were expel American colonists. The fur trade declined at St. Ignace largely because the United States prohibited British Canadian traders from operating across the border after the end of the war. At the same time European demand for North American furs was declining as tastes changed, and other parts of the economy grew.

Both British-Canadians and later Americans operated a larger trading center at Sault Ste. Marie, which developed on both sides of the Canadian-US border, until the decline of the fur trade in the 1830s. The fur trade also suffered before and during the hostilities of the War of 1812, as the United States first imposed a boycott on all trade with England, including traders in Canada. Many local people kept businesses going by smuggling, but postwar prohibitions on the fur trade were more difficult to avoid. prohibited British traders from operating across the border, as had been their earlier practice. The Ojibwe had allied with the British, their longtime trading partners, during the War of 1812,

In 1882, construction of the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette Railroad, which connected the straits area to the major city of Detroit, provided an economic boost to the village. Farmers and the lumber industry could more easily get products to a major market. St. Ignace was incorporated as a village on February 23, 1882, and as a city in 1883.[8]

In the late 19th century, a new sector of its economy developed, as it began to attract tourists as a popular summer resort and for its connection to Mackinac Island.

Since the late 20th century, the city has become a rural destination for heritage tourism and is part of a regional area popular for summer tourism. A variety of water sports and activities are available.

The Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, a state-recognized tribe, is based in St. Ignace. It also has bands in several other counties in the region. With an enrolled membership of 4,000 in this area and state recognition, it has been seeking federal recognition since 1998. The larger federally recognized Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, based in the city of that name and the region of northern Michigan, owns and operates a gaming casino in St. Ignace on land it controls in the city, in addition to land and casinos in four other cities in the state.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.69 square miles (6.97 km2), of which 2.68 square miles (6.94 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water.[10]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1880934—
18902,704189.5%
19002,271−16.0%
19102,118−6.7%
19201,852−12.6%
19302,10913.9%
19402,66926.6%
19502,94610.4%
19603,33413.2%
19702,892−13.3%
19802,632−9.0%
19902,568−2.4%
20002,6784.3%
20102,452−8.4%
2019 (est.)2,323[4]−5.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[11]
Municipal Building

2010 census

As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 2,452 people, 1,064 households, and 633 families residing in the city. The population density was 914.9 inhabitants per square mile (353.2/km2). There were 1,299 housing units at an average density of 484.7 per square mile (187.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 63.4% White, 1.0% African American, 27.8% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 7.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 1,064 households, of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.5% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 44.5 years. 21.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.6% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

2000 census
Largest ancestries (2000) [12] Percent
Ojibwe 23%
German 18%
Irish 11%
French 10%
English 8%
Polish 7%

As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 2,678 people, 1,085 households, and 675 families residing in the city. The population density was 990.7 per square mile (383.0/km2). There were 1,232 housing units at an average density of 455.8 per square mile (176.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 71.81% White, 19.42% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.30% African American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 7.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.

There were 1,085 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,447, and the median income for a family was $45,893. Males had a median income of $29,813 versus $23,017 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,340. About 6.0% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Mackinac Bridge, Mackinaw City to St. Ignace

Local sights

Kewadin Casino of St. Ignace, is a significant tourist attraction and local employer. Straits State Park is located at the sound end of the city. Wawatam Lighthouse is located in the city's harbor. The harbor also is a port for Coast Guard ice breakers, e.g., the tug Katmai Bay[upper-alpha 1] and heavy duty breaker Mackinaw.[upper-alpha 2][19][20][21][22][23][24]

St. Anthony's Rock, a free-access geological limestone stack, is located in the center of the town. Castle Rock, a similar but taller stack for which admission is charged, is located three miles (4.8 km) north overlooking Lake Huron. Rabbit's Back, a prominent promontory that also overlooks Lake Huron, is four miles (6.4 km) north. Chain Lake, one mile (1.6 km) inland, features inland fishing opportunities.

Notable people

Images
  • Looking south in downtown St. Ignace
  • Post office
  • The ferry harbor with Mackinac Island in the distance

Notes
  1. Stationed at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.[17]
  2. The Mackinaw is stationed at Cheboygan, Michigan.[18]

References
  1. City of St. Ignace (2019). "The City of St. Ignace". Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  2. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  4. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  7. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  8. Sawyer, Alvah Littlefield (1911). A History of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan and Its People. Lewis Publishing. p. 318.
  9. Romig, Walter (1986). Michigan Place Names. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-8143-1838-6.
  10. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  11. "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  12. http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genealogyInfo.php?locIndex=22113
  13. "Pellston Regional Airport Serving Northern Michigan Emmet County". Pellston Airport.
  14. "East Lansing–Petoskey–St. Ignace" (PDF). Indian Trails. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  15. "Bay City–Alpena–Cheboygan–St. Ignace" (PDF). Indian Trails. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  16. "St. Ignace–Sault Ste. Marie–Ironwood" (PDF). Indian Trails. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  17. "USCGC Katmai Bay (WTGB 101)". United States Coast Guard. January 26, 2012.
  18. "USCGC Mackinaw (WLBB-30)". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  19. King, Dominique (April 15, 2014). "From Monroe to Mackinac: Lighthouse moves to Chief Wawatam Park in St. Ignace,". Michigan Midwest Guest. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  20. "U.S. Coast Guard Sector Sault Sainte Marie". U.S. Coast Guard Sector. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  21. Heffernan, Tim (February 25, 2016). "Ice Breakers: The Coast Guard Crews that Keep the Great Lakes Open for Business". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  22. Ellison, Garret (January 8, 2015). "The freeze is on: Coast Guard begins ice-breaking on western Great Lakes". Mlive. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  23. Final survey, Great Lakes–St.Lawrence Seaway Navigation Extension: Environmental Impact Statement. Vol. 5. Detroit: United States Army Corps of Engineers. August 1979. p. 95. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  24. "USCG Cutter Mackinaw Icebreaker Moored in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan" (Video). March 20, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2017 – via YouTube.
  25. "Brown, Prentiss Marsh, (1889–1973)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
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