Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM), known informally as Schiphol Airport (Dutch: Luchthaven Schiphol, pronounced [ˌlʏxtɦaːvə(n) ˈsxɪp(ɦ)ɔl]),[lower-alpha 1] is the main international airport of the Netherlands. It is located 9 kilometres (5.6 miles)[5] southwest of Amsterdam, in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer in the province of North Holland. With almost 72 million passengers in 2019, it is the third-busiest airport in Europe in terms of passenger volume and the busiest in Europe in terms of aircraft movements. With an annual cargo tonnage of 1.74 million, it is the 4th busiest in Europe. AMS covers a total area of 6,887 acres (10.3 sq mi; 2,787 ha) of land.[2] The airport is built as a single-terminal concept: one large terminal split into three large departure halls.

"Schiphol" redirects here. For the railway station, see Schiphol Airport railway station.

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Koninklijke Luchthaven Schiphol
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorRoyal Schiphol Group
ServesAmsterdam, Netherlands
LocationHaarlemmermeer, North Holland
Hub for
Focus city for
Elevation AMSL−11 ft / −3 m
Coordinates52°18′29″N 004°45′51″E
Websiteschiphol.nl
Map
AMS/EHAM
AMS/EHAM
AMS/EHAM (Greater Amsterdam)
AMS/EHAM
AMS/EHAM (Netherlands)
AMS/EHAM
AMS/EHAM (Europe)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
18R/36L 'Polderbaan' 3,800 12,467 Asphalt
06/24 'Kaagbaan' 3,500 11,483 Asphalt
09/27 'Buitenveldertbaan' 3,453 11,329 Asphalt
18L/36R 'Aalsmeerbaan' 3,400 11,155 Asphalt
18C/36C 'Zwanenburgbaan' 3,300 10,827 Asphalt
04/22 'Oostbaan' 2,014 6,608 Asphalt
Statistics (2019)
Passengers71,706,999
Aircraft movements496,826
Freight (tonnes)1,570,261
Economic impact (2016)$27.3 billion[1]
Land area2,787 ha[2]

Schiphol is the hub for KLM and its regional affiliate KLM Cityhopper as well as for Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair, Transavia and TUI fly Netherlands. The airport also serves as a base for EasyJet.

Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase. The end of the First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely. By 1940, Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles. The airport was captured by the German military that same year and renamed Fliegerhorst Schiphol. The airport was destroyed through bombing but at the end of the war, the airfield was soon rebuilt. In 1949, it was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary airport of the Netherlands. Schiphol Airport was voted the Best Airport in Western Europe in 2020.[7]

Etymology

According to the airport's media department,[8] the name of Schiphol originated in the 15th century. In the language of that time, it indicated an area of low lying wetland ("hol" or "holl") where wood (scip) could be extracted.

Description

Schiphol Airport is an important European airport, ranking as Europe's third busiest and the world's eleventh busiest by total passenger traffic in 2017 (12th in 2016, 14th in 2015, 2014 and 2013 and 16th in 2012). It also ranks as the world's fifth busiest by international passenger traffic and the world's sixteenth busiest for cargo tonnage. 63,625,664 passengers passed through the airport in 2016.[9] Schiphol's main competitors in terms of passenger traffic and cargo throughput are London-Heathrow, Frankfurt, Paris–Charles de Gaulle and Istanbul. In 2010, 65.9% of passengers using the airport flew to and from Europe, 11.7% to and from North America and 8.8% to and from Asia; cargo volume was mainly between Schiphol and Asia (45%) and North America (17%).[10]

In 2010, 106 carriers provided a total of 301 destinations on a regular basis. Passenger destinations were offered by 91 airlines. Direct (non-stop) destinations grew by nine to a total of 274. Regular destinations serviced exclusively by full freighters (non-passenger) grew by eight to a total of twenty-seven.[11]

The airport is built as one large terminal (a single-terminal concept), split into three large departure halls, which connect again once airside. The most recent of these was completed in 1994 and expanded in 2007 with a new section, called Terminal 4, although it is not considered a separate building. A new pier is to be opened in 2019 with a terminal extension planned to be operational by 2023. Plans for further terminal and gate expansion exist, including the construction of a separate new terminal between the Zwanenburgbaan and Polderbaan runways that would end the one-terminal concept.

Because of intense traffic and high landing fees (due to the limit of 500,000 flights a year), some low-cost carriers decided to move their flights to smaller airports, such as Rotterdam The Hague Airport and Eindhoven Airport. Many low-cost carriers, such as EasyJet and Ryanair, however, continue to operate at Schiphol, using the low-cost H pier. Lelystad Airport is currently being expanded aimed at accommodating some of the low-cost and leisure flights currently operating out of Schiphol, eventually taking up to 45,000 flights a year.[12]

History

Early years
A Ford being used to power a winch for towing gliders at Schiphol in 1933
The air traffic control tower at Schiphol in 1960
Airplanes and service vehicles on the apron in 1965

Before 1852, the entire polder of Haarlemmermeer in which the airport lies was a large lake with some shallow areas. There are multiple stories of how the place got its name. The most popular story is that in the shallow waters sudden violent storms could claim many ships. Winds were particularly strong in the Schiphol area since the prevailing wind direction is from the south-west, and Schiphol lies in the north-eastern corner of the lake. In English, schiphol translates to 'ships hell', a reference to many ships supposedly lost in the lake. When the lake was reclaimed, however, no shipwrecks were found. Another possible origin of the name is the word scheepshaal. A scheepshaal is a ditch or small canal in which ships would be towed from one lake to another. A third explanation would be that the name derived from the words schip hol. This is a low-lying area of land (hol) from where wood would be obtained to build ships.[13]

After the lake was dredged in the mid-1800s, a fortification named Fort Schiphol was built in the area which was part of the Stelling van Amsterdam defence works.[14]

Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase, with a few barracks and a field serving as platform and runways. When civil aircraft started to use the field (17 December 1920), it was often called Schiphol-les-bains. The Fokker aircraft manufacturer started a factory near Schiphol airport in 1919.[15] The end of the First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely.

By 1940, Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles, all 1,020 metres (3,350 ft) or less. One was extended to become today's runway 04/22; two others crossed that runway at 52.312°N 4.800°E / 52.312; 4.800. The airport was captured by the German military that same year and renamed Fliegerhorst Schiphol. A large number of anti-aircraft defences were installed in the vicinity of the airport and fake decoy airfields were constructed in the vicinity near Bennebroek, Vijfhuizen, and Vogelenzang to try to confuse allied bombers. A railway connection was also built. Despite these defences, the airfield was still bombed intensively; an exceptionally heavy attack on 13 December 1943 caused so much damage that it rendered the airfield unusable as an active base. After that, it served only as an emergency landing field, until the Germans themselves destroyed the remnants of the airfield at the start of Operation Market Garden. At the end of the war, the airfield was quickly restored: the first aircraft, a Douglas DC-3, landed on 8 July 1945.[16]

A new terminal building was completed in 1949 and it was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary airport of the Netherlands. The expansion came at the cost of a small town called Rijk, which was demolished to make room for the growing airport. The name of this town is remembered in the name of the present Schiphol-Rijk industrial estate. In 1967, Schiphol expanded even further with a new terminal area at its current location. Most of the 1967 terminal is still in use today (Departure Halls 1 and 2) as are parts of the original piers (now called C, D, and E). Dutch designer Benno Wissing created signage for Schiphol Airport, well known for its clear writing and thorough colour-coding; to avoid confusion, he prohibited any other signage in the shades of yellow and green used.[17] The new terminal building replaced the older facilities once located on what is now the east side of the airport. The A-Pier (now C-pier) of the airport was modified in 1970 to allow Boeing 747 aircraft to use the boarding gates. A new pier (D, now called F) opened in 1977, dedicated to handling wide-body aircraft. The first railway station at the airport followed in 1978.

Development since the 1990s
Map showing the six runways of Schiphol

The construction of a new Air Traffic Control tower was completed in 1991 as the existing tower could no longer oversee all of the airports as it was further expanded. Departure Hall 3 was added to the terminal in 1993, as was another pier, G-pier. New wayfinding signage was designed that year as well by Paul Mijksenaar.[18] A sixth runway was completed at quite some distance west of the rest of airport in 2003 and was nicknamed the Polderbaan, with the connecting taxiway crossing the A5 motorway. The distance of this runway means that taxi times to and from this runway can take between 10 and 20 minutes. It also required the construction of an additional Air Traffic Control tower as the primary tower is too far away to oversee this part of the airfield.[19]

On 25 February 2005, a diamond robbery occurred at Schiphol's cargo terminal. The robbers used a stolen KLM van to gain airside access. The estimated value of the stones was around 75 million euros, making it one of the largest diamond robberies ever.[20]

Later in 2005, a fire broke out at the airport's detention centre, killing 11 people and injuring 15. The complex was holding 350 people at the time of the incident.[21] Results from the investigation almost one year later showed that fire safety precautions were not in force. A national outrage resulted in the resignation of Justice Minister Piet Hein Donner (CDA) and Mayor Hartog of Haarlemmermeer. Spatial Planning Minister Sybilla Dekker (VVD) resigned as well, because she bore responsibility for safety failings cited in the report.[22]

Infrastructure

Terminal
The main entry of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.
Check-in hall interior at the Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.
KLM Cargo Boeing 747-400ERF on the Taxiway Bridge crossing the Highway A4 E19.
Schiphol Tower

Schiphol uses a one-terminal concept, where all facilities are located under a single roof, radiating from the central plaza, Schiphol Plaza. The terminal is divided into three sections or halls designated 1, 2 and 3. The piers and concourses of each hall are connected so that it is possible, on both sides of security or border inspection, to walk between piers and halls, although border control separates Schengen from non-Schengen areas. The exception to this is the low-cost pier M: once airside (past security), passengers cannot access any other areas.

Schiphol Airport has approximately 223 [23] boarding gates including eighteen double jetway gates used for widebody aircraft. The airport adopted a distinctive design, with the second jetway extending over the aircraft wing hanging from a steel cantilever structure. Recent refurbishments have seen most of these jetways being replaced with a more conventional layout. Two gates feature a third jetway for handling of the Airbus A380. Emirates was the first airline to fly the A380 to Schiphol in August 2012, deploying the aircraft on its double daily Dubai–Amsterdam service.[24] During the summer, China Southern Airlines also uses the A380 on its Beijing–Amsterdam route.

Schiphol has large shopping areas as a source of revenue and as an additional attraction for passengers. Schiphol Plaza not only connects the three halls but also houses a large shopping centre and the railway station, also attracting general visitors.

Departure Hall 1

Departure Hall 1 consists of Piers B and C, both of which are dedicated Schengen areas and shares D-pier with Departure hall 2. Pier B has 14 gates and Pier C has 21 gates.

Departure Hall 2

Departure Hall 2 consists of Piers D and E.

Pier D is the largest pier and has two levels. The lower floor houses non-Schengen flights and the upper floor is used for Schengen flights. By using stairs, the same jetways are used to access the aircraft. Schengen gates are numbered beginning with D-59; non-Schengen gates are numbered from D-1 to D-57.

Pier E is a dedicated non-Schengen area and has 14 gates. It is typically home to SkyTeam hub airlines Delta Air Lines and KLM, along with other members, such as China Airlines and China Southern Airlines. Other Middle Eastern and Asian airlines such as Air Astana, EVA Air, Etihad Airways and Iran Air also typically operate out of Pier E.

Departure Hall 3

Departure Hall 3 consists of three piers: F, G, and H/M. Pier F has 8 gates and is typically dominated by SkyTeam members such as primary airline KLM, Kenya Airways, China Airlines and China Southern Airlines, and other members. Pier G has 13 gates. Piers F and G are non-Schengen areas.

Piers H and M are physically one concourse consisting of 7 shared gates and are home to low-cost airlines. Operating completely separately, H handles non-Schengen flights while M is dedicated to flights within the Schengen area.

A380

Gates G9, E18 and E22 (E22 refurbished in 2019) are equipped to handle daily Airbus A380 service by Emirates and China Southern Airlines.[25]

General aviation terminal

A new general aviation terminal was opened in 2011 on the east side of the airport, operated as the KLM Jet Center. The new terminal building has a floorspace of 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft); 1,000 m2 (11,000 sq ft) for the actual terminal and lounges, 4,000 m2 (43,000 sq ft) for office space and 1,000 m2 (11,000 sq ft) for parking.[26]

Other facilities

The Rijksmuseum operates an annex at the airport, offering a small overview of both classical and contemporary art.[27] Admission to the exhibits is free.

In summer 2010, Schiphol Airport Library opened alongside the museum, providing passengers access to a collection of 1,200 books (translated into 29 languages) by Dutch authors on subjects relating to the country's history and culture. The 89.9 m2 (968 sq ft) library offers e-books and music by Dutch artists and composers that can be downloaded free of charge to a laptop or mobile device.[28]

For aviation enthusiasts, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol has a large rooftop viewing area, called the Panoramaterras. It is not accessible to connecting passengers unless they first exit the airport. Enthusiasts and the public can enter, free of charge, from the airport's landside. Since June 2011, it is the location for a KLM Cityhopper Fokker 100, modified to be a viewing exhibit.[29] Besides the Panoramaterras, Schiphol has other spotting sites, especially along the newest Polderbaan runway and at the McDonald's restaurant at the north side of the airport.

Schiphol has its own mortuary, where the dead can be handled and kept before departure or after arrival. Since October 2006, people can also hold a wedding ceremony at Schiphol.[30]

Schiphol also has a new state-of-the-art cube-shaped Hilton Amsterdam Airport Schiphol with 433 rooms, rounded corners and diamond-shaped windows. The spacious atrium has a 41-metre-high (135 ft) ceiling made of glass and is in the heart of the building. A covered walkway connects the hotel directly to the terminal. The hotel was completed in 2015.[31]

Future expansions

In 2012, Schiphol Group announced an expansion of Schiphol, featuring a new pier,[32] an expansion of the terminal, and a new parking garage.[33] Pier A will be part of Departure Hall 1, which already has Pier B (14 gates) and Pier C (21 gates). The new Pier A will have 5 narrow-body gates and will initially have 3 wide-body gates, with two more planned for a later phase.[34] The first activities are expected to start in 2017 and to be completed in 2023. The expansions will cost about 500 million euros.

First, the new Pier A will be built to the southwest of Pier B, in an area currently used as a freight platform. Expected to be operational by the end of 2019, pier A will mainly be used for flights within Europe. To handle future growth in passengers, Schiphol will further expand the terminal and build a fourth departure hall with facilities for both departures and arrivals. From this new building, direct access will be made to Schiphol Plaza, continuing the one-terminal concept. When finished in 2023, Schiphol will be able to handle over 70 million passengers.[35] Due to rapid growth of Schengen passengers during 2016, Schiphol was however forced to rapidly build a temporary departure hall which opened in March 2017.[36]

Schiphol's growth is hampered by slot restrictions from the government. For reasons of safety and noise reduction, Schiphol is allowed to have no more than 500,000 aircraft movements until the end of 2020.[37] A proposal to increase the limit to 540,000 movements from 2021 onwards has been postponed until a new government is formed after the elections in March 2021.[38] As Schiphol nearly approached the limit of 500,000 in the last few years, the slot restrictions have hindered airlines to settle at Schiphol. Among airlines that have expressed interest in flying at Schiphol are Atlantic Airways,[39] JetBlue,[40] Somon Air[41] and WestJet.[42]

Tower

The Schiphol air traffic control tower, with a height of 101 m (331 ft), was the tallest in the world when constructed in 1991. Schiphol is geographically one of the world's lowest major commercial airports. The entire airport is below sea level. The lowest point sits at 3.4 m (11 ft) below sea level: 1.4 m (4.5 ft) below the Dutch Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP). The runways are around 3 m (9.8 ft) below NAP.[43][44]

Runways

Schiphol has six runways, one of which is used mainly by general aviation.[5] AMS covers a total area of 6,887 acres (2,787 ha) of land.[45]

Number Runway direction/code Length
(in metres and feet)		 Width
(in metres and feet)		 Common name Source of the name Surface Notes
118R/36L3,800 m
12,467 ft		60 m
197 ft		PolderbaanDecided via contest. Polder is the Dutch word for land reclaimed from a body of water. Schiphol Airport is situated in a polder.AsphaltNewest runway, opened in 2003. Own control tower.
Located to reduce the noise impact on the surrounding population. Takeoffs only northbound and landings only southbound. The nearest end is located 5 km (3.1 mi) from the terminal building, and aircraft have a lengthy 15-minute taxi to and from the terminal.
206/243,500 m
11,483 ft		45 m
148 ft		KaagbaanNamed after Kaag, a small village which lies beyond the southwest end of the runway.AsphaltOpened in 1960. The Kaagbaan offered a location for spotters until the spotting location was closed in January 2008.[46]
309/273,453 m
11,329 ft		45 m
148 ft		BuitenveldertbaanNamed after Buitenveldert, a neighbourhood of Amsterdam.AsphaltOpened in 1967. El Al Flight 1862 was trying to make an emergency landing on this runway when it crashed into a block of flats in the Bijlmermeer.[47]
418L/36R3,400 m
11,155 ft		45 m
148 ft		AalsmeerbaanNamed after the town of Aalsmeer.AsphaltOpened in 1950.
518C/36C3,300 m
10,826 ft		45 m
148 ft		ZwanenburgbaanNamed after the village of Zwanenburg.AsphaltOpened in 1968. El Al Flight 1862 took off from this runway before crashing into flats in the Bijlmermeer when the plane was trying to return to the airport.[47]
604/222,014 m
6,608 ft		45 m
148 ft		OostbaanMost eastern of all runways ("oost" means "east" in Dutch).AsphaltOpened in 1945. Primarily used for general aviation traffic.[5] In October 2010 a B-737 of Corendon Airlines overshot the short runway and ended up with its nosegear in the mud.[48]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines[49] Athens
Aer Lingus[50] Cork, Dublin
Aeroflot[51] Moscow–Sheremetyevo
Aeroméxico[52] Mexico City
Air Arabia[53] Fez, Nador, Tangier
Air Astana[54] Atyrau
airBaltic[55] Riga, Tallinn, Vilnius
Air Canada[56] Toronto–Pearson
Air Europa[57] Madrid
Air France[58] Nantes, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Rennes, Strasbourg
Seasonal: Marseille
Air Malta[59] Malta
Air Serbia[60] Belgrade
Air Transat[61] Seasonal: Toronto–Pearson
Alitalia[62] Milan–Linate, Rome–Fiumicino
American Airlines[63] Philadelphia
Seasonal: Dallas/Fort Worth
AnadoluJet[64] Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen
Arkia[65] Tel Aviv
Austrian Airlines[66] Vienna
Belavia[67] Minsk
Blue Air[68] Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca (begins 28 March 2021)[69]
British Airways[70] London–City, London–Gatwick, London–Heathrow
Bulgaria Air[71] Sofia
Cathay Pacific[72] Hong Kong
China Airlines[73] Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines[74] Shanghai–Pudong
China Southern Airlines[75] Beijing–Daxing,[76] Guangzhou
Corendon Airlines[77] Seasonal: Heraklion
Corendon Dutch Airlines[78] Antalya, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Gran Canaria, Hurghada, Lanzarote, Tenerife–South
Seasonal: Alghero, Alicante, Banjul, Bodrum, Burgas, Catania, Corfu, Dalaman, Enfidha, Ercan, Faro, Heraklion, Ibiza, İzmir, Kos, Málaga, Mytilene, Natal, Ohrid, Palma de Mallorca, Preveza, Rhodes, Sal, Trapani, Zakynthos
Croatia Airlines[79] Zagreb
Czech Airlines[80] Prague
Delta Air Lines[81] Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, Orlando, Portland (OR), Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma
Seasonal: Tampa
easyJet[82] Agadir, Alicante, Basel/Mulhouse, Belfast–International, Berlin, Bristol, Budapest, Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Fuerteventura, Geneva, Glasgow, Lisbon, Liverpool, London–Gatwick, London–Luton, London–Stansted, Málaga, Manchester, Milan–Linate, Milan–Malpensa, Naples, Nice, Prague, Rome–Fiumicino, Tel Aviv, Venice, Vienna
Seasonal: Catania, Corfu, Dubrovnik, Hurghada, Ibiza, Lanzarote, Olbia, Palma de Mallorca, Pula, Rhodes, Salzburg, Split, Tenerife–South, Verona, Zadar
EgyptAir[83] Cairo
El Al[84] Tel Aviv
Emirates[85] Dubai–International
Etihad Airways[86] Abu Dhabi
Eurowings[87] Hamburg, Stuttgart
EVA Air[88] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Taipei–Taoyuan
Finnair[89] Helsinki
Garuda Indonesia[90]Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
Georgian Airways[91] Tbilisi
Iberia Express[92] Madrid
Icelandair[93] Reykjavík–Keflavík
Iran Air[94] Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Jet2.com[95] Birmingham (begins 30 April 2021),[96] Leeds/Bradford
Kenya Airways[97] Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta
KLM[98] Aalborg, Aberdeen, Abu Dhabi, Accra, Ålesund, Alicante, Aruba, Athens, Atlanta, Austin (begins 29 March 2021),[99] Bahrain, Bangalore, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Basel/Mulhouse, Beijing–Capital, Belfast–City, Bergen, Berlin, Bilbao, Billund, Birmingham, Bogotá, Bologna, Bonaire, Bordeaux, Boston, Bremen, Bristol, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cagliari, Cairo, Calgary, Cape Town, Cardiff, Cartagena, Catania, Chengdu, Chicago–O'Hare, Copenhagen, Cork, Curaçao, Dammam, Dar es Salaam, Delhi, Denpasar, Dresden, Dubai–International, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Edmonton, Entebbe, Florence, Fortaleza, Frankfurt, Gdańsk, Geneva, Genoa, Glasgow, Gothenburg, Graz, Guayaquil, Hamburg, Hangzhou, Hanover, Helsinki, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Humberside, Inverness, Istanbul, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo, Kiev–Boryspil, Kigali, Kilimanjaro, Kraków, Kristiansand, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuwait, Lagos, Las Vegas, Leeds/Bradford, Lima, Linköping, Lisbon, London–City, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Luanda, Luxembourg, Lyon, Madrid, Málaga, Manchester, Manila, Marseille, Mexico City, Milan–Linate, Milan–Malpensa, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Montpellier, Montréal–Trudeau, Moscow–Sheremetyevo, Mumbai, Munich, Muscat, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Nantes, Naples, Newcastle upon Tyne, New York–JFK, Nice, Norwich, Nuremberg, Osaka–Kansai, Oslo–Gardermoen, Panama City, Paramaribo, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Porto, Poznań, Prague, Quito, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Riyadh, Rome–Fiumicino, Saint Petersburg, Sandefjord, San Francisco, Santiago de Chile, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Southampton, St. Maarten, Stavanger, Stockholm–Arlanda, Stuttgart, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tel Aviv, Teesside, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Toulouse, Trondheim, Turin, Valencia, Vancouver, Växjö, Venice, Vienna, Warsaw–Chopin, Washington–Dulles, Windhoek–Hosea Kutako, Wrocław, Xiamen, Zagreb, Zanzibar, Zürich
Seasonal: Havana, Ibiza, Liberia, Miami, Salt Lake City, San José de Costa Rica, Split
Korean Air[100] Seoul–Incheon
LOT Polish Airlines[101] Warsaw–Chopin
Lufthansa[102] Frankfurt, Munich
Norwegian Air Shuttle[103] Copenhagen, Oslo–Gardermoen, Stockholm–Arlanda
Onur Air[104] Antalya
Pegasus Airlines[105] Antalya, Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen
Seasonal: Bodrum, İzmir, Kayseri, Konya
Qatar Airways[106] Doha
Royal Air Maroc[107] Casablanca, Nador, Tangier
Seasonal: Al Hoceima, Oujda
Royal Jordanian[108] Amman–Queen Alia
Ryanair[109] Dublin, Málaga
Saudia[110]Riyadh
Scandinavian Airlines[111] Copenhagen, Oslo–Gardermoen, Stockholm–Arlanda
Singapore Airlines[112] Singapore
Sun d'Or[113] Seasonal: Tel Aviv
SunExpress[114] İzmir
Seasonal: Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Kayseri, Konya
Surinam Airways[115] Paramaribo
Swiss International Air Lines[116] Zürich
TAP Air Portugal[117] Lisbon, Porto
TAROM[118] Bucharest
Transavia[119] Agadir, Alicante, Almería, Amman–Queen Alia, Athens, Barcelona, Bari, Beirut, Belgrade, Casablanca, Catania, Dubai–International, Faro, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Gran Canaria, Ibiza, Innsbruck, Katowice, Lanzarote, La Palma, Larnaca, Lisbon, Ljubljana, Málaga, Marrakesh, Naples, Nice, Paris–Orly, Pisa, Porto, Reykjavík–Keflavík, Seville, Tel Aviv, Tenerife–South, Thessaloniki, Valencia
Seasonal: Ajaccio, Akureyri, Antalya, Bodrum, Chambéry, Chania, Chios, Corfu, Dalaman, Dubrovnik, Eilat, Girona, Heraklion, İzmir, Kalamata, Kefalonia, Kos, Menorca, Mykonos, Olbia, Palermo, Palma de Mallorca, Paphos, Preveza, Rhodes, Sal, Salzburg, Samos, Santorini, Varna, Verona, Zakynthos
TUI fly Belgium[120] Seasonal: Marrakesh
TUI fly Netherlands[121] Aruba, Banjul, Boa Vista, Bonaire, Cancún, Curaçao, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Holguín, Hurghada, Lanzarote, Málaga, Marsa Alam, Montego Bay, Paramaribo, Punta Cana, Sal, São Vicente, Tenerife–South, Varadero
Seasonal: Antalya, Bodrum, Burgas, Catania, Corfu, Dakar–Diass, Dalaman, Djerba, Enfidha, Faro, Funchal, Heraklion, Ibiza, Ivalo, İzmir, Karpathos, Kavala, Kefalonia, Kittilä, Kos, La Palma, Mombasa, Mytilene, Ohrid, Olbia, Palma de Mallorca, Ponta Delgada, Preveza/Lefkada, Rhodes, Samos, Skiathos, Terceira, Thessaloniki, Zakynthos, Zanzibar
Tunisair[122] Tunis
Turkish Airlines[123] Istanbul
Seasonal: Adana, Ankara, Elazığ, İzmir, Kayseri, Konya, Trabzon
Ukraine International Airlines[124] Kiev–Boryspil
United Airlines[125] Chicago–O'Hare, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, Washington–Dulles
Seasonal: San Francisco
Ural Airlines[126] Moscow–Zhukovsky
Vueling[127] Alicante, Barcelona, Bilbao, Florence, Lisbon, Málaga, Rome–Fiumicino, Santiago de Compostela, Valencia
Seasonal: Ibiza, Palma de Mallorca
XiamenAir[128] Xiamen

Cargo
AirlinesDestinations
Air China Cargo[129] Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin
AirBridgeCargo Anchorage, Chengdu, Chicago–O'Hare, Los Angeles, Moscow–Domodedovo, Moscow–Sheremetyevo, Novosibirsk, Shanghai–Pudong, Zhengzhou
Avianca Cargo Miami
Cargolux Luxembourg
Cathay Pacific Cargo Chennai, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Hong Kong
China Airlines Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Prague, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Cargo Airlines Copenhagen, Ningbo, Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin, Xi'an, Zaragoza, Zhengzhou
China Southern Airlines Cargo Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai–Pudong
Coyne Airways Tbilisi
DHL Aviation East Midlands, London–Heathrow
Emirates SkyCargo Barcelona, Chicago O'Hare, Columbus–Rickenbacker, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Houston–Intercontinental, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, Oslo–Gardermoen
Etihad Cargo[130]Abu Dhabi, Bogotá, Bridgetown
FedEx Express Oslo–Gardermoen, Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Iran Air Cargo Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Kalitta Air Bahrain
Korean Air Cargo Seoul–Incheon
LATAM Cargo Chile Campinas–Viracopos, Santiago de Chile
Martinair Bogotá, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cairo, Campinas–Viracopos, Dar es Salaam, Guatemala City, Harare, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo, Lima, London–Stansted, Miami, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Quito, Santiago
MASkargo[131] Kuala Lumpur
MNG Airlines Istanbul, Munich, Tripoli–Mitiga
Nippon Cargo Airlines Milan–Malpensa, Tokyo–Narita
Qatar Airways Cargo Chicago–O'Hare, Doha
Saudia Cargo Dammam, Jeddah, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta
Silk Way Airlines Baku
Singapore Airlines Cargo Bangalore, Chennai, Chicago–O'Hare, Cincinnati, London–Heathrow, Mumbai, Sharjah, Singapore
Suparna Airlines Frankfurt-Hahn, Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin, Zhengzhou
Turkish Cargo Istanbul–Atatürk, London–Stansted

Other users

Other regular users of Schiphol are the Netherlands Coastguard whose aircraft are operated by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Dienst Luchtvaart Politie and the Dutch Dakota Association.

Statistics
Busiest European Routes to/from Amsterdam Airport (2019)[4]
RankAirportPassengers 2019Change %Airlines
1London–Heathrow, United Kingdom1,747,7880.1British Airways, KLM
2Barcelona, Spain1,382,6072.6KLM, Level, Transavia, Vueling
3Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France1,239,8370.1Air France, KLM
4Dublin, Ireland1,212,5871.5Aer Lingus, KLM, Ryanair
5Madrid, Spain1,139,99910.1Air Europa, Iberia Express, KLM
6Copenhagen, Denmark1,110,4411.8EasyJet, KLM, Norwegian, SAS
7London–Gatwick, United Kingdom1,096,8671.2British Airways, EasyJet
8Manchester, United Kingdom1,069,5272.6Easyjet, KLM
9Rome–Fiumicino, Italy1,048,5311.5Alitalia, EasyJet, KLM, Level
10Zürich, Switzerland978,6511.7EasyJet, KLM, Swiss
11Munich, Germany971,1342.5KLM, Lufthansa
12Vienna, Austria945,63115.2Austrian, EasyJet, KLM, Level
13Lisbon, Portugal928,6433.6EasyJet, KLM, TAP, Transavia, Vueling
14Milan–Malpensa, Italy923,70410.1EasyJet, KLM
15Frankfurt am Main, Germany882,4562.0KLM, Lufthansa
16Stockholm–Arlanda, Sweden863,4650.7KLM, Norwegian, SAS
17London–Luton, United Kingdom846,0291.7EasyJet, Level
18Prague, Czech Republic758,5429.8Czech, EasyJet, KLM
19Oslo–Gardermoen, Norway723,4591.6KLM, Norwegian, SAS
20Geneva, Switzerland707,6713.4EasyJet, KLM
Busiest Intercontinental Routes to/from Amsterdam Airport (2019)[4]
RankAirportPassengers 2019Change %Airlines
1New York–JFK, United States1,020,69915.9Delta, KLM, Norwegian
2Dubai–International, United Arab Emirates1,013,50312.4Emirates, KLM, Transavia
3Atlanta, United States808,7340.4Delta, KLM
4Detroit, United States629,3751.2Delta
5Tel Aviv, Israel605,2243.8Arkia, EasyJet, El Al, KLM, Sun d'Or, Transavia
6Toronto–Pearson, Canada580,97715.2Air Canada, Air Transat, KLM
7Minneapolis/St. Paul, United States566,9982.7Delta, KLM
8Willemstad, Curaçao557,2438.2KLM, TUI fly
9Shanghai–Pudong, China450,7614.6China Eastern, KLM
10Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR)424,8530.4Cathay Pacific, KLM
11Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya412,6711.5Kenya Airways, KLM
12San Francisco, United States407,53735.9KLM, United
13Los Angeles, United States392,4434.3Delta, KLM
14Beijing–Capital, China391,3161.1China Southern, KLM
15Mexico City, Mexico348,2414.2Aeroméxico, KLM
16Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates342,8834.4Etihad, KLM
17Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Thailand341,1591.7EVA, KLM
18Houston–Intercontinental, United States335,8941.7KLM, United
19Boston, United States335,22022.1Delta, KLM
20Singapore, Singapore318,9982.2KLM, Singapore Airlines
Countries with most air traffic movements to/from Amsterdam Airport (2019)[4]
RankCountryMovements 2019Change %
1United Kingdom93,2870.5
2Germany44,9750.9
3Spain36,4852.7
4Italy32,7501.9
5France30,0130.2
6United States26,6276.8
7Norway18,1710.1
8Switzerland17,6202.6
9Denmark14,5421.1
10Sweden12,3590.5
Countries with most passenger movements to/from Amsterdam Airport (2019)[4]
RankCountryPassengers 2019Change %
1United Kingdom10,667,0112.4
2United States6,357,5366.8
3Spain5,900,7541.0
4Germany4,562,5530.5
5Italy4,256,0112.0
6France3,507,5531.3
7Turkey2,179,6465.4
8Switzerland2,133,7000.2
9Norway1,876,7122.8
10Denmark1,754,4992.6

Other facilities
Schiphol Group offices
The Convair Building, which houses KLM Cityhopper and KLM offices, and the original Schiphol control tower

The TransPort Building on the Schiphol Airport property houses the head offices of Martinair and Transavia.[132] Construction of the building, which has 10,800 m2 (116,000 sq ft) of rentable space, began on 17 March 2009. Schiphol Group and the architect firm Paul de Ruiter designed the building, while De Vries and Verburg, a firm of Stolwijk, constructed the building.[133]

The World Trade Center Schiphol Airport houses the head office of SkyTeam,[134][135] the Netherlands office of China Southern Airlines,[136] and the Netherlands offices of Iran Air.[137] The head office of Schiphol Group, the airport's operator, is located on the airport property.[138] The Convair Building, with its development beginning after a parcel was earmarked for its development in 1999, houses KLM offices,[139] including KLM Recruitment Services and the head office of KLM Cityhopper.[140][141] The original control tower of Schiphol Airport, which the airport authorities had moved slightly from its original location, now houses a restaurant.[139] The area Schiphol-Rijk includes the head offices of TUI fly Netherlands and Amsterdam Airlines.[142][143]

At one time, KLM had its head office briefly on the grounds of Schiphol Airport.[144] Its current head office in nearby Amstelveen had a scheduled completion at the end of 1970.[145] Previously Martinair had its head office in the Schiphol Center (Dutch: Schiphol Centrum) at Schiphol Airport.[146][147] Formerly, the head office of Transavia was in the Building Triport III at Schiphol Airport.[148][149][150] NLM Cityhopper and later KLM Cityhopper previously had their head offices in Schiphol Airport building 70.[151]

Nippon Cargo Airlines has its Europe regional headquarters at Schiphol.[152] The National Aerospace Museum Aviodome–Schiphol was previously located at Schiphol.[153] In 2003, the museum moved to Lelystad Airport and was renamed the "Aviodrome."[154]

Ground transport

Rail
The construction of the tunnel and railway station in 1992
Main article: Schiphol Airport railway station

The Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS), the national Dutch train operator, has a major passenger railway station directly underneath the passenger terminal complex that offers transportation 24 hours a day into the four major cities Amsterdam, Utrecht, The Hague and Rotterdam. There are efficient and often direct services to many other cities in the country.[155] There are intercity connections to Almere, Lelystad, Amsterdam Centraal, Utrecht Centraal, both The Hague Centraal and The Hague HS, Rotterdam Centraal, Eindhoven, 's-Hertogenbosch, Leeuwarden, Groningen, Amersfoort Centraal, Apeldoorn, Deventer, Enschede, Arnhem Centraal, Nijmegen and Venlo. Schiphol is also a stop for the Thalys international high-speed train, connecting the airport directly to Antwerp, Brussels and Paris Gare du Nord, as well as to Bourg St Maurice (winter) and Marseille (summer). The Intercity-Brussel (also named "beneluxtrein") to Antwerp and Brussels stops at the airport.

Bus

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is also easily accessible by bus, as many services call or terminate at the bus station located outside in front of the terminal building.[156]

Destination Service(s)
Aalsmeer 342, night bus N42
Alphen aan den Rijn 470
Amstelveen 186, 199, 300, night bus N30
Amsterdam, Leidseplein/city centre 397, night bus N97 "Amsterdam Airport Express"
Amsterdam, Osdorp 69, 194, 195, night bus N95
Amsterdam, Slotervaart 69
Amsterdam, Amsterdam–Zuid and Buitenveldert 341
Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena 300, night bus N30
Haarlem 300, night bus N30
Hoofddorp 300, 397, 341, night bus N30, night bus N97
IJmuiden Night bus N30
Keukenhof Gardens 858 (seasonal)
Lisse 361
Leiden 365
Leimuiden 370
Nieuw-Vennep 397, night bus N97
Ouderkerk aan de Amstel 300, night bus N30
Sassenheim 361
Schiphol 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199
Uithoorn 342, night bus N42
Vijfhuizen 300, night bus N30
Zoetermeer 365

The Taiwanese EVA Air provides private bus services from Schiphol to Belgium for its Belgium-based customers. The service, which departs from and arrives at bus stop C11, goes to Sint-Gillis, Brussels (near the Brussels-South (Midi) railway station) and Berchem, Antwerp (near Antwerp-Berchem bus station). The service is co-operated with Reizen Lauwers NV.[157]

Car

Schiphol Airport can easily be reached by car via the A4 and A9 motorways.[158]

Accidents and incidents
The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992
The crash site of Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 on 25 February 2009
  • On 14 November 1946, a Douglas C-47 operated by KLM from London approached Schiphol during bad weather conditions. The first two attempts to land failed. During the third attempt, the pilot realized that the airplane was not lined up properly with the runway. The aircraft made a sharp left turn at low speed, causing the left wing to hit the ground. The airplane crashed and caught fire, killing all 26 people on board.
  • On 4 October 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747-200F cargo jet en route to Tel Aviv, lost both right-wing engines (#3 and #4) just after taking off from Schiphol and crashed into an apartment building in the Bijlmer neighbourhood of Amsterdam while attempting to return to the airport. A total of 43 people were killed, including the plane's crew of three and a non-revenue passenger. In addition to these fatalities, 11 persons were seriously injured and 15 persons received minor injuries.
  • On 4 April 1994, KLM Cityhopper Flight 433, a Saab 340 to Cardiff, returned to Schiphol after setting the number two engine to flight idle because the crew mistakenly believed that the engine suffered from low oil pressure because of a faulty warning light. On final approach at a height of 90 ft (27 m), the captain decided to go-around and gave full throttle on only the number one engine, leaving the other in flight idle. The airplane rolled to the right, pitched up, stalled and hit the ground at 80 degrees bank. Of the twenty-four people on board, three were killed, including the captain. Nine others were seriously injured.
  • On 25 February 2009, Turkish Airlines Flight 1951, a Boeing 737-800 from Istanbul crashed on approach, just 1 km (0.6 mi) short of the airport's Polderbaan runway. The plane carried 128 passengers and 7 crew on board. 9 people were killed and a further 86 were injured, including six with serious injuries. Four of the dead were employees of Boeing, involved in an advanced radar deal with Turkey. An initial report from the Dutch Safety Board revealed that the left radio altimeter had failed to provide the correct height above the ground and suddenly reported −8 ft (−2.4 m). As a result of this the autothrottle system closed the thrust levers to idle, as it is programmed to reduce thrust when below 27 ft (8.2 m) radio altitude. This eventually resulted in a dropping airspeed that was not acted upon until it was too late to recover, and the aircraft stalled and crashed in a field.
  • On 23 February 2017, a Bombardier Dash-8 Q400 operated by Flybe had its right landing gear collapsing right after landing at the Oostbaan.[159] The plane took off from Edinburgh after a 1.5-hour delay and had to battle storm Doris throughout the flight and during landing. No one of the 59 passengers and 4 crew was injured in the incident, but the aircraft sustained significant damage.

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Notes
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    Bibliography
    • Heuvel, Coen van den. Schiphol, een Wereldluchthaven in Beeld, Holkema & Warendorf, 1992, 978-9-0269-6271-4

    Media related to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol at Wikimedia Commons
    Schiphol Airport travel guide from Wikivoyage

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