TAROM

TAROM (pronounced "ta-rom", legally Compania Națională de Transporturi Aeriene Române TAROM S.A.), is the flag carrier and oldest currently operating airline of Romania, based in Otopeni near Bucharest. Its headquarters and its main hub are at Henri Coandă International Airport. It is currently the first and largest airline operating in Romania based on international destinations, international flights and the third-largest measured by fleet size and passengers carried.

"Tarom" redirects here. For other uses, see Tarom (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Taron Avia.

TAROM - Romanian Air Transport
TAROM - Transporturile Aeriene Române
IATA ICAO Callsign
RO ROT TAROM
Founded18 September 1954 (1954-09-18)[1]
HubsHenri Coandă International Airport
Focus citiesIași International Airport
Frequent-flyer programFlying Blue
AllianceSkyTeam
Fleet size20
Destinations52 (including 2017 charter destinations)
HeadquartersOtopeni, Ilfov County, Romania
Key people Ursu Mihăiță, CEO (acting)[2][3]
Revenue 315 million € (2019)
Operating income -35.8 million € (2019) (estimated)[4]
Websitetarom.ro

The brand name is an acronym for Romanian: Transporturile Aeriene Române (Romanian Air Transport). Over ninety-seven percent (97.22%) of TAROM is owned by the Romanian Government (Ministry of Transport). The airline transported almost 2.75 million passengers in 2018, with an average load factor of 74%. The airline joined SkyTeam on 25 June 2010.

History
A photo of a Blériot-SPAD S.46 on an airmail stamp.
A TAROM BAC 1-11 at London Heathrow Airport in 1971.
A TAROM Tupolev Tu-154B at Vienna Airport in 1977.
An Airbus A310-300 at Schiphol Airport in 2014.

The beginnings

The history of the Romanian National Air Transport Company can be traced back to 1920, when CFRNA - (French-Romanian Company for Air Navigation) was founded.[5][6] On 13 April 1920, the company registered its headquarters at 194 Rue Rivoli, in Paris. A decree issued on 26 April 1920 establishes Direcțiunea Aviației (The Directorate of Aviation), in the subordination of the Ministry of Communications. In the same year, the Kingdom of Romania offered CFRNA exploitation rights. The country offered the airline two aerodromes: one in Arad, and another one in Bucharest-Băneasa.[7] The airline used French-built Potez 15 aircraft for its passenger/mail service between Paris and Bucharest via several cities in Central Europe. In 1925, the city of Galați became the first destination in Romania served by regular flights followed, from 24 June 1926, by an extended service to Iași and Chișinău. Ten de Havilland DH.9 and five Ansaldo A.300, in addition to the Potez aircraft, operated the service.

In 1928 the airline changed its name to SNNA (Serviciul Național de Navigație Aeriană, The National Air Navigation Service). On the 9th of July of 1930, the company adopted the name LARES[8][9] (Liniile Aeriene Române Exploatate de Stat, Romanian State-Operated Air Lines) while the 20th of July of 1937[8] saw the merger of LARES with its competitor, SARTA (Societatea Anonimă Română de Transporturi Aeriene).[10][8][11]

Post-World War II

Immediately After World War II, in 1945, when the Soviet Union had extended its influence across Eastern Europe, a new reorganization replaced LARES with TARS (Transporturi Aeriene Româno-Sovietice),[12][6] jointly owned by the governments of Romania and the Soviet Union. Domestic operations were started from Bucharest (Băneasa Airport) on 1 February 1946, when TARS took overall air services and aircraft from LARES.[10]

Over the following decade, the company's Soviet share was purchased by the Romanian government and, on 18 September 1954, the airline adopted the name of TAROM (Transporturi Aeriene Române, Romanian Air Transport).[1] By 1960, TAROM was flying to a dozen cities across Europe. 1966 saw the operation of its first transatlantic flight. On 14 May 1974, it launched a regular service to New York City (John F. Kennedy International Airport).

Being part of the regional group of airlines within Eastern Bloc states meant that for much of its history TAROM has operated Soviet-designed aircraft. These included Lisunov Li-2s, Ilyushin Il-14s, Ilyushin Il-18 long-range turboprops, Ilyushin Il-62 long-range jet airliners, Antonov An-24 regional turboprops, and Tupolev Tu-154 medium-range tri-jets. As was the case with several other nations, the Il-62 was the first long-range jet airliner to be put into operation by Romania, in 1973. Five examples (three Il-62s and two later version Il-62Ms) were owned by TAROM, which also leased the aircraft to other operators.

An exception to Soviet-built aircraft was made in 1968, when TAROM bought six BAC One-Eleven 400s[13] for European and Middle East destinations, and in 1974 when it acquired Boeing 707 aircraft to share its long-haul operations with the Il-62. Plans were made to acquire Vickers VC10 aircraft as well, but in the end, the Soviets did not allow it, and made them buy the Il-62 instead.[14] With 59 aircraft in operation, in the late '70s, TAROM had the largest fleet in the Eastern Bloc, after Aeroflot.[15]

In 1978, a contract was signed with the UK enabling Rombac to manufacture the BAC One Eleven at Romaero, near Bucharest. Meanwhile, the 707 and Il-62 long-range aircraft were operating New York (via Amsterdam, later London and finally Vienna), Abu-Dhabi-Bangkok-Singapore, and Karachi-Beijing. TAROM was the only Eastern Bloc airline to operate flights to Tel Aviv, Israel.

During the mid 1980s, TAROM leased Tupolev Tu-154 jets to Guyana Airways and also supported these aircraft which were operated in scheduled passenger service between Georgetown, Guyana in South America and both Miami and New York City.

The 1990s

After the collapse of the communist regime in 1989, the airline, operating a fleet of 65 aircraft of six basic types, was able to acquire more Western-built jets.[16] In 1992, TAROM bought 3 Airbus A310 planes, nicknamed: "Transilvania" (YR-LCA),[17] "Moldova" (YR-LCB)[18] and "Muntenia" (YR-LCC).[19] By 1993, TAROM had introduced long-haul flights to Montreal and Bangkok using Ilyushin Il-62 and Airbus A310 aircraft. The YR-LCC Airbus A310 joined TAROM's fleet on 10 April 1994,[20] to then crash near Balotești on the 31st of March 1995.[19]

During the 1990s, TAROM replaced its long-haul fleet of Boeing 707s and IL-62s with Airbus A310s (the last Il-62 being sold in 1999).

2000 onwards

TAROM is recovering from a difficult period that began in the 1990s when losses of up to $68 million per year were registered, caused by unprofitable routes. At the beginning of the new millennium, the airline initiated a programme that was aimed at restoring profitability. This was achieved by terminating loss-making intercontinental services. In 2001, the airline cancelled its non-profitable long-haul services to Bangkok and Montreal and also terminated services to its remaining intercontinental destinations of Chicago in 2002, and Beijing and New York City in 2003.[21] TAROM terminated loss-making domestic services to Craiova, Tulcea, Caransebeș, and Constanța, and focused its activity on service to key destinations in Europe and the Middle East. TAROM has decided to focus its operations on Bucharest (Henri Coandă International Airport) (OTP) and Cluj-Napoca International Airport (CLJ), and initiated direct international flights from Sibiu International Airport. 2004 was the first profitable year of the last decade.[22] By 2005, TAROM tried selling its A310 fleet three times, which was being preserved since 2003.[23]

A fleet upgrade programme started in 2006 with the acquisition of four Airbus A318s, three Boeing 737-800s, and two ATR 72-500s, which resulted in a fleet increase to 26 by 2009.

From 2003 till 2007, the airline spent €1 million per year to preserve "Moldova" and "Transilvania". In 2007, TAROM modernized its two Airbus A310 planes at the Airbus plant in Bordeaux. After being reconditioned, the pair was used in medium-haul flights, which weren't successful.[18]

The airline had a frequent-flyer programme "Smart Miles", which was turned into Flying Blue on 5 June 2010. Codeshare agreements with foreign partner airlines are in place for several international routes. On 25 June 2010, TAROM joined SkyTeam as the alliance's thirteenth member.

Starting with November 2012, in accordance with the Romanian state-company legislation, TAROM was led by a private manager, the Belgian Christian Heinzmann occupying the positions of CEO and Accountable Manager until March 2016. During Heinzmann's leadership, the company reduced its financial losses by more than 75%, grew its yearly passenger number to a record 2.4 million and stabilised its load-factor around 70%. However, broad reforms like the fleet renewal and harmonisation, as well as the establishment of profit centers such as the TAROM Maintenance and TAROM Charter services, were not accomplished due to a constant lack of a decision from the company's board of administrators.[24][25]

On 12 September[18][20] and 29 October 2016, TAROM retired their remaining two Airbus A310-300s after final flights from Madrid to Bucharest. The A310s will be replaced with new smaller aircraft.[26] In May 2017, TAROM received its first of two leased Boeing 737-800s.[27] Another two ex-Malaysian Airlines 737-800 were added to the fleet in 2018 and a contract for five Boeing 737 MAX 8 was signed with deliveries stated to begin in 2023. On 27 December 2019, the Ministry of Transport announced that 9 new ATR 72-600 leased from Nordic Aviation Capital[28] for a 10 year-period would replace the existent ATR 42-500 and 72-500, manufactured in 1999–2000, respectively 2009.[29] TAROM received the first four aircraft in February 2020, with the first one, registered with code YR-ATJ, landing in Bucharest on 18 February 2020, at 2:50 PM EET.[30]

Corporate affairs

Ownership

TAROM is a state-owned company, with shareholding structure as follows:[31]

Shareholder Interest
The Romanian Government (held through the Ministry of Transport)97.22%
Bucharest Airports National Company1.46%
ROMATSA R.A.(Romanian Air Traffic Services Administration)1.24%
Societatea de Investiții Financiare Muntenia0.08%
Total100.00%

Figures for recent years are shown below (for years ending 31 December):

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Turnover (€m) 190 220 234 261 257 193 218 279 238 247 258 256 239 255 306 315
Profit (€m) 1.4 1.1 12.3 21.8 −1.7 −55 −79 −58 −54.5 −29.5 −25 −6.2 −10.5 −37.7 −27.5 −35.8
Number of employees (average for year) 2,289 2,333 2,338 2,471 2,517 2,353 2,200 2,070 2,006 1,969 1,880 1,841 1,776 1,773
Number of passengers (m) 1.12 1.40 1.45 1.89 1.98 1.72 2.20 2.19 2.19 2.10 2.33 2.39 2.41 2.34 2.85
Passenger load factor (%) 63.6 61.0 62.3 67.2 61.9 55.6 60.9 60.6 66.0 65.9 66.0 70.0 68.1 71.6 74
Number of aircraft (at year end) 16 18 20 22 24 26 26 26 24 24 24 23 21 23 25 25
Notes/sources [22][32] [33] [33] [33][34] [33][34] [33][35][36] [33] [33] [37] [37] [38][39] [40] [41][42] [4]

Logo and livery
The TAROM logo used in the 1970s and 1980s.
The TAROM logo used until 2015

The TAROM logo, representing a swallow in flight, has been used on all TAROM aircraft since 1954. The 1970s livery had the logo on the tail painted in red, with a red cheatline. The livery introduced in the early 1990s (on the Airbus A310 aircraft) is an overall-white scheme with the titles and the tailfin painted in dark blue. The current colour scheme (introduced in 2006 on the A318) is a slightly modified version of the previous one, with an oversized logo on the tailfin, and the engine pods also painted in dark blue.

55th anniversary livery Boeing 737-700, nicknamed "Craiova" at the Charles de Gaulle Airport in 2009.

All aircraft in the TAROM fleet receive a "name" which is a Romanian toponym. For instance, the names of the ATR aircraft in the fleet are related to the rivers of Romania, the Boeing aircraft bear names of Romanian cities, the Airbus long-haul aircraft bear Romanian historical province names, while the Airbus A318s bear names of Romanian aviation pioneers.

In 2009, marking the airline's 55th anniversary, a Boeing 737-700 (YR-BGG "Craiova") was painted in a retro jet colour scheme, representing the airline's first livery used in the 1950s on Lisunov Li-2 aircraft.[43]

TAROM Technical Division

The TAROM Technical Division provides aircraft maintenance services for the entire fleet of the company and the fleet of other national and international companies. The objective of TAROM Technical Department is to be the best and the most efficient, in terms of costs, maintenance service provider for Boeing 737, ATR 42 and ATR 72 aircraft in Central and Eastern Europe. The services provided by the TAROM Technical Department include unscheduled maintenance works, scheduled maintenance works and repair works for spare parts.

The major maintenance activity is performed in the hangar of the technical department, built between 1969 and 1972, with an area of 6,000 m2 and restored in 2000 to fully comply with EASA (European Safety Aviation Agency) and FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) standards. The hangar is equipped to perform all types of inspections for TAROM fleet, and the personnel is qualified and licensed for all types of aircraft in the fleet. Maintenance activities for 3 to 6 aircraft, depending on their size, may be carried out simultaneously in the hangar. The hangar is equipped with a full MERO system for B737 docking.

The most important maintenance capacities of the TAROM Technical Department include full maintenance services for Boeing 737 and ATR42/72 aircraft, inspection capacity type C for Airbus A310 and A318 aircraft, total painting, interior cleaning, modifications.

The technical department also provides safe storage facilities for spare parts and materials necessary for maintenance activity, dedicated spaces for chemicals, special tools and testing equipment, and quarantine spaces. The TAROM Technical Department also provides conveyance services (packaging, preparation of documents, customs) and acceptance services (customs, disassembly, and reception inspection) for various substances and equipment.[44]

Destinations
Main article: List of TAROM destinations

The airline directly operates 50 destinations including charter and seasonal services in 22 countries in Europe, the Middle East and Northern Africa including 8 domestic destinations. The airline's flights to the USA ceased in 2003 and are now operated under a codeshare agreement with Air France via Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport.[45]

Alliances

In 2006, TAROM was scheduled to join SkyTeam as an associate member (sponsored by Alitalia), but the entry into the alliance was postponed until 2008. On 7 May that year, SkyTeam signed a SkyTeam Alliance Associate Adherence Agreement (SAAAA) with TAROM. On 22 June 2010, SkyTeam announced that it had renewed its membership program, thereby making TAROM a future full member of the alliance.[46] On 25 June 2010, TAROM became a full member of SkyTeam.[47]

Codeshare agreements

TAROM has codeshare agreements with the following airlines since January 2020:[48]

Fleet
A TAROM Airbus A318-100.
A former TAROM ATR 42-500.
A TAROM Boeing 737-700.
TAROM YR-IMH, a Ilyushin Il-18 that crashed in 1991 near Uricani

Current fleet

As of August 2020, the TAROM fleet consists of the following aircraft:[51]

TAROM fleet
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
C Y Total
Airbus A318-100 4 — 14 99 113 To be retired by 2023.[52]
ATR 72-600 4 5 — 72 72 To replace ATR 42-500 and ATR 72-500.[53]
Boeing 737-300 4 — 8 126 134
Boeing 737-700 4 — 14 102 116 One to be retired by 2023.[54] One painted is Skyteam livery and one in 'Happy 66 years' livery.[55]
Boeing 737-800 4 — 16 144 160
— 189 189
Boeing 737 MAX 8 — 5[56] TBA Deliveries planned from 2023. To replace Airbus A318 and Boeing 737-700.[57]
Total 20 10

Fleet development

TAROM had been planning to lease three widebody aircraft to resume long-haul operations to China and the United States after the withdrawal of its Airbus A310s. The Request For Proposals (RFP) to leasing firms ended on 31 August 2017;[58] however, as of May 2020 no decision has been made public.

TAROM has agreed to lease 9 ATR 72-600 aircraft from Nordic Aviation Capital, with deliveries expected from October 2019 until 2021. They are to replace existing ATR 42-500 and ATR 72-500 aircraft.[59]

Former fleet

During its history, TAROM also operated the following aircraft types:

Incidents and accidents
  • On 4 November 1957, a TAROM Ilyushin Il-14, registration YR-PCC, operating an international administrative flight from Bucharest to Moscow crashed short of the runway at Vnukovo Airport, killing four of 16 on board. The aircraft was on approach to Vnukovo Airport when the pilot noticed that the aircraft was too low, however, the aircraft continued its descent until it struck treetops and later crashed. The aircraft was carrying Romanian government members Chivu Stoica, Grigore Preoteasa, Alexandru Moghioroș, Ștefan Voitec, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Leonte Răutu and Marin Năstase to Moscow for the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution.[62] Preoteasa, who apparently was not wearing a safety belt, and three Soviet crew members lost their lives.
  • On 24 February 1962 an Ilyushin Il-18V, registration YR-IMB, operating on an international scheduled flight from Bucharest Otopeni Airport (OTP) to Tel Aviv via Nicosia lost power on all four engines and made a belly landing on a grassy field in Cyprus. While cruising at 23,000 feet over the Mediterranean Sea and 43 miles offshore, engine number 3 lost power, followed shortly by number 1 and 2. Then, at 10,000 feet and 27 miles offshore, engine 4 also quit. All 100 occupants survived. The aircraft was transported to Moscow for repairs, but it never re-entered service.[63]
  • On 16 June 1963, an Ilyushin Il-14P, registration YR-ILL, flying from Munich to Constanța crashed near the village of Békéssámson, in Hungary. Everyone on board of the plane died. [64][65][66][67]
  • On 9 October 1964, an Ilyushin Il-14, registration YR-ILB, operating a domestic scheduled flight from Timișoara to Bucharest broke apart in mid-air and crashed 2 km south of Cugir, killing all 31 on board. The aircraft had flown into a strong downdraft; the pilot attempted to maintain altitude, but this caused the fuselage to overstress and break apart.[68][69]
  • On 4 February 1970, TAROM Flight 35, an Antonov An-24, registration YR-AMT, operating a domestic scheduled flight from Bucharest to Oradea struck the side of a mountain in the Vlădeasa mountain group, killing 20 of 21 on board. The aircraft began descending in poor visibility until it struck treetops on a mountainside, after which it struck the slope of a second mountain. The aircraft was leased from the Romanian government.[70]
  • On 29 December 1974, an Antonov An-24, registration YR-AMD, operating on a domestic scheduled flight from Bucharest to Sibiu crashed into the side of the Lotrului mountains (22 km south of Sibiu) at an altitude of 1,700 m, killing all 28 passengers and 5 crew members. The crew's incorrect approach procedure execution, which led to the aircraft drifting south off course by 20 km, while the wind was increasing turbulence was present.[71]
  • On 7 August 1980, a Tupolev Tu-154B-1 registered YR-TPH, operating on an international scheduled flight from Bucharest Otopeni Airport to Nouadhibou Airport, Mauritania ditched in the water 300 m short of the runway at Nouadhibou Airport. The crew could not see the runway while descending through the 90 m decision height. A missed approach procedure was initiated when the pilot felt contact with what he thought was ground but was actually water.[72] All of the 152 passengers and 16 crew members survived the impact, but a passenger suffered a heart attack and died before he could be rescued. Most of the passengers were sailors who were going to replace the crew of two Romanian ships located on the Mauritanian coast. Many passengers swam to the land, while sharks were kept away by the vibrations of an engine which continued to function for a few hours after the crash.
  • On 5 September 1986, an Antonov An-24 registered YR-AMF operating on a domestic scheduled flight from Bucharest Băneasa Airport touched down nose wheel-first while landing at Cluj Airport. A fire erupted, killing three crew members who were trapped in the cockpit. The other two crew members and all fifty passengers survived.[73]
  • On 28 December 1989, during the Romanian Revolution, an Antonov An-24 flying from Bucharest to Belgrade, carrying Sunday Times journalist Ian Henry Parry, was shot down by a missile at Vișina, Dâmbovița. All the people on board (six crew members and the passenger) died.[74][75][76]
  • On 13 August 1991, TAROM Flight 785A, an Ilyushin Il-18, flying from Otopeni to Timișoara Airport crashed in the Retezat Mountains during a repositioning flight. The flight crew, and an aircraft maintenance crew, all consisting of 9 people, died instantly. Whilst the official cause of the crash was attributed to pilot error (the pilots did not use radar instruments and only assumed their positions, thus getting lost), the secrecy regarding the crash sparked a few conspiracy theories, which include sabotage, accidental shootdown from a nearby surface-to-air missiles unit (a theory later dismissed by the MApN), and UFOs that tricked the pilots into believing they had arrived at their destination, linked to the sightings of unusual lights on 4 August 1991.[77][78]
  • On 24 September 1994, TAROM Flight 381, an Airbus A310 registered YR-LCA flying from Bucharest to Paris Orly, went into a sudden and uncommanded nose-up position and stalled. The crew attempted to countermand the aircraft's flight control system but were unable to get the nose down while remaining on course. Witnesses saw the aircraft climb with an extreme nose-up attitude, then bank sharply left, then right, then fall into a steep dive. Only when the dive produced additional speed was the crew able to recover steady flight. An investigation found that an overshoot of flap placard speed during the approach, incorrectly commanded by the captain, caused a mode transition to flight level change. The auto-throttles increased power and trim went full nose-up as a result. The crew's attempt at commanding the nose-down elevator could not counteract the effect of stabilizer nose-up trim, and the resulting dive brought the aircraft from a height of 4,100 ft at the time of the stall to 800 ft when the crew was able to recover command. The aircraft landed safely after a second approach. There were 186 people on board.[79]
  • On 31 March 1995, a TAROM Airbus A310 operating as Flight 371 crashed near Balotești due to a fault in the throttles and lack of recovery from the flight crew. All 49 passengers and 11 crew members were killed.
  • On 30 December 2007, a TAROM Boeing 737-300 (YR-BGC "Constanța"), flying Flight 3107 hit a car on the runway of Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport while taking off for Sharm-el-Sheikh. The aircraft stopped beside the runway and was severely damaged.[80] None of the passengers were injured. Because of fog, neither the tower nor the pilots saw the car belonging to staff who were repairing a runway beacon.
  • On 9 July 2019, a TAROM ATR 42-500 (YR-ATF), flying Flight 638, suffered an explosion at its landing gear tires on Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport while landing from Satu Mare. None of the passengers were injured.[81] An internal safety investigation was conducted, with a report being published on 11 September 2019. The conclusion of TAROM's report is that the explosion was caused by the parking brake, which was on at the landing moment, due to a pilot error, that caused the tires to screech on the landing strip, thus blowing apart one by one.[82]

See also

References

Citations
  1. Balotescu et al. (1984), p. 440.
  2. "Directorul general al Tarom, George Barbu, și-a dat demisia" [The CEO of Tarom, George Barbu, has resigned]. ECONOMICA.net (in Romanian). 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  3. "Directorul TAROM a demisionat. George Barbu ocupa funcția din octombrie 2019" [The CEO of Tarom has resigned. George Barbu had been occupying the function since October 2019]. Digi24 (in Romanian). 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  4. Albu, Laura (2 January 2020). "Compania Tarom estimează pierderi de 171 mil. lei în 2019 și punctează al 12-lea an de când nu a mai fost profitabilă. Metrorex și CFR sunt și ele pe pierdere" [The Tarom company estimates 171 mil. lei losses and marks 12th year since it hasn't been profitable. Metrorex and CFR are also losing]. Ziarul Financiar (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  5. "History - tarom.ro". www.tarom.ro. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  6. "TAROM supports the training of future specialists in aviation". www.tarom.ro. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  7. Iliescu, Silvia (13 July 2018). "Stârnind văzduhul… – "La Franco-Roumaine, mama-mare a lui Air France"" [Fostering the sky… – "La Franco-Roumaine, the big mother of Air France"]. RADOR (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  8. Iliescu, Silvia (9 July 2015). "L.A.R.E.S., "Patru avioane, patru linii, patru piloți…"" [L.A.R.E.S., "Four planes, four lines, four pilots…"]. RADOR (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  9. Balotescu et al. (1984), p. 240.
  10. Mulder, Rob (17 June 2010). "Airline companies in Rumania (1918-1945)". Europeanairlines.no. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  11. Balotescu et al. (1984), p. 243.
  12. Balotescu et al. (1984), p. 439.
  13. "Communist International Civil Air Activities in the Free World Since 1965" (PDF). CIA. October 1968. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  14. Henderson, Scott; Walker, Timothy (1998). Silent Swift Superb: The Story of the Vickers VC10. Newcastle upon Tyne: SCOVAL Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781902236025.
  15. Stroud, Michael (22 April 1978). "1978 Flight World Airline Directory" (PDF). Flight International. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  16. "Airbus beats Boeing in Tarom update" (PDF). Flight International. July 1990. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  17. Străuț, Dan (30 October 2016). "TAROM a renunțat la ultimul avion Airbus A310 din lotul cumpărat în 1992" [TAROM has given up on its last Airbus A310 plane from the lot bought in 1992]. Mediafax (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  18. Etveș, Ștefan (20 September 2016). "Ultima aeronavă cu care s-a plimbat Băsescu ruginește pe platforma aeroportului Henri Coandă" [The last aircraft with which Băsescu went on trips is rusting on the Henri Coandă airport's platform]. Capital (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  19. Gavrilă, Alina (31 March 2008). "Drama echipajului, la puterea a treia" [The crew's drama, to the third power]. Jurnalul Național (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  20. Bobon, Gabriel (12 September 2016). "Adio YR-LCB! Al doilea Airbus A310 din flota TAROM a fost "pensionat" astăzi" [Goodbye YR-LCB! The second Airbus A310 from the TAROM fleet has been "retired" today]. BoardingPass.ro. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  21. "Central European (CE) carriers abandon many long-haul routes; Delta, LOT leading long-haul airlines at CE airports". anna.aero. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  22. "După profit operațional anul trecut, Tarom este cu jumătate de aripă în SkyTeam" [After operating profit last year, Tarom is half a wing into SkyTeam]. Ziarul Financiar (in Romanian). 5 June 2005. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  23. Purdea, Iohanna Onaca (3 August 2005). "Tarom, pusă să-și taie aripile transoceanice" [Tarom, forced to cut its transoceanic wings]. Jurnalul Național (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  24. Melenciuc, Sorin (21 March 2016). "INTERVIU: Heinzmann: Am avut la Tarom doar pălărie de manager privat, dar nicio putere. Angajații își iau concedii medicale și lucrează în altă parte" [INTERVIEW: Heinzmann: I only had a private manager hat at Tarom, but no power. The employees are taking sick leaves and working elsewhere]. News.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  25. News.ro (21 March 2016). "INTERVIU Heinzmann: Am fost un corp străin la Tarom. Am fost un manager fără putere reală de decizie" [Heinzmann INTERVIEW: I was a foreign body at Tarom. I was a manager without real decision power]. ECONOMICA.net (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
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  27. Liu, Jim (19 May 2017). "TAROM outlines 737-800 operations from June 2017". Routesonline. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  28. Bobon, Gabriel (26 June 2019). "Cele nouă ATR-uri 72 vor fi închiriate de TAROM de la Nordic Aviation Capital" [The nine ATR 72s will be leased by TAROM from Nordic Aviation Capital]. BoardingPass.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
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Sources
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